THE BALANCE BETWEEN SUPPLY AND DEMAND OF WATER RESOURCES AND THE WATER-SAVING POTENTIAL FOR AGRICULTURE IN THE HEXI CORRIDOR

The Hexi Corridor is an important base of agriculture development in Northwest China. According to recent statistics, there are 65.94×108m3 of water resources available in the Hexi Corridor. At present, net consumption in development and utilization is 43.33×108m3. Water supply and demand reach a balance on the recent level of production, but loss of evaporation and evapotranspiration is as much as 25.69×108m3. So net use efficiency of water resources is 59%. Based on analyzing balance between water and land considering ecological environment at present, there exists the serious water shortage in the Shiyang River system where irrigation lands have overloaded. There is a comparative balance between supply and demand of water resource in the Heihe River system; and the Sule River system has some surplus water to extend irrigation land. Use of agriculture water accounts for 83.3% and ecological forest and grass for 6.9%. The Hexi Corridor still has a great potential for water saving in agriculture production. Water saving efficiency of irrigation is about 10% by using such traditional technologies as furrow and border dike irrigation and small check irrigation, and water saving with plastic film cover and techniques of advanced sprinkler and drip/micro irrigation etc. can save more than 60% of irrigated water. Incremental irrigation area for water saving potential in the Hexi Corridor has been estimated as 56%-197% to original irrigation area. So the second water sources can be developed from water saving agriculture in the Hexi Corridor under Development of the Western Part of China in large scale. This potential can be realized step by step through developing the water saving measures, improving the ecological condition of oasis agriculture, and optimizing allocation of water resources in three river systems.

Analysis of Water Resources Supply and Demand and Security of Water Resources Development in Irrigation Regions of the Middle Reaches of the Heihe River Basin, Northwest China

Based on the data for meteorology, hydrology, soil, planting, vegetation, and socio-economic development of the irrigation region in the middle reaches of the Heihe River basin, Northwest China, the model of balance of water supply and demand in the region was established, and the security of water resource was assessed, from which the results that the effects of unified management of water resources in the Heihe River basin between Gansu Province and Inner Mongolia on regional hydrology are significant with a decrease in water supply diverted from Heihe River and an increase in groundwater extracted. In addition, it was found that the groundwater level has been steadily decreasing due to over pumping and decrease in recharges. In present year （2003）, the volume of potential groundwater in the irrigation districts is far small because of the groundwater overdraft; even in the particular regions, there is no availability of groundwater resources for use. By 2003, water supply is not sufficient to meet the water demand in the different irrigation districts, the sustainable development and utilization of water resources are not secured, and the water supply crisis occurs in Pingchuan irrigation district. Achieving water security for the sustainable development of society, agriculture, economy, industry, and livelihoods while maintaining or improving the abilities of the management and planning of water resources, determining of the reasonable percentage between water supply and groundwater utilization and water saving in agricultural irrigation are taken into account. If this does not occur, it is feared that the present performance of water development and planning may further aggravate the problem of scarcities of water resources and further damage the fragile ecological system.

Analysis on the situation and countermeasures of water resources supply and demand in the cities of small and medium-sized river basins along southeast coast of China-taking Xiamen City as an example

The small and medium-sized river basins along southeast coast of China hold comparatively abundant water resources.However,the rapid resources urbanization in recent years has produced a series of water problems such as deterioration of river water quality,water shortage and exacerbated floods,which have constrained urban economic development.By applying the principle of triple supply-demand equilibrium,this paper focuses on the estimation of levels of water supply and demand in 2030 at different guarantee probabilities,with a case study of Xiamen city.The results show that water shortage and inefficient utilization are main problems in the city,as the future water supply looks daunting,and a water shortage may hit nearly 2×10^(8)m^(3)in an extraordinarily dry year.Based on current water supply-demand gap and its trend,this paper proposes countermeasures and suggestions for developing and utilizing groundwater resources and improving the utilization rate of water resources,which can supply as a reference for other southeast middle-to-small-sized basin cities in terms of sustainable water resources and water environment protection.

A Simple Discussion on the Supply and Demand of Water Resources in the Western Region of China

We are accustomed to solve the problem of the water scarcity in the western region by the thought of increasing the effective supply of water to meet the needs of Go-west Campaign. After introducing the dynamic equilibrium principle on supply and demand in economy, we find that we should solve the problem of the water scarcity in the western region through reducing total demand to achieve the dynamic equilibrium of supply and demand. Finally water resources in the western region can be enlarged by an accumulated way.

