A review on stress determination and control in metal-based additive manufacturing

Metal additive manufacturing(MAM)is an emerging and disruptive technology that builds three-dimensional(3D)components by adding layer-upon-layer of metallic materials.The complex cyclic thermal history and highly localized energy can produce large temperature gradients,which will,in turn,lead to compressive and tensile stress during the MAM process and eventually result in residual stress.Being an issue of great concern,residual stress,which can cause distortion,delamination,cracking,etc.,is considered a key mechanical quantity that affects the manufacturing quality and service performance of MAM parts.In this review paper,the ongoing work in the field of residual stress determination and control for MAM is described with a particular emphasis on the experimental measurement/control methods and numerical models.We also provide insight on what still requires to be achieved and the research opportunities and challenges.

Group Hybrid Coordination Control of Multi-Agent Systems With Time-Delays and Additive Noises

A new kind of group coordination control problemgroup hybrid coordination control is investigated in this paper.The group hybrid coordination control means that in a whole multi-agent system(MAS)that consists of two subgroups with communications between them,agents in the two subgroups achieve consensus and containment,respectively.For MASs with both time-delays and additive noises,two group control protocols are proposed to solve this problem for the containment-oriented case and consensus-oriented case,respectively.By developing a new analysis idea,some sufficient conditions and necessary conditions related to the communication intensity betw een the two subgroups are obtained for the following two types of group hybrid coordination behavior:1)Agents in one subgroup and in another subgroup achieve weak consensus and containment,respectively;2)Agents in one subgroup and in another subgroup achieve strong consensus and containment,respectively.It is revealed that the decay of the communication impact betw een the two subgroups is necessary for the consensus-oriented case.Finally,the validity of the group control results is verified by several simulation examples.

Effect of Home Blood Pressure Telemonitoring Plus Additional Support on Blood Pressure Control:A Randomized Clinical Trial

Objective Current clinical evidence on the effects of home blood pressure telemonitoring(HBPT)on improving blood pressure control comes entirely from developed countries.Thus,we performed this randomized controlled trial to evaluate whether HBPT plus support(patient education and clinician remote hypertension management)improves blood pressure control more than usual care(UC)in the Chinese population.Methods This single-center,randomized controlled study was conducted in Beijing,China.Patients aged 30-75 years were eligible for enrolment if they had blood pressure[systolic(SBP)≥140 mmHg and/or diastolic(DBP)≥90 mmHg;or SBP≥130 mmHg and/or DBP≥80 mmHg with diabetes].We recruited 190 patients randomized to either the HBPT or the UC groups for 12 weeks.The primary endpoints were blood pressure reduction and the proportion of patients achieving the target blood pressure.Results Totally,172 patients completed the study,the HBPT plus support group(n=84),and the UC group(n=88).Patients in the plus support group showed a greater reduction in mean ambulatory blood pressure than those in the UC group.The plus support group had a significantly higher proportion of patients who achieved the target blood pressure and maintained a dipper blood pressure pattern at the12th week of follow-up.Additionally,the patients in the plus support group showed lower blood pressure variability and higher drug adherence than those in the UC group.Conclusion HBPT plus additional support results in greater blood pressure reduction,better blood pressure control,a higher proportion of dipper blood pressure patterns,lower blood pressure variability,and higher drug adherence than UC.The development of telemedicine may be the cornerstone of hypertension management in primary care.

Role of laser scan strategies in defect control,microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of steel matrix composites prepared by laser additive manufacturing

Steel matrix composites(SMCs)reinforced with WC particles were fabricated via selective laser melting(SLM)by employing various laser scan strategies.A detailed relationship between the SLM strategies,defect formation,microstructural evolution,and mechanical properties of SMCs was established.The laser scan strategies can be manipulated to deliberately alter the thermal history of SMC during SLM processing.Particularly,the involved thermal cycling,which encompassed multiple layers,strongly affected the processing quality of SMCs.Sshaped scan sequence combined with interlayer offset and orthogonal stagger mode can effectively eliminate the metallurgical defects and retained austenite within the produced SMCs.However,due to large thermal stress,microcracks that were perpendicular to the building direction formed within the SMCs.By employing the checkerboard filling(CBF)hatching mode,the thermal stress arising during SLM can be significantly reduced,thus preventing the evolution of interlayer microcracks.The compressive properties of fabricated SMCs can be tailored at a high compressive strength(~3031.5 MPa)and fracture strain(~24.8%)by adopting the CBF hatching mode combined with the optimized scan sequence and stagger mode.This study demonstrates great feasibility in tuning the mechanical properties of SLM-fabricated SMCs without varying the set energy input,e.g.,laser power and scanning speed.

