Composition optimization and performance prediction for ultra-stable water-based aerosol based on thermodynamic entropy theory

Water-based aerosol is widely used as an effective strategy in electro-optical countermeasure on the battlefield used to the preponderance of high efficiency,low cost and eco-friendly.Unfortunately,the stability of the water-based aerosol is always unsatisfactory due to the rapid evaporation and sedimentation of the aerosol droplets.Great efforts have been devoted to improve the stability of water-based aerosol by using additives with different composition and proportion.However,the lack of the criterion and principle for screening the effective additives results in excessive experimental time consumption and cost.And the stabilization time of the aerosol is still only 30 min,which could not meet the requirements of the perdurable interference.Herein,to improve the stability of water-based aerosol and optimize the complex formulation efficiently,a theoretical calculation method based on thermodynamic entropy theory is proposed.All the factors that influence the shielding effect,including polyol,stabilizer,propellant,water and cosolvent,are considered within calculation.An ultra-stable water-based aerosol with long duration over 120 min is obtained with the optimal fogging agent composition,providing enough time for fighting the electro-optic weapon.Theoretical design guideline for choosing the additives with high phase transition temperature and low phase transition enthalpy is also proposed,which greatly improves the total entropy change and reduce the absolute entropy change of the aerosol cooling process,and gives rise to an enhanced stability of the water-based aerosol.The theoretical calculation methodology contributes to an abstemious time and space for sieving the water-based aerosol with desirable performance and stability,and provides the powerful guarantee to the homeland security.

Adhesion of Technical Lignin-Based Non-Isocyanate Polyurethane Adhesives for Wood Bonding

Lignin is the most abundant aromatic natural polymer,and receiving great attention in replacing various petro-leum-based polymers.The aim of this study is to investigate the feasibility of technical lignin as a polyol for the synthesis of non-isocyanate polyurethane(NIPU)adhesives to substitute current polyurethane(PU)adhesives that have been synthesized with toxic isocyanate and polyols.Crude hardwood kraft lignin(C-HKL)was extracted from black liquor from a pulp mill followed by acetone fractionation to obtain acetone soluble-HKL(AS-HKL).Then,C-HKL,AS-HKL,and softwood sodium lignosulfonate(LS)were used for the synthesis of technical lignin-based NIPU adhesives through carbonation and polyamination and silane as a cross-linker.Their adhesion per-formance was determined for plywood.FTIR spectra showed the formation of urethane bonds and the reaction between lignin and silane.The NIPU adhesives prepared with C-HKL showed the highest adhesion strength among the three lignin-based NIPU adhesives.As the silane addition level increased,the adhesion strength of NIPU adhesives increased whereas formaldehyde emission decreased for all NIPU adhesives prepared.These results indicate that NIPU adhesives based on technical kraft lignin have a great potential as polyol for the synth-esis of bio-based NIPU adhesives for wood bonding.

Natural rubber latex as a potential additive for water-based drilling fluids

The environmental hazards and"carbon footprint"of oil and gas drilling can be significantly reduced by replacing traditional petroleum-based chemical additives with natural materials derived from plants and animals.This paper explored for the first time the interaction mechanism between natural rubber latex(NRL)and bentonite suspensions(BTs)through a series of characterization experiments,as well as the potential applications in water-based drilling fluids(WBDF).The gel viscoelasticity experiments showed that NRL could decrease the consistency coefficient(k)and flow index(n)of BTs,and enhance the shear thinning performance of BTs as pseudo-plastic fluids.In addition,0.5 w/v%NRL not only increased the critical yield stress and strengthened the structural strength between the bentonite particles,but also facilitated the compatibility of pressure loss and flow efficiency.The evaluation of colloidal stability and WBDF performance indicated that NRL particles could promote the hydration and charge stability on the surface of BTs particles,and optimize the particle size distribution and flow resistance of WBDF under the"intercalation-exfoliation-encapsulation"synergistic interaction.Moreover,NRL can improve the rheological properties of WBDF at high temperatures(<150.C),and form a dense blocking layer by bridging and sealing the pores and cracks of the filter cake,which ultimately reduces the permeability of the cake and the filtration loss of WBDF.

Theoretical optimization of micropillar arrays for structurally stable bioinspired dry adhesives

Inspired by the excellent adhesion performances of setae structure from organisms,micro/nano-pillar array has become one of the paradigms for adhesive surfaces.The micropillar arrays are composed of the resin pillars for adhesion and the substrate with different elastic modulus for supporting.The stress singularity at the bi-material corner between the pillars and the substrate can induce the failure of the micropillar-substrate corner and further hinder the fabrication and application of micropillar arrays,yet the design for the stability of the micropillar array lacks systematical and quantitative guides.In this work,we develop a semi-analytical method to provide the full expressions for the stress distribution within the bi-material corner combining analytical derivations and numerical calculations.The predictions for the stress within the singularity field can be obtained based on the full expressions of the stress.The good agreement between the predictions and the FEM results demonstrates the high reliability of our method.By adopting the strain energy density factor approach,the stability of the pillar-substrate corner is assessed by predicting the failure at the corner.For the elastic mismatch between the pillar and substrate given in this paper,the stability can be improved by increasing the ratio of the shear modulus of the substrate to that of the micropillar.Our study provides accurate predictions for the stress distribution at the bi-material corner and can guide the optimization of material combinations of the pillars and the substrate for more stable bioinspired dry adhesives.