Jordan’s Water Resources: Increased Demand with Unreliable Supply

Jordan is a small county located in the Middle East. Jordan has borders with Saudi Arabia, Syria, Iraq, and Israel (Figure 1). Jordan was established in 1921 and has very limited natural resources. Jordan’s current (2008) population is 6.5 million. The country has a total land area of 750,000 km2, about one third (92,300 km2) of which is dry land while the other two thirds (329,000 km2) are irrigated land. Jordan is considered as a water poor country due to unreliable and shortages in the supply of water sector. This makes it very difficult to meet the required and steadily increasing demand. Impact of climate change adds a layer to the uncertainty on the supply side of Jordan’s water portfolio. This paper addresses the water supply challenges that Jordan faces and what has been accomplished to improve supply and/or reduce demand. Many projects were undertaken or planned by the Jordanian government to increase the water supply and improve its reliability. Completing the proposed projects will result in Jordan meeting its water demand [1]. Otherwise, the Jordanian Government implement some or all the proposed short term solutions as presented in this paper.

Problems for water resources development in typical small karst drainage basins and countermeasures

In karst area water deficit is one of the main factors constraining sustainable economic development. In 1979 the comprehensive karstic observational field station was set up in Houzhai drainage basin located,\ in Puding county of Guizhou Province, which can represent most of the small karst drainage basins on the dividing line of the Guizhou Plateau. Geomorphology, water resources and water chemistry were investigated and observed. Based on comparisons of water supply with water demand and analysis of the main problems in water exploitation and utilization. it is found out that the water deficiency was not directly caused by the scarcity of natural water resources. The true reason is the insufficient capacity of water supply caused by the dismatch of the water and soil water resources which can be dealt with by building more irrigation works. Some solutions such as to build scientific basis for water exploitation and utilization and sustainable economic development in karst drainage basins on dividing line of the Guizhou Plateau.

基于生态需水的黄河中游水平衡分析--以沁河流域为例

为推动黄河流域生态保护及高质量发展,解决地表水资源供需矛盾,亟需开展水平衡分析,建立水平衡模型,为水资源合理分配提供参考依据。作为黄河的重要支流,沁河流域位于黄河中游末端,由于近年来上游调水政策的施行以及流域内生活、生产用水的增加,用水矛盾突出,出现了河道断流、入黄水量偏枯等问题。为保障河流生态环境健康,优化引沁入汾跨流域提水工程实施后的流域水资源供需平衡,以2021年为现状年,在“自然-人工”二元水循环研究理论的指导下,运用水平衡分析理论与方法,以河道内生态需水为保障基础,对沁河流域水资源需求、供水能力与供需平衡进行了分析与讨论。结果表明:(1)沁河流域水资源供给和需求在空间分布上具有分异性,上游山西省境内各河段河道内均能够保障适宜的生态需水量,下游河南省境内,仅可满足最小生态需水量;(2)沁河流域可供给水资源总量为10.04×10^(8)m^(3),河道外生产、生活及生态用水总量为8.89×10^(8)m^(3),剩余河道内水量仅为1.15×10^(8)m^(3),仅可满足河流最小生态需水;(3)推算至2030年,流域内工业生产及生活取用地表水量将达到6.98×10^(8)m^(3),河道外用水总量将达到9.81×10^(8)m^(3),剩余水量无法满足最小生态需水。建议采用降低工业用水量、提高农田灌溉用水利用率、推广使用高效节水技术,进一步增强水资源的有效利用,改善流域生态环境。研究结果可为合理规划沁河流域水资源调度提供参考,也可为黄河中游水平衡分析提供范例。

水生态系统韧性视角下热带雨林地区的蓝绿空间评价——以五指山市南圣河为例

热带雨林地区因特殊的气候特点及空间特征,河流蓝绿空间面临的雨洪压力与人类社会活动压力较大,其韧性建设对于整个生境具有关键性影响。国内外研究聚焦于韧性承洪实践与韧性评估量化,鲜有基于不同生态压力冲击对河流蓝绿空间开展多维韧性评价。文章以南圣河为对象,基于雨洪等自然灾害的脉冲式压力与人类社会对生态系统施加的慢性压力两类情境,构建水生态系统的“压力-脉冲-韧性”模型,通过“构建理论模型―叠合双维承压评价―解析吻合/冲突点―探析韧性策略”的逻辑方法实现特定地域蓝绿空间的评价与优化。研究发现:1)生态系统服务价值越高,调节功能越高,蓝绿空间韧性越强。2)突发性脉冲方面,在极端日降雨量增加情景下,河流水系的缓冲半径与水源类型密切相关,水库受到水安全威胁的风险大于河流,地表的径流曲线数值(简称CN)一般与历史经验相关。3)慢发性压力方面,韧性压力与城市人口密切相关,人口越密集,韧性压力越大;且不同季候的游憩密度与丰枯期存在分异,丰水期雨洪威胁大,游憩密度低,枯水期雨洪威胁小,游憩密度高。

