Spatial variation of health risk of groundwater for drinking water supply in Mingshan County,Ya'an City,China

Rural drinking water safety is a growing concern in China. This study investigated the health risk of pollution of groundwater for the drinking water supply in Mingshan County, Ya＇an City, in Sichuan Province, China, using 46 samples from the years 1991 to 2010. Carcinogenic, non-carcinogenic, and total risks were assessed by the model recommended by the United States Environmental Protection Agency （U.S. EPA）. Thematic maps of the risks caused by single and multiple factors were generated from inverse distance weighting interpolation （IDW） and the geostatistical analysis functions of ArcGIS. The results show that the carcinogenic risks caused by chemicals in groundwater for drinking water supply are low, within the acceptable interval for risk management. However, non-carcinogenic risks are high and the number of sampling sites with risk values exceeding the standards amounted to 29. Non-carcinogenic risks of Cr6＋, nitrate, fluoride, and Fe at sites 43, 46, 50, 64, 67, and 74 were the sources that caused high total health risk. This study reveals the risk level of groundwater quality and orders of treatment of pollutants, and provides a scientific basis for groundwater management in this area.

Analysis on the situation and countermeasures of water resources supply and demand in the cities of small and medium-sized river basins along southeast coast of China-taking Xiamen City as an example

The small and medium-sized river basins along southeast coast of China hold comparatively abundant water resources.However,the rapid resources urbanization in recent years has produced a series of water problems such as deterioration of river water quality,water shortage and exacerbated floods,which have constrained urban economic development.By applying the principle of triple supply-demand equilibrium,this paper focuses on the estimation of levels of water supply and demand in 2030 at different guarantee probabilities,with a case study of Xiamen city.The results show that water shortage and inefficient utilization are main problems in the city,as the future water supply looks daunting,and a water shortage may hit nearly 2×10^(8)m^(3)in an extraordinarily dry year.Based on current water supply-demand gap and its trend,this paper proposes countermeasures and suggestions for developing and utilizing groundwater resources and improving the utilization rate of water resources,which can supply as a reference for other southeast middle-to-small-sized basin cities in terms of sustainable water resources and water environment protection.

Reflections on the Construction of Water Supply and Drainage in Integrated Pipe Corridor of Sponge City

With the continuous development of economy and society and the continuous improvement of peoples’living environment requirements,the concept of sponge city construction has been recognized and understood by more and more people.The country has also recognized the significance of planning and construction of sponge cities.In the process of planning and constructing a sponge city,it is necessary to combine the reality of urban development with the construction of urban water supply and drainage systems and underground pipe corridors to promote the process of urban modernization.Based on this,this paper analyzes the water supply and drainage construction of the integrated pipe corridor in the sponge city.

Characteristics of groundwater and urban emergency water sources optimazation in Luoyang,China

The construction of emergency water sources is the material basis for ensuring urban water safety,and it is also an inherent requirement for maintaining social stability and development.The hydrogeological characteristics of groundwater in Luoyang City from the aspects of the division of groundwater aquifer groups,water yield property and groundwater dynamics were described in this paper.Two emergency water sources were selected on basis of comprehensively considering groundwater resources and ecological environmental effects,groundwater quality and exploitation technology,etc.Then it further analysed the aquifer types,water yield properties and groundwater recharge,runoff and discharge conditions of the two emergency water sources,and evaluate the groundwater resources quantity of the water sources.The results are that the shallow underground aquifer in Luoyang City is thick,coarse,and stable in lithology and thickness.The two water sources enjoy good exploitation potential and can be used as backup water sources to supply water in the event of a water source crisis.

