Objectives: To determine the economic challenges brought on by water-borne illnesses as a result of climate change. In addition to identifying potential access to safe drinking water during climate change and potentia...Objectives: To determine the economic challenges brought on by water-borne illnesses as a result of climate change. In addition to identifying potential access to safe drinking water during climate change and potential health hurdles brought on by water-related diseases, it is important to learn how to reduce the spread of water-borne diseases. Methods: A mixed method design was adopted to evaluate this research, and probability sampling, more specifically simple random sampling, was used to select to sample from the target population. The study was conducted in Taltali upazila of the Barguna district, and data was collected from 384 respondents;among them, 5 respondents were selected for the key informant interview. The research project began in June 2022 and was completed in December 2022. Results: 41.4% of respondents said they suffer from dysentery, 22.4% said the expense of treating water-borne diseases has increased as a result of climate change, and 37.8% said they must travel great distances to obtain clean drinking water. Currently, 41.7% of individuals utilize tube-well water, compared to 19.3% five to ten years ago, and 27.4% have been taught that water filtration helps reduce the spread of water-borne diseases. Conclusions: People’s vulnerability to climate change in the study area is a result of factors such as rapid population increase, unequal access to resources, food insecurity, a long distance to collect water, inadequate medical facilities, a lack of poverty, and a weak health system.展开更多
Electrostatic interaction conductive hybrids were prepared in water/ethanol solution by the sol-gel process from inorganic sol containing carboxyl group and water-borne conductive polyaniline (cPANI). The electrosta...Electrostatic interaction conductive hybrids were prepared in water/ethanol solution by the sol-gel process from inorganic sol containing carboxyl group and water-borne conductive polyaniline (cPANI). The electrostatic interaction hybrids film displayed 1-2 orders of magnitude higher electrical conductivity in comparison with common hybrids film, showing remarkable conductivity stability against water soaking. Most strikingly, it displayed ideal electrochemical activity even in a solution with pH = 14, which enlarged the conducting polyaniline application window to strong alkaline media.展开更多
Use of water-borne wood preservatives began in approximately the 1950s. Residential and commercial uses rapidly developed for products such as decking, fences, and other outdoor structures. Nearly all such products we...Use of water-borne wood preservatives began in approximately the 1950s. Residential and commercial uses rapidly developed for products such as decking, fences, and other outdoor structures. Nearly all such products were treated by preservatives using arsenic as a major ingredient. The most common preservative was chromated copper arsenate (CCA). A smaller volume used ammoniacal copper zinc arsenate (ACZA). Preservative label changes made in 2003 limited uses of these arsenical treatments to industrial or agricultural type uses, such as poles, piles, ties, bridges, and fencing. Use volumes of preservative-treated wood continued to grow after the label change, but the types of preservatives used changed greatly. The amounts of water-borne treated wood reaching end-of-life and being disposed also continued to grow, reflecting the increasing inventory of volume in service. However, the volume of arsenical-treated wood being disposed peaked in approximately 2008 and is now only approximately one-quarter of that volume. Most of the arsenical-treated wood now being disposed consists of large, easily identified and separated pieces, such as round poles, piles, and fence posts and timbers, which can be easily managed separated from other wood construction and demolition (C & D) waste. Thus, managing C & D waste to limit arsenic contamination of potential products, such as mulch, will be much more practical than some have feared.展开更多
In this paper, strontium aluminate phosphors of Sr Al2O4: Eu2+, Dy3+ and Sr4Al14O25: Eu2+, Dy3+ were prepared via solid state reactions and subsequent surface modification with Si O2 by a chemical precipitation method...In this paper, strontium aluminate phosphors of Sr Al2O4: Eu2+, Dy3+ and Sr4Al14O25: Eu2+, Dy3+ were prepared via solid state reactions and subsequent surface modification with Si O2 by a chemical precipitation method. The strontium aluminate phosphors were characterized by measurement-ray diffraction. According to the analysis by transmission electron microscopy, a continuous Si O2 coating layer with a thickness of 50 nm can be formed on the surface of Si O2-coated phosphor. The covalent bond that attached the phosphor and the Si O2 coating was determined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The water resistance and optical measurements indicate that the optimum ratio of Si O2 coating to phosphors is 30% by mass. Also, the Si O2-coated phosphors could be used in a water-borne paint with the superior luminous performance.展开更多