Additive Fault Tolerant Control Applied to Delayed Singularly Perturbed System

The additive fault tolerant control (FTC) for delayed system is studied in this work. To design the additive control, two steps are necessary;the first one is the estimation of the sensor fault amplitude using a Luenberger observer with delay, and the second one consists to generate the additive fault tolerant control law and to add it to the nominal control of delayed system. The additive control law must be in function of fault term, then, in the absence of fault the expression of additive control equal to zero. The generation of nominal control law consist to determinate the state feedback gain by using the Lambert W method. Around all these control tools, we propose an extension of the additive FTC to delayed singularly perturbed systems (SPS). So, this extension consists to decompose the delayed SPS in two parts: delayed slow subsystem (delayed SS) and fast subsystem (FS) without time delay. Next, we consider that the delayed SPS is affected at its steady-state, and we apply the principal of FTC to the delayed SS and finally we combine them with the feedback gain control of FS by using the principal of composite control.

Morphological Control of Gold Nanoparticles by Green Synthesis Using L-Tryptophan and Other Additives

This study focuses on shape-controlled synthesis of gold nanoparticles, using the green reducing agent L-Tryptophan(L-Trp), which is non-toxic and eco-friendly. This specific agent was investigated to realize certain morphology controlling effects by changing the relative growth rates among various crystal planes. Experimental samples were characterized by transmission electron microscope, UV-Vis spectrophotometer and X-ray diffraction(XRD) for size and morphological information. The effects of the specific additives of PVP((C_6 H_9 NO)_n), CTAB(C_(16)H_(33)(CH_3)_3 NBr), and KBr were examined for their morphological control individually and synergistically in this system. Hexagonal gold nanoparticles were successfully obtained via the PVP/CTAB and PVP/KBr systems. Particular amounts of PVP/KBr produced various polyhedron structures, such as cubes, and others with triangular and rhombic straight-side cross sections.

Feasibility and Stability of a Kind of Model Predictive Control with Additive Uncertainties

In this paper the feasibility and stability of open-loop rain-max model predictive control （OL-MMMPC） for systems with additive bounded uncertainties are considered. It is found that the OL-MMMPC may be infeasible and unstable if it is initially feasible. A sufficient condition for feasibility and stability of the OL- MMMPC is presented. Then an improved OL-MMMPC algorithm is proposed, which guarantees the robust stability of the closed-loop system once it is initially feasible. The effectiveness of this algorithm is illustrated by a simulation example.

Robust H_∞ control of uncertain systems with two additive time-varying delays

This paper is concerned with the problem of delay-dependent robust H∞control for a class of uncertain systems with two additive time-varying delays. A new suitable Lyapunov–Krasovskii functional（LKF） with triple integral terms is constructed and a tighter upper bound of the derivative of the LKF is derived. By applying a convex optimization technique, new delay-dependent robust H∞stability criteria are derived in terms of linear matrix inequalities（LMI）. Based on the stability criteria, a state feedback controller is designed such that the closed-loop system is asymptotically stable.Finally, numerical examples are given to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method. Comparison results show that our results are less conservative than the existing methods.

Stability Analysis of Network Controlled Temperature Control System with Additive Delays

This paper presents,using Lyapunov-Krasovskii functional technique combined with reciprocal convex lemma is considered for a networked control temperature control system with additive time-varying-delays.In the stability analysis,a new LK functional is assumed,and take the time-derivative of the(LK)functional,using reciprocal convex combination technique was employed to obtain less conservative stability criteria.Finally,the proposed stability analysis culminates into a stability criterion in the LMI(linear matrix inequalities)framework.The results obtained are in accordance with the theoretically obtained in the temperature control system and they are closer to the standard benchmark temperature-control system.

Nested case-control analysis with general additive-multiplicative hazard models

This paper discusses the nested case-control analysis under a class of general additive-multiplicative hazard models which includes the Cox model and the additive hazard model as special cases.A pseudo-score is constructed to estimate the regression parameters.The resulting estimator is shown to be consistent and asymptotically normally distributed.The limiting variance-covariance matrix can be consistently estimated by the nested case-control data.A simulation study is conducted to assess the finite sample performance of the proposed estimator and a real example is provided for illustration.

Metallurgy and Solidification Microstructure Control of Fusion-Based Additive Manufacturing Fabricated Metallic Alloys:A Review

The metal-based additive manufacturing(AM),also referred to as metal 3D printing,has drawn particular interest because it enables direct creation,aided by computationally-directed path design,of intricate components with site-specific compositions and geometrical requirements as well as low buy-to-fly ratios.During the last two decades,the objective of this revolutionary technology has been shifting from only“rapid prototyping”to advanced manufacturing of special high-end products or devices,which,in many aspects,outperform conventional manufacturing technologies.For fusion-based AM,significant progress has been achieved in understanding the processing window of macroscopic scales,non-equilibrium metallurgy of mesoscale scales,and grain evolution of microscopic scales.Although the versatile capacity of AM facilitates new avenues for discovering advanced materials and structures,their potential has still not been fully explored.Given the unique non-equilibrium solidification during the AM process,coarse columnar grains with strong textures are usually developed along the build direction,which downgrades the mechanical performance.To push the limits of this digital manufacturing,this review attempts to provide in-depth and comprehensive overviews of the recent progress in understanding the evolution and control of the as-built microstructure that has been made recently and the challenges encountered during the AM process.