Functionality analysis of an urban water supply network after strong earthquakes

An urban water supply network(WSN)is a crucial lifeline system that helps to maintain the normal functioning of modern society.However,the hydraulic analysis of a significantly damaged WSN that suffers from pipe breaks or leaks remains challenging.In this paper,a probability-based framework is proposed to assess the functionality of WSNs in the aftermath of powerful earthquakes.The serviceability of the WSN is quantified by using a comprehensive index that considers nodal water flow and nodal pressure.This index includes a coefficient that reflects the relative importance of these two parameters.The demand reduction(DR)method,which reduces the water flow of nodes while preventing the negative pressure of nodes,is proposed.The difference between the negative pressure elimination(NPE)method and the DR method is discussed by using the example of a WSN in a medium-sized city in China.The functionality values of the WSN are 0.76 and 0.99 when nodal pressure and nodal demands are used respectively as the index of system serviceability at an intensity level that would pertain to an earthquake considered to occur at a maximum level.When the intensity of ground motion is as high as 0.4 g,the DR method requires fewer samples than the NPE method to obtain accurate results.The NPE method eliminates most of the pipes,which may be unrealistic.

变化环境下长江流域滨海城市供水安全与适应性对策

全球气候变化和高强度人类活动影响导致长江流域水循环变化及相关联的城市群水资源供需矛盾问题,尤其在长江下游上海等滨海城市供水安全问题更加凸显,这已成为长江大保护十分关注的重要问题之一。以典型滨海城市上海为例,重点论述变化环境对长江流域的供水安全风险问题;分析当前和未来上海城市供水极端干旱影响、长江淡水与河口咸潮互动供水窗口压力,以及上海城市供水管理综合运用工程措施和预警预报、调度等非工程措施的挑战;提出若干对策与建议,包括供水安全保障的系统思维与战略规划、提升城市供水安全的系统智能化与智慧化管理水平以及完善供水安全保障的管理体系。

水生态系统韧性视角下热带雨林地区的蓝绿空间评价——以五指山市南圣河为例

热带雨林地区因特殊的气候特点及空间特征,河流蓝绿空间面临的雨洪压力与人类社会活动压力较大,其韧性建设对于整个生境具有关键性影响。国内外研究聚焦于韧性承洪实践与韧性评估量化,鲜有基于不同生态压力冲击对河流蓝绿空间开展多维韧性评价。文章以南圣河为对象,基于雨洪等自然灾害的脉冲式压力与人类社会对生态系统施加的慢性压力两类情境,构建水生态系统的“压力-脉冲-韧性”模型,通过“构建理论模型―叠合双维承压评价―解析吻合/冲突点―探析韧性策略”的逻辑方法实现特定地域蓝绿空间的评价与优化。研究发现:1)生态系统服务价值越高,调节功能越高,蓝绿空间韧性越强。2)突发性脉冲方面,在极端日降雨量增加情景下,河流水系的缓冲半径与水源类型密切相关,水库受到水安全威胁的风险大于河流,地表的径流曲线数值(简称CN)一般与历史经验相关。3)慢发性压力方面,韧性压力与城市人口密切相关,人口越密集,韧性压力越大;且不同季候的游憩密度与丰枯期存在分异,丰水期雨洪威胁大,游憩密度低,枯水期雨洪威胁小,游憩密度高。

遵义市城区污水资源化利用分析研究

遵义市城区属水资源欠缺城市,实施非常规水的再生利用是应对快速增长用水需求的重要途径。通过对遵义市水资源利用状况及污水处理能力分析,对城区污水资源化利用现状、现有基础设施及存在问题进行归纳总结,并论证了污水资源化利用的可行性。分析认为:遵义市中心城区中水回用率不足10%,通过构建水资源统一配置体系、加强政府主导和宣传、增加污水资源化利用项目建设等措施,可以使城市污水再生利用,解决城区水资源供需矛盾,为区域经济社会稳定发展提供强有力的水资源支撑。

Fractal Evolution of the Spatial Form of the Town and Water System in Southern Jiangsu Province:A Case Study of Suzhou City