This research is devoted to diagnosing water-borne infectious diseases caused by floods employing a novel diagnosis approach,the Einstein hybrid structure of q-rung orthopair fuzzy soft set.This approach integrates pa...This research is devoted to diagnosing water-borne infectious diseases caused by floods employing a novel diagnosis approach,the Einstein hybrid structure of q-rung orthopair fuzzy soft set.This approach integrates parts of fuzzy logic and soft set theory to develop a robust alternative for disease detection in stressful situations,especially in areas affected by floods.Compared to the traditional intuitionistic fuzzy soft set and Pythagorean fuzzy soft set,the q-rung orthopair fuzzy soft set(q-ROFSS)adequately incorporates unclear and indeterminate facts.The major objective of this investigation is to formulate the q-rung orthopair fuzzy soft Einstein hybrid weighted average(q-ROFSEHWA)operator and its specific characteristics.Moreover,our stated operator is implementing intelligentmulti-criteria group decision-making(MCGDM)methodology.Floods are severe natural catastrophes that raise the risk of diseases and epidemics,particularly those caused by contaminants in the water,such as gastrointestinal diseases,respiratory infections,vector-borne diseases,skin infections,and water-borne parasites.The designed MCGDM strategy tackles the prevalence of certain conditions in flood-affected patients.A comparative investigation determined that the suggested method for detecting water-borne infectious disease due to floods is more effective and productive than conventional methods because of its logical structure.展开更多
A novel method for preparing conductive carbon black fllled polymer composites with low percolation threshold from polyurethane emulsion are reported in this paper. The experimental results indicate that with a rise i...A novel method for preparing conductive carbon black fllled polymer composites with low percolation threshold from polyurethane emulsion are reported in this paper. The experimental results indicate that with a rise in carbon black concentration the insulator-conductor transition in the emulsion blended composites occurs at 0.8-1.4vol%. In contrast, the solution blended composites exhibit drastic increase in conductivity at conducting filler fraction as high as 12.3-13.3vol%. It is demonstrated that the composites microstructure rather than chemical structure of the matrix polymer predominantly determines the electrical conduction performance of the composites.展开更多
Poly(methyl methacrylate/ethyl acrylate/acrylic acid) hydrosols were prepared by employing soap-free polymerization, and (acrylic acid/butyl acrylate) oligomer was used as the polymeric surfactant. The effect of react...Poly(methyl methacrylate/ethyl acrylate/acrylic acid) hydrosols were prepared by employing soap-free polymerization, and (acrylic acid/butyl acrylate) oligomer was used as the polymeric surfactant. The effect of reaction condition on the morphology and particle size of the hydrosols was investigated. The minimum amount of acrylic acid in the hydrosols is 2%. The maximum weight average molecular weight (M-w) of polymer that assures soap-free emulsion conversion into hydrosol is about 1.2 x 10(5)-1.3 x 10(5). The particle transforming process was investigated, and an obvious change of particle diameter and morphology was observed.展开更多
Contamination of water reserves by biological, chemical, and radiologic agents may affect the health of millions of residents in the Iraq as well as many others throughout the world. Fatal outbreaks of cholera struck ...Contamination of water reserves by biological, chemical, and radiologic agents may affect the health of millions of residents in the Iraq as well as many others throughout the world. Fatal outbreaks of cholera struck several provinces of the country, including Baghdad. The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) also says air pollution, resulting from burning oil and aggravated by war, is cause for concern. The study area Baghdad has been divided into two parts: Central Baghdad and Outskirts of Baghdad (included in Baghdad but near the boundaries of Baghdad). The outskirts of Baghdad comprises of 4 cities: Al-Hussaniya located in northern part of Baghdad, Abu-Gurabe located in the western side of Baghdad, Jissr Diyala located in the eastern side of Baghdad and finally Al-Mahmodiya located in the southern side of Baghdad. These cities are in very poor situation in terms of water supply. The quality of water supplied is bad as no attention is given to WTP's in these places, which is also because of the fact that given the insecure war conditions, these areas are inaccessible. The sewage is thrown directly into the river because these areas do not have sewage treatment plants. In case of central Baghdad the water supply and sewerage network are broken in some places. Due to this there is mixing of water between the two networks. For this study we taking water supply samples and collect all the samples from WTPs and water supply network (houses, shops and different places). We made the analysis to parts first bacteriologies, second chlorine and after analysis these samples in lab we will give in our study numbers of fail samples, type of diseases and how many case during year 2007 in Baghdad City. Also in this study we will give Estimated Deaths from Water-Related Diseases 2010 to 2035.展开更多