Triply periodic minimal surface(TPMS)porous structures:from multi-scale design,precise additive manufacturing to multidisciplinary applications

Inspired by natural porous architectures,numerous attempts have been made to generate porous structures.Owing to the smooth surfaces,highly interconnected porous architectures,and mathematical controllable geometry features,triply periodic minimal surface(TPMS)is emerging as an outstanding solution to constructing porous structures in recent years.However,many advantages of TPMS are not fully utilized in current research.Critical problems of the process from design,manufacturing to applications need further systematic and integrated discussions.In this work,a comprehensive overview of TPMS porous structures is provided.In order to generate the digital models of TPMS,the geometry design algorithms and performance control strategies are introduced according to diverse requirements.Based on that,precise additive manufacturing methods are summarized for fabricating physical TPMS products.Furthermore,actual multidisciplinary applications are presented to clarify the advantages and further potential of TPMS porous structures.Eventually,the existing problems and further research outlooks are discussed.

Stability Analysis of Discrete-time Systems with Additive Time-varying Delays

In this paper, the problem of stability analysis of discrete-time delay systems with two additive time-varying delays is considered. A new stability result is derived for a general class of delay systems which has practical application background in networked control systems . The stability criterion is expressed in the form of linear matrix inequalities （LMIs）, which can be readily solved by using standard numerical software. An illustrative example is provided to show the advantage of the proposed stability condition.

A Laser Scanner-Stage Synchronized System Supporting the Large-Area Precision Polishing of Additive-Manufactured Metallic Surfaces

This paper proposes a scanner–stage synchronized approach emphasizing a novel control structure for the laser polishing of Inconel 718 components manufactured by selective laser melting in order to address increasing demands for high surface quality in metal additive manufacturing.The proposed synchronized control system is composed of a motion decomposition module and an error synthesis module.The experimental results show that stitching errors can be avoided thanks to continuous motion during laser processing.Moreover,in comparison with the existing step-scan method,the processing efficiency of the proposed method is improved by 38.22%and the surface quality of the laser-polished area is significantly enhanced due to a more homogeneous distribution of the laser energy during the material phase change.The proposed synchronized system paves the way for high-speed,high-precision,and large-area laser material processing without stitching errors.

Assessment of the Performances of Carboxylic Acid Monomers as Fluid Loss Additives for Oil-Well Cement

The application of polycarboxylic acid as a fluid loss additive for cement(i.e.,a substance specifically designed to lower the volume of filtrate that passes through the cement)can prolong the thickening time of cement slurries.Given the lack of data about the effects of carboxylic acid monomers as possible components for the additives traditionally used for oil-well cement,in this study different cases are experimentally investigated considering different types of these substances,concentrations,temperatures,and magnesium ion contamination.The results demonstrate that itaconic acid has a strong retarding side effect,while maleic and acrylic acids have similar influences on the thickening time of the cement slurry.The rheological properties of the cement slurry tend to deteriorate when the carboxylic acid monomer content in the fluid loss additive is increased to 40%.If the temperature exceeds 80°C,there is a significant decrease in the related impact on the thickening duration.With an increase in the intrusion of magnesium ions to>0.5%,both the rheological properties of the cement slurry and the thickening time are affected in a negative way.

Modification of Campylobacterjejuni Broiler Colonization by a Feed Additive Composed of Encapsulated Organic Acids and Essential Oils

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of a novel feed additive on chicken intestinal colonization and carcass contamination by Campylobacterjejuni. The feed additive was composed of microencapsulated organic acids and essential oils （OA/EO）. The feed additive tested was provided by Jefo Nutrition Inc., St-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada. Day-old birds were separated into two rooms and subdivided into two groups. Chicken were fed with OA/EO or not fed with OA/EO until they reached 35 d of age. At 14 d of age, chickens received an oral suspension of two well characterized C. jejuni strains, depending on the room they were housed in. The levels of C. jejuni were periodically monitored in the caecum and on the carcasses. C. jejuni colonization was further characterized by the use of high-resolution melt analysis of the C. jejuniflaA gene （HRM-flaA）. The effect of the feed additive was strain-dependent. In room two, the feed additive had no effect on the caecal counts. In room one, at 35 d of age, caecal C. jejuni counts were higher with OA/EO, as opposed to carcasses counts which were lower in the treated group. The HRM-flaA analysis showed that an amplification profile was predominant in birds fed with OA/EO at 35 d of age in room one, suggesting the selection of a C. jejuni strain. In conclusion, the OA/EO seemed to be effective to reduce C. jejuni levels but this effect appeared strain dependent.