Southern Jiangsu Province has a dense water network.Under the guidance of the new concept of harmonious development between humans and nature proposed at the 19 th CPC National Congress,it is of great significance to build a good spatial relationship between the town and its water system.Using the grid method,this paper calculates the fractal dimension of construction land and water space of 20 towns in Suzhou City since 1995,finding that the fractal dimension of town construction land rises rapidly,whereas that of water space drops slowly on a high dimension.In addition,the spatial form of town construction land and water space form are characterized by planar aggregation and sporadic growth respectively.The paper discusses the evolutionary characteristics of the fractal correlation of construction land and water space in towns with low-,medium-,and high-density water networks,as well as the represented spatial form relations and the underlying relationship between humans and nature.It concludes with an ecological restoration strategy of the two-way interaction between construction land and water space in different types of towns,which may provide a reference for the ecological progress of towns in southern Jiangsu Province.

基于水资源刚性约束的城市节水潜力分析

为满足水资源刚性约束制度的要求,有效保障城市农业、生活及生产用水安全,以江苏省宿迁市为例开展不同规划年各来水条件情景下的节水潜力分析。用水总量控制管理是落实水资源刚性约束的重要标准,在节水潜力计算过程中,基于节水目标与强度设定了“基本方案”与“节水方案”,以区域用水总量控制指标为约束,构建了基于目标控制的节水潜力模型,从农业、第二第三产业、生活3个模块分析规划年宿迁市可节水量。结果表明:采用“节水方案”后,宿迁市基本能够满足水资源供需平衡,在P=95%的来水频率下,仅沭阳县处于轻度缺水状态;在P=50%来水频率下,发展至2025年及2030年,宿迁市全市节水潜力分别可达7.5069亿m^(3)和6.9293亿m^(3);在宿迁市两区三县中,沭阳县可节水量最大,未来应合理规划,充分挖掘地区节水潜力。研究成果可为区域节水潜力发展提供参考。

基于新型材料与技术的海绵城市建筑给排水系统设计研究

海绵城市建筑给排水系统的设计是海绵城市建设中的核心要素之一,而基于新型材料和技术的设计方法则为海绵城市的发展提供了重要的支持和保障。本文分析了现代新型材料和技术在海绵城市建筑给排水系统中的应用与设计方法,旨在实现可持续的水资源管理和高效的系统性能。

基于海绵城市运维管理理念的市政道路设计方法探讨

海绵城市的建设要求实现排水优化设计,改变传统的模式,在达到生态环境保护要求的基础上,促进市政道路建设水平的提升。文章结合海绵城市发展理念,提出了其应用的重要性以及生态性、因地制宜、预见性、经济性的各项原则和策略,并对市政道路的路面设计、绿化带设计、生物滞留带设计、路肩边沟设计、边坡防护设计、雨水口设计提出要综合、合理的安排和设计,以提升道路的绿化性、环保性、安全性的各项功能。

基于海绵城市理念的市政给排水设计

若市政给水引入点的管道位置分布混乱,会导致市政给排水流量受限,增加由于暴雨等极端天气事件或其他突发情况造成的城市损失。因此,基于海绵城市理念,优化市政给排水工程。根据给水引入点排布市政管道位置,计算市政给水余压供水区间,在区间范围内确定了市政排水管出户标高,根据市政排水管出户标高,确定了喷头流量总和与管道作用面积之间的关系,设计了平均配水量配水支管,折算每段配水支管的流量,计算了配水支管间的流量系数,以此完成市政排水设计。分割项目工程系统管道内的机械样板空间,参照管线完成水平管道施工。结果分析表明:同等效段内,基于海绵城市理念的市政给排水加压设备耐久度更高,管道排水流量较大,海绵城市理念与市政给排水设计过程的融合效果得到保证。