Modeling demand/supply of water resources in the arid region of northwestern China during the late 1980s to 2010

Water demand increases continuously with an increasing population and economic development. As a result, the difference between water supply and demand becomes a sig- nificant issue, especially in arid regions. To figure out the utilization of water resources in the arid region of northwestern China （ARNWC）, and also to provide methodologies to predict the water use in future, three models were established in this study to calculate agricultural irri- gation, industrial and domestic water use in the ARNWC from the late 1980s to 2010. Based on river discharges in the region, the supply and demand of water resources at the river basin level were analyzed. The results indicated that agricultural irrigation demand occupies more than 90% of the total water use in the ARNWC. Total water demand increased from 31.97 km3 in the late 1980s to 48.19 km3 in 2010. Most river basins in this arid region were under me- dium and high water stress. Severe-risk river basins, such as the Shiyang river basin and the eastern part of the northern piedmont of the Tianshan Mountains, were found in this region. It was revealed that the water supply became critical from April to May, which was the season of the lowest water supply as determined by comparing monthly water consumption.

河北省邢台市百泉泉域水资源供需平衡分析

为保证邢台市百泉泉域持续复涌,通过分析研究区域现状供、需水量情况,并预测该区域总需水量、地表水供水量、地下水供水量、非常规水和外调水量相关指标,定量分析水资源供需平衡。结果得出,上游水库的供水量可进一步置换泉域内生活、工业、农业用水及补充下游河道生态用水,各县(市、区)地下水开采量仍较高,而地表水实际利用量相对与地表水可供水量仍较低。建议该区域减少地下水开采量,科学合理分配利用地表水。

邵伯湖供水区水资源综合评价分析

基于定额法、供需平衡分析和水量平衡原理,分别从不同水平年邵伯湖供水服务范围内总需水量、典型年高用水期邵伯湖实际贡献水量、泡田期邵伯湖供水区极值需水量3个方面,分析邵伯湖供水区内基本水量需求,系统分析可供相关工程建设运行管理及区域水资源利用进行参考。

Optimization research on supply and demand system for water resources in the Chang-Zhu-Tan urban agglomeration

Using system analysis theory and methods, a dynamic model of a water resource supply and demand system was built to simulate trends in the supply and demand of water in the Changsha-Zhuzhou-Xiangtan （Chang-Zhu-Tan） urban agglomeration for the period 2012 to 2030. Four scenarios were examined; namely, a traditional development model, an economic development model, a water-saving model, and a coordinated development model. （i） The problem of balancing water resource supply and demand is becoming increasingly conspicuous with a growing population and a rapidly developing economy. （ii） By 2030, water demand is set to reach a total of 105.1 × 10^8 m^3, with a water supply of 5.4 × 10^8 m^3. A coordinated development model for water resource supply could meet the growing demands of socio-economic development, and generate huge comprehensive benefits. This will be the best solution for the development and utilization of a water resource supply and demand system in the Chang-Zhu-Tan urban agglomeration. （iii） We should accelerate the construction of water conservation projects, strengthen the management of water conservation, optimize economic structures, enhance our awareness of the importance of protecting water resources, hasten the recycling of waste water and environmental improvement, and promote utilization efficiency, and support the capabilities of water resources to meet our expectations.

国家级水利风景区空间格局及其资源供需评价

水利风景区是以水域岸线或水利工程为依托的专题性景区,对建设幸福河湖、实现全流域生态保护和促进水利高质量发展具有重要作用。揭示了国家级水利风景区在全国尺度下的空间格局,借助可达机会累计算法对水利风景资源的地域供需进行评价。结果表明:(1)景区分布在全国尺度上表现出以人口格局为主导的空间特征,在胡焕庸线以东密集成簇、以西稀疏散布;(2)景区与城市的连接网络呈现多层级性;以省为单元的组团化结网特征明显,省际间的连通性不足;(3)水利风景资源供给与居民需求整体上呈现出空间不匹配特性,资源供需比局部出现西北高,京津冀、华南及西南低的空间差异。研究结果可为水利风景资源的调控与配置提供依据。

引黄灌区水资源承载力多目标决策模型

开展灌区水资源承载力多目标决策研究,探究灌区水资源、社会经济以及生态环境三者之间的互动关系,对可持续性灌区建设具有重要意义。以赵口引黄灌区二期工程为研究对象,以灌区经济效益最大、缺水率最小、承载人口总量最多、污染物排放量最小以及粮食产量最大为目标,综合考虑灌区供需水能力、灌溉面积、污染物排放等多维临界约束,构建了赵口引黄灌区二期工程水资源承载力多目标决策模型,运用第3代非支配排序遗传算法(NSGA-Ⅲ)进行求解,获得Pareto最优解集,并依据不同的目标偏好和熵权法从中选取多套决策方案。研究结果表明:文中经济效益最大、社会效益最大、生态效益最大、人口总量最大以及粮食产量最大5个目标相互制约,Pareto非劣解侧重于追求其中一方效益最优的同时,必然会引起其他目标值(至少一个)变劣。因此,文中得到的多种决策方案可为灌区未来水资源承载力的提升提供科学理论指导。