Tropical Cyclones (TCs) are among the atmospheric events which may trigger/enhance the occurrence of disasters to the society in most world basins including <span style="font-family:Verdana;">the </...Tropical Cyclones (TCs) are among the atmospheric events which may trigger/enhance the occurrence of disasters to the society in most world basins including <span style="font-family:Verdana;">the </span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Southwestern Indian Ocean (SWIO). This study analyzed the dynamics and the impacts of the Tropical Cyclone (TC) Idai (4</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">th</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-21</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">st</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> March, 2019) which devastated most of the SWIO countries. The study used the Reanalysis 1 products of daily zonal (u) and meridional (v) winds, Sea Surface Temperatures (SSTs), amount of Precipitable Water (PRW), </span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">and relative humidity</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> (Rh). The dynamics and movements of Idai w</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">ere</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> analyzed using the wind circulation at 850, 700, 500 and 200 mb, where the TC dynamic variables like vertical wind shear, vorticity, and the mean zonal wind were calculated using u and v components. Using the open Grid Analysis and Display System (GrADS) software the data was processed into three</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">time epochs of pre, during and post;and then analyzed to feature the state of the atmosphere before (pre), during and post TC Idai using all datasets. </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">The </span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">amount of precipitable water was used to map the rainfall on pre, during, and post Idai as well as during its landfall. The results revealed that dynamics of TC Idai was intensifying the weather (over Mozambique) and clearing the weather equatorward or southward of 12<span style="white-space:nowrap;">°</span>S, with low vertical wind shear over the landfall areas (</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;font-family:Verdana;">-</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">3 to 3 m/s) and higher shear values (10 - 40 m/s) northward and southward of the Mozambican channel. Higher moisture content (80 - 90%) and higher PRW (40 - 60 mm/day) mapped during Idai over the lowland areas of Mozambique propagating westward. Higher low</span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">level vorticity values were also mapped over the landfall areas. More results revealed that countries laying equatorward of 12<span style="white-space:nowrap;">°</span>S</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">,</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> e.g.</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">,</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> the northern coastal areas of Kenya (Turkana and Baringo) and Tanzania, Idai disrupted the 2019 March to May (MAM) seasonal rainfall by inducing long dry spell which accelerated the famine over the northeastern Kenya (Turkana). Moreover, results revealed that the land falling of Idai triggered intensive flooding which affected </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">a </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">wide spectrum of socio</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">economic livelihoods including significant loss of lives, injuries, loss of material wealth, infrastructure;indeed, people were forced to le</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">ave</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> their houses for quite </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">a </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">longtime;water</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">born</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">e</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> diseases like malaria, cholera among others were experienced. Furthermore, results and reports revealed that </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">a </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">large amount of funds were raised to combat the impacts of Idai. For instance, USAID/OFDA used about $14,146,651 for human aid and treatment of flood</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">prone diseases like Cholera in Mozambique ($13,296,651), Zimbabwe ($100,000), and Malawi ($280,000), respectively. Also a death toll of about 602 in Mozambique and 344 in Zimbabwe, and more than 2500 cases of injured people were reported</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">.</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> Conclusively the study has shown that TCs including Idai and other are among the deadliest natural phenomenon which great affects the human and his environments, thus extensive studies on TCs frequency, strength, tracks as well </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">as </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">their coast benefit analysis should be conducted to reduce the societal impacts of these TCs.</span>展开更多