龙江河谷灌区需水预测分析

龙江河谷灌区开发任务为农业灌溉及城乡供水,打造龙江清水廊道,保障区域粮食生产安全和人饮供水安全,为少数民族地区巩固拓展脱贫攻坚成果、促进乡村振兴创造条件。本文对灌区内的农业灌溉、城区、村镇用水进行预测,预测成果可为灌区工程规模、水资源优化配置和供水决策提供依据。

典型缺水地区国家中心城市供水方案——以郑州市为例

水资源是经济社会发展的基础性、先导性、控制性要素,水资源的承载能力直接决定城市的发展空间和建设效果。从郑州市国家中心城市建设任务出发,全面梳理郑州市作为典型缺水地区国家中心城市所面临的主要水问题,通过构建多水源联合配置模型,提出不同阶段南水北调中线工程作为主力供水水源向郑州市增加供水方案,并分析方案效果、存在问题和相应措施建议。研究可为构建缺水地区国家中心城市供水保障体系提供参考。

韧性市政给排水基础设施创新设计实践

受全球气候变化、地震及洪涝灾害频发和新冠肺炎疫情的影响,大城市应对不确定风险将成为常态,韧性城市建设成为一项世界性共同议题,也是我国“十四五”时期的重大战略选择。城市基础设施是城市的基础,也是城市灾害的承灾体;承灾体受灾害的程度,除与致灾因子的强度有关外,很大程度上取决于承灾体自身的脆弱性。因此,在规划设计中应重视提高韧性市政给排水基础设施“鲁棒性、冗余性、可恢复性、适应性、智慧性”的创新设计,提升灾害抵御能力。转变传统设计理念,兼顾集中与分散相结合,确保灾中设施功能的支撑;预判灾害发生时基础设施的破坏顺序,有针对性地进行设计;系统规划内涝体系与外洪的边界,融合地上地下调蓄空间;深化国家自然灾害风险普查成果的应用,有针对性地出台各类安全韧性评估预测方法、设计规范标准及灾后恢复方法等,推动风险治理向事前预防转变。

基于水资源的国土空间规划下城镇规模预测

以往城市规划建设用地规模多为无序扩张的粗放式发展模式,单一地考虑人口增长、经济发展等因素,未考虑水资源利用保护;国土空间规划提出了“以水定城、以水定地、以水定人、以水定产”的原则。通过研究人口自然增长和产业带动人口增长规律,建立水资源利用、人口增长和城镇规模预测的辩证关系,计算2025年、2035年区域人口增长规模和水资源可承载人口上限,综合确定城镇规划人口;结合国家人均建设用地指标,计算规划用地总规模,确定城镇开发边界线,以水资源可承载上限和人口发展需求综合确定2025年、2035年城镇合理发展规模,达到“以水定城”的高质量发展目标。以西藏工布江达县城镇发展规模预测为例,对预测方法进行了应用。

海绵城市理念在市政给排水设计中的应用分析

针对我国海绵城市的发展历程和理论概念进行了总结和归纳,分析了海绵城市理念在市政给排水系统设计中的应用优势。以广东某商业地块开发项目为例,详细论述了下沉式绿地、调蓄池、屋顶花园、透水花园等诸多海绵城市开发技术在项目市政排水设计中的应用。通过上述海绵城市技术的应用,该项目年径流总量控制率目标、年径流总量控制率目标对应设计降雨量、综合雨量径流系数等主要指标分别达到了75%、30.3mm和0.69,均满足设计规范要求。

基于海绵城市理念的市政道路给排水设计分析

结合海绵城市理念下市政道路给排水设计的实践经验,对海绵城市理念的市政道路给排水设计原则进行了分析,并提出了具体的设计方案。在市政道路给排水设计中,设计人员应该坚持弹性设计的原则,因地制宜,综合考虑路基、绿化带、人行道、车行道和附属设施等内容,有效降低径流峰值,增加滞洪调蓄效果,合理利用水资源,以适应气候变化和未来不确定性,实现海绵城市理念在市政道路给排水设计中的有效应用。