基于自抗扰的永磁同步电机附加谐波损耗抑制方法

针对永磁同步电机在变频器供电时,由时间电流谐波所引起的附加谐波损耗过大及难以在电机初始设计时被考虑到的问题,采用场路耦合联合仿真模型来计算电机的附加谐波损耗,并以4台现有的表贴式永磁同步电机为例,通过实验验证了场路耦合联合仿真模型的有效性,为电机设计之初附加谐波损耗的选取,以及后续温升的计算提供了前期计算的方法。同时提出一种基于自抗扰技术的附加谐波损耗抑制方法,设计一种适用于永磁同步电机矢量控制的自抗扰控制器,并从理论上验证了自抗扰控制器对于时间电流谐波的抑制作用,以及针对自抗扰控制器参数众多调参困难的问题,给出一种参数整定方案。最后通过引入所设计的自抗扰控制器,对电机的时间电流谐波进行计算和分析,使电机的附加谐波损耗降低了68.1%,为同类型电机的附加谐波损耗抑制提供了一种有效的方法。

基于数据生命周期的煤泥浮选智能控制技术研究进展

随着国家政策和新一代人工智能技术的持续牵引,矿山智能化研究取得突破,其中,选煤厂智能化建设受到高度关注,煤泥浮选智能控制技术一直是阻碍选煤厂智能化建设的关键瓶颈之一。以煤泥浮选数据生命周期为主线,从浮选精煤/尾煤灰分在线预测、浮选药剂智能添加和煤泥浮选系统智能决策3个角度综述了煤泥浮选智能控制技术的研究进展,并展望未来煤泥浮选智能控制技术发展趋势。浮选精煤灰分在线预测困难重重,单一视觉特征信息并不可靠,尾矿灰分的预测技术相对更加成熟可靠;浮选药剂添加量受多个过程变量同时制约,模型性能在整个工况区间的自适应性和泛化能力还需进一步提升;当前浮选工业系统智能控制技术的进一步发展严重受限于浮选精煤/尾煤灰分等指标的预测精度、传感器检测精度、药剂添加精度等因素。浮选过程数据集维度更高,难以建立可靠的知识库,以深度学习为代表的新一代人工智能技术能适应这类数据结构。此外,已有浮选监测系统只针对特定矿物,唯一性较高。未来浮选智能控制系统应集中攻克指标预测、传感器检测精度等方面限制,建立多煤种、模板化的煤泥浮选智能控制资料大数据集和大模型。

新型模块化钢结构插入式连接节点受力性能研究

为推广钢结构集成模块在高层建筑及抗震设防区域的应用,提出了一种具有附加耗能的新型全装配模块化钢结构插入式连接节点,节点采用T型连接件代替传统焊接连接实现模块单元全装配,连接件与摩擦板进行相对滑移提供附加耗能。根据节点受力及变形机理,推导其初始转动刚度理论公式。建立半装配与全装配模块化钢结构插入式连接节点的精细化数值模型,对比分析两种节点的滞回曲线、耗能能力及应力应变分布规律。结果表明,全装配插入式节点具有饱满的类平行四边形滞回曲线,其初始转动刚度理论计算值与数值结果吻合良好,有效验证了节点刚度公式的准确性。与半装配插入式节点相比,全装配插入式节点最大承载力降低约26.59%,整体能量耗散系数最大增加约70.06%,可通过T型连接件将塑性损伤转移至预设区域,保护主要构件并实现损伤可控,显著提高节点的抗震性能。

悬索桥竖弯涡振MTMD减振控制效果和参数优化研究

为研究多重调谐质量阻尼器(Multiple Tuned Mass Damper,MTMD)抑制桥梁单阶涡振的性能,建立桥梁结构-MTMD系统竖弯涡振广义单自由度动力方程,以某大跨度悬索桥为背景进行MTMD减振控制效果和参数优化分析。采用数值方法求解动力方程,获得系统在简谐涡激力下达到稳态谐振时结构的动力放大系数和MTMD对结构的附加模态阻尼比,并与单一频率调谐质量阻尼器(Single Tuned Mass Damper,STMD)的减振控制效果进行对比,然后以附加模态阻尼比为目标对MTMD进行参数优化。结果表明:MTMD比最优参数STMD拥有更宽的控制频带和更好的减振效果,经优化后的MTMD减振性能优于最优参数STMD。实际应用MTMD时,应选择较大广义质量、5~7种频率规格,并根据二者找到无量纲频率范围和各TMD阻尼比的惟一最优取值。