Climate change is an emerging global problem.It has hazardous effects that vary across different geographic regions and populations.It is anticipated to have significant effects in Saudi Arabia.The present work review...Climate change is an emerging global problem.It has hazardous effects that vary across different geographic regions and populations.It is anticipated to have significant effects in Saudi Arabia.The present work reviews the future of human parasitoses in Saudi Arabia in response to the expected climate change.The key projections are increased precipitations,flash floods,unstable temperatures,sea-level rise and shoreline retreat.Such environmental changes could strongly influence the epidemiology of fly-borne,mosquito-borne,snail-borne and water-borne human parasitoses in the country.展开更多
文摘Objectives: To determine the economic challenges brought on by water-borne illnesses as a result of climate change. In addition to identifying potential access to safe drinking water during climate change and potential health hurdles brought on by water-related diseases, it is important to learn how to reduce the spread of water-borne diseases. Methods: A mixed method design was adopted to evaluate this research, and probability sampling, more specifically simple random sampling, was used to select to sample from the target population. The study was conducted in Taltali upazila of the Barguna district, and data was collected from 384 respondents;among them, 5 respondents were selected for the key informant interview. The research project began in June 2022 and was completed in December 2022. Results: 41.4% of respondents said they suffer from dysentery, 22.4% said the expense of treating water-borne diseases has increased as a result of climate change, and 37.8% said they must travel great distances to obtain clean drinking water. Currently, 41.7% of individuals utilize tube-well water, compared to 19.3% five to ten years ago, and 27.4% have been taught that water filtration helps reduce the spread of water-borne diseases. Conclusions: People’s vulnerability to climate change in the study area is a result of factors such as rapid population increase, unequal access to resources, food insecurity, a long distance to collect water, inadequate medical facilities, a lack of poverty, and a weak health system.
基金This work was financially supported by the National Science Foundation of China (No. 20225414).
文摘Electrostatic interaction conductive hybrids were prepared in water/ethanol solution by the sol-gel process from inorganic sol containing carboxyl group and water-borne conductive polyaniline (cPANI). The electrostatic interaction hybrids film displayed 1-2 orders of magnitude higher electrical conductivity in comparison with common hybrids film, showing remarkable conductivity stability against water soaking. Most strikingly, it displayed ideal electrochemical activity even in a solution with pH = 14, which enlarged the conducting polyaniline application window to strong alkaline media.
文摘Use of water-borne wood preservatives began in approximately the 1950s. Residential and commercial uses rapidly developed for products such as decking, fences, and other outdoor structures. Nearly all such products were treated by preservatives using arsenic as a major ingredient. The most common preservative was chromated copper arsenate (CCA). A smaller volume used ammoniacal copper zinc arsenate (ACZA). Preservative label changes made in 2003 limited uses of these arsenical treatments to industrial or agricultural type uses, such as poles, piles, ties, bridges, and fencing. Use volumes of preservative-treated wood continued to grow after the label change, but the types of preservatives used changed greatly. The amounts of water-borne treated wood reaching end-of-life and being disposed also continued to grow, reflecting the increasing inventory of volume in service. However, the volume of arsenical-treated wood being disposed peaked in approximately 2008 and is now only approximately one-quarter of that volume. Most of the arsenical-treated wood now being disposed consists of large, easily identified and separated pieces, such as round poles, piles, and fence posts and timbers, which can be easily managed separated from other wood construction and demolition (C & D) waste. Thus, managing C & D waste to limit arsenic contamination of potential products, such as mulch, will be much more practical than some have feared.