广西西江流域及主要支流水量分配方案分析

以水利部分配给广西的流域水量控制指标及各市用水总量控制指标为依据,统筹考虑调入与调出、河道内与河道外用水、用水与消耗等关系,开展广西西江及其主要干支流水资源供需平衡和水资源配置分析,合理确定本流域地表水资源的可分配水量。并综合考虑流域内区域间用水关系,依据水资源配置成果,按照水量分配的原则,合理确定广西西江流域及主要支流供各市河道外利用的地表水用水量份额。

基于水资源刚性约束的城市节水潜力分析

为满足水资源刚性约束制度的要求,有效保障城市农业、生活及生产用水安全,以江苏省宿迁市为例开展不同规划年各来水条件情景下的节水潜力分析。用水总量控制管理是落实水资源刚性约束的重要标准,在节水潜力计算过程中,基于节水目标与强度设定了“基本方案”与“节水方案”,以区域用水总量控制指标为约束,构建了基于目标控制的节水潜力模型,从农业、第二第三产业、生活3个模块分析规划年宿迁市可节水量。结果表明:采用“节水方案”后,宿迁市基本能够满足水资源供需平衡,在P=95%的来水频率下,仅沭阳县处于轻度缺水状态;在P=50%来水频率下,发展至2025年及2030年,宿迁市全市节水潜力分别可达7.5069亿m^(3)和6.9293亿m^(3);在宿迁市两区三县中,沭阳县可节水量最大,未来应合理规划,充分挖掘地区节水潜力。研究成果可为区域节水潜力发展提供参考。

考虑源荷碳责任分摊的新型电力系统多级灵活性资源规划

为满足新型电力系统的灵活性需求与低碳化目标,提出一种计及源荷双侧碳排放责任的多级灵活性资源规划方法。上层模型投资决策风电、光伏、灵活性资源的配置容量和煤电超低排放改造比例;下层优化运行模型基于典型日灵活性需求多级分解结果,调用资源灵活性供给能力,实现系统多级灵活性供需平衡,并基于碳排放流理论提出源荷碳责任因子,将碳排放责任分摊至包含新能源在内的源荷双侧。最后,对改进的IEEE RTS-24节点系统进行算例分析,结果表明所提规划模型可以引导传统燃煤型电网主动向新能源主导型电网转变,并实现系统多级灵活性供需平衡与源荷双侧碳责任的合理分摊。

基于灰色模型的鲁西北平原水资源供需平衡分析

水资源是影响鲁西北平原经济发展的重要因素,分析水资源供需平衡状况,预测未来需水量,对促进水资源的合理开发利用及人与自然和谐发展具有重要意义。基于陵城区近12年的用水量数据,采用灰色GM(1,1)模型预测方法,从2022年水资源可支撑的经济规模和人口数量的宏观指标角度描述需水量,对模型结果进行检验,并对2023~2030年供需水状态进行预测分析,并对模型结果进行了检验。结果表明,2022现状年的宏观需水量计算结果与模型相对误差δ=0.008,灰度模型预测结果准确。供水保证率为50%时,2022现状年缺水量为4090万m^(3),占总水量的16.74%;2030规划年缺水量为1811万m^(3),占总水量的6.28%。2030年水资源供需仍未达到平衡状态,但水资源平衡指数I_D逐年上升,水资源短缺状态逐步缓解。在现有经济与技术条件下,2030规划年水资源负载指数为Ⅲ级,水资源承载潜力不足,水资源开发利用方式单一,仍是社会经济发展的瓶颈。本研究为鲁西北平原水资源合理规划与开发利用提供参考。

宿迁市黄河故道水资源跨区统一配置研究

黄河故道是宿迁市境内主要河道,既是行洪通道,也是沿线灌溉供水的主要河道,对宿迁市民生保障、产业发展及生态建设发挥重要作用。但是,黄河故道目前依然存在部分突出问题,如水资源供给不足、水系连通不畅及输配水分布不均等。本文对黄河故道进行水资源供需平衡分析,根据供需平衡缺口,通过现有补水工程合理调配,实现水资源供需基本平衡的配置目标,为推动宿迁市黄河故道生态富民廊道建设、经济社会高质量发展提供水资源保障。