基金financially supported by the Bayer-Tongji Eco-Construction and Materials Academythe open Funds from the Key Laboratory of Advanced Civil Engineering Materials (Tongji University)
文摘In this paper, strontium aluminate phosphors of Sr Al2O4: Eu2+, Dy3+ and Sr4Al14O25: Eu2+, Dy3+ were prepared via solid state reactions and subsequent surface modification with Si O2 by a chemical precipitation method. The strontium aluminate phosphors were characterized by measurement-ray diffraction. According to the analysis by transmission electron microscopy, a continuous Si O2 coating layer with a thickness of 50 nm can be formed on the surface of Si O2-coated phosphor. The covalent bond that attached the phosphor and the Si O2 coating was determined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The water resistance and optical measurements indicate that the optimum ratio of Si O2 coating to phosphors is 30% by mass. Also, the Si O2-coated phosphors could be used in a water-borne paint with the superior luminous performance.
基金funded by King Saud University,Research Supporting Project Number(RSP2024R167),Riyadh,Saudi Arabia.
文摘This research is devoted to diagnosing water-borne infectious diseases caused by floods employing a novel diagnosis approach,the Einstein hybrid structure of q-rung orthopair fuzzy soft set.This approach integrates parts of fuzzy logic and soft set theory to develop a robust alternative for disease detection in stressful situations,especially in areas affected by floods.Compared to the traditional intuitionistic fuzzy soft set and Pythagorean fuzzy soft set,the q-rung orthopair fuzzy soft set(q-ROFSS)adequately incorporates unclear and indeterminate facts.The major objective of this investigation is to formulate the q-rung orthopair fuzzy soft Einstein hybrid weighted average(q-ROFSEHWA)operator and its specific characteristics.Moreover,our stated operator is implementing intelligentmulti-criteria group decision-making(MCGDM)methodology.Floods are severe natural catastrophes that raise the risk of diseases and epidemics,particularly those caused by contaminants in the water,such as gastrointestinal diseases,respiratory infections,vector-borne diseases,skin infections,and water-borne parasites.The designed MCGDM strategy tackles the prevalence of certain conditions in flood-affected patients.A comparative investigation determined that the suggested method for detecting water-borne infectious disease due to floods is more effective and productive than conventional methods because of its logical structure.
文摘A novel method for preparing conductive carbon black fllled polymer composites with low percolation threshold from polyurethane emulsion are reported in this paper. The experimental results indicate that with a rise in carbon black concentration the insulator-conductor transition in the emulsion blended composites occurs at 0.8-1.4vol%. In contrast, the solution blended composites exhibit drastic increase in conductivity at conducting filler fraction as high as 12.3-13.3vol%. It is demonstrated that the composites microstructure rather than chemical structure of the matrix polymer predominantly determines the electrical conduction performance of the composites.
文摘Poly(methyl methacrylate/ethyl acrylate/acrylic acid) hydrosols were prepared by employing soap-free polymerization, and (acrylic acid/butyl acrylate) oligomer was used as the polymeric surfactant. The effect of reaction condition on the morphology and particle size of the hydrosols was investigated. The minimum amount of acrylic acid in the hydrosols is 2%. The maximum weight average molecular weight (M-w) of polymer that assures soap-free emulsion conversion into hydrosol is about 1.2 x 10(5)-1.3 x 10(5). The particle transforming process was investigated, and an obvious change of particle diameter and morphology was observed.
文摘Contamination of water reserves by biological, chemical, and radiologic agents may affect the health of millions of residents in the Iraq as well as many others throughout the world. Fatal outbreaks of cholera struck several provinces of the country, including Baghdad. The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) also says air pollution, resulting from burning oil and aggravated by war, is cause for concern. The study area Baghdad has been divided into two parts: Central Baghdad and Outskirts of Baghdad (included in Baghdad but near the boundaries of Baghdad). The outskirts of Baghdad comprises of 4 cities: Al-Hussaniya located in northern part of Baghdad, Abu-Gurabe located in the western side of Baghdad, Jissr Diyala located in the eastern side of Baghdad and finally Al-Mahmodiya located in the southern side of Baghdad. These cities are in very poor situation in terms of water supply. The quality of water supplied is bad as no attention is given to WTP's in these places, which is also because of the fact that given the insecure war conditions, these areas are inaccessible. The sewage is thrown directly into the river because these areas do not have sewage treatment plants. In case of central Baghdad the water supply and sewerage network are broken in some places. Due to this there is mixing of water between the two networks. For this study we taking water supply samples and collect all the samples from WTPs and water supply network (houses, shops and different places). We made the analysis to parts first bacteriologies, second chlorine and after analysis these samples in lab we will give in our study numbers of fail samples, type of diseases and how many case during year 2007 in Baghdad City. Also in this study we will give Estimated Deaths from Water-Related Diseases 2010 to 2035.
文摘Tropical Cyclones (TCs) are among the atmospheric events which may trigger/enhance the occurrence of disasters to the society in most world basins including <span style="font-family:Verdana;">the </span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Southwestern Indian Ocean (SWIO). This study analyzed the dynamics and the impacts of the Tropical Cyclone (TC) Idai (4</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">th</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-21</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">st</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> March, 2019) which devastated most of the SWIO countries. The study used the Reanalysis 1 products of daily zonal (u) and meridional (v) winds, Sea Surface Temperatures (SSTs), amount of Precipitable Water (PRW), </span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">and relative humidity</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> (Rh). The dynamics and movements of Idai w</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">ere</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> analyzed using the wind circulation at 850, 700, 500 and 200 mb, where the TC dynamic variables like vertical wind shear, vorticity, and the mean zonal wind were calculated using u and v components. Using the open Grid Analysis and Display System (GrADS) software the data was processed into three</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">time epochs of pre, during and post;and then analyzed to feature the state of the atmosphere before (pre), during and post TC Idai using all datasets. </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">The </span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">amount of precipitable water was used to map the rainfall on pre, during, and post Idai as well as during its landfall. The results revealed that dynamics of TC Idai was intensifying the weather (over Mozambique) and clearing the weather equatorward or southward of 12<span style="white-space:nowrap;">°</span>S, with low vertical wind shear over the landfall areas (</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;font-family:Verdana;">-</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">3 to 3 m/s) and higher shear values (10 - 40 m/s) northward and southward of the Mozambican channel. Higher moisture content (80 - 90%) and higher PRW (40 - 60 mm/day) mapped during Idai over the lowland areas of Mozambique propagating westward. Higher low</span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">level vorticity values were also mapped over the landfall areas. More results revealed that countries laying equatorward of 12<span style="white-space:nowrap;">°</span>S</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">,</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> e.g.</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">,</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> the northern coastal areas of Kenya (Turkana and Baringo) and Tanzania, Idai disrupted the 2019 March to May (MAM) seasonal rainfall by inducing long dry spell which accelerated the famine over the northeastern Kenya (Turkana). Moreover, results revealed that the land falling of Idai triggered intensive flooding which affected </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">a </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">wide spectrum of socio</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">economic livelihoods including significant loss of lives, injuries, loss of material wealth, infrastructure;indeed, people were forced to le</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">ave</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> their houses for quite </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">a </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">longtime;water</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">born</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">e</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> diseases like malaria, cholera among others were experienced. Furthermore, results and reports revealed that </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">a </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">large amount of funds were raised to combat the impacts of Idai. For instance, USAID/OFDA used about $14,146,651 for human aid and treatment of flood</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">prone diseases like Cholera in Mozambique ($13,296,651), Zimbabwe ($100,000), and Malawi ($280,000), respectively. Also a death toll of about 602 in Mozambique and 344 in Zimbabwe, and more than 2500 cases of injured people were reported</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">.</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> Conclusively the study has shown that TCs including Idai and other are among the deadliest natural phenomenon which great affects the human and his environments, thus extensive studies on TCs frequency, strength, tracks as well </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">as </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">their coast benefit analysis should be conducted to reduce the societal impacts of these TCs.</span>
文摘Climate change is an emerging global problem.It has hazardous effects that vary across different geographic regions and populations.It is anticipated to have significant effects in Saudi Arabia.The present work reviews the future of human parasitoses in Saudi Arabia in response to the expected climate change.The key projections are increased precipitations,flash floods,unstable temperatures,sea-level rise and shoreline retreat.Such environmental changes could strongly influence the epidemiology of fly-borne,mosquito-borne,snail-borne and water-borne human parasitoses in the country.