Properties of Bark Particleboard Bonded with Demethylated Lignin Adhesives Derived from Leucaena leucocephala Bark

Lignin extraction from bark can maximize the utilization of biomass waste,offer cost-effectiveness,and promote environmental friendliness when employed as an adhesive material in bark particleboard production.Particles of fine(0.2 to 1.0 mm),medium(1.0 to 2.5 mm),and coarse(2.5 to 12.0 mm)sizes,derived from the bark of Leucaena leucocephala,were hot-pressed using a heating plate at 175℃for 7 min to create single-layer particleboards measuring 320 mm×320 mm×10 mm,targeting a density of 700 kg/m^(3).Subsequently,the samples were trimmed and conditioned at 20℃and 65%relative humidity.In this study,we compared bark particleboard bonded with urea formaldehyde(UF)adhesive to fine-sized particleboard bonded with demethylated lignin adhesive.The results indicated that bark particleboards utilizing demethylated lignin and UF adhesives exhibited similar qualities.Coarse particleboard showed differences in modulus of elasticity(MOE)and modulus of rupture(MOR),while medium-sized particles exhibited significant variations in moisture content(MC)and water absorption(WA).Furthermore,the thickness swelling of coarse and medium-sized particles under wet and oven-dried conditions exhibited notable distinctions.Overall,the demethylated lignin adhesive extracted from L.leucocephala bark demonstrated similar quality to UF adhesive,with particle size correlating inversely to the strength of the bark particleboard.

Reinforcing Effect of Graphene in Epoxy Adhesives: Review

Due to its great strength, hardness, and chemical resistance, epoxy adhesives are becoming more and more used. They continue to have drawbacks, nevertheless, such as poor thermal stability, and poor electrical conductivity. Two-dimensional graphene is a wonderful substance with exceptional qualities including high strength, high electrical conductivity, and large surface area. Because of these characteristics, graphene has been thoroughly researched for its prospective uses in a variety of industries, including electronics, energy storage, and biomedical engineering. The use of graphene as an additive in epoxy adhesives to enhance the characteristics of such materials is one of its promising uses. This paper reviewed the latest findings about graphene’s effects on epoxy adhesives. The various methods to produce graphene-epoxy composites and their improvements are discussed. This research additionally discusses the challenges associated with the production and processing of graphene-epoxy composites, as well as the mechanisms behind the improvements in mechanical, electrical, and thermal characteristics. The final section of this review discusses the challenges and prospective uses of graphene in epoxy adhesives in the future.

Improving the anti-collapse performance of water-based drilling fluids of Xinjiang Oilfield using hydrophobically modified silica nanoparticles with cationic surfactants

Wellbore instability,especially drilling with water-based drilling fluids(WBDFs)in complex shale for-mations,is a critical challenge for oil and gas development.The purpose of this paper is to study the feasibility of using hydrophobically modified silica nanoparticle(HMN)to enhance the comprehensive performance of WBDFs in the Xinjiang Oilfield,especially the anti-collapse performance.The effect of HMN on the overall performance of WBDFs in the Xinjiang Oilfield,including inhibition,plugging,lu-bricity,rheology,and filtration loss,was studied with a series of experiments.The mechanism of HMN action was studied by analyzing the changes of shale surface structure and chemical groups,wettability,and capillary force.The experimental results showed that HMN could improve the performance of WBDFs in the Xinjiang Oilfeld to inhibit the hydration swelling and dispersion of shale.The plugging and lubrication performance of the WBDFs in the Xinjiang Oilfield were also enhanced with HMN based on the experimental results.HMN had less impact on the rheological and filtration performance of the WBDFs in the Xinjiang Oilfield.In addition,HMN significantly prevented the decrease of shale strength.The potential mechanism of HMN was as follows.The chemical composition and structure of the shale surface were altered due to the adsorption of HMN driven by electrostatic attraction.Changes of the shale surface resulted in significant wettability transition.The capillary force of the shale was converted from a driving force of water into the interior to a resistance.In summary,hydrophobic nanoparticles presented afavorable application potential for WBDFs.

MALDI ToF Investigation of the Reaction of Soy Protein Isolate with Glutaraldehyde for Wood Adhesives

Soy protein adhesives are currently a hot research topic in the wood panels industry for the abundant raw material reserves,reasonable price and outstanding environmental features.But their poor water resistance,low bonding strength and intolerance to mold are major drawbacks,so that proper modification before use is essential.Glutaraldehyde is one of the more apt cross-linking agents for soybean protein adhesives,which can effectively improve the bonding strength and water resistance of the adhesive.Equally,glutaraldehyde is also an efficient and broad-spectrum fungicide that can significantly improve the anti-fungal properties of a soy protein adhesive.In the work presented here,matrix assisted laser desorption ionization(MALDI-ToF)mass spectrometry and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy techniques were used to analyze the reaction mechanism of glutaraldehyde cross-linking soybean protein.The results confirmed the reaction of the aldehyde group with amino groups of the side chains and the amide groups of the peptide linkages constituting the skeletal chain of the protein.The laboratory plywood and particleboard bonded with glutaraldehyde-soy bean protein adhesives were prepared to determine the adhesive bonding properties,the dry strength,24 h cold water soaking wet strength and 3 h hot water(63°C)wet strength of plywood were 2.03,1.13 and 0.75 MPa,respectively,which satisfied the requirements of industrial production.

Little Secrets for the Successful Industrial Use of Tannin Adhesives:A Review

This brief article reviews a very particular and quite narrowfield,namely what has been done and what is needed to know for tannin adhesives for wood panels to succeed industrially.The present fashionable focus on bioadhe-sives has led to producing chemical adhesive formulations and approaches for tannin adhesives as a subject of academic publications.These,as good and original they might be,are and will still remain a rather empty aca-demic exercise if not put to the test of real industrial trials and industrial use.They will remain so without the“little”secrets and techniques outlined here that show that there is a great gap between developing an adhesive formulation in the laboratory and the hard reality to make it work where it does really count,in its industrial application.It outlines the fact that even more modern and excellent,newly developed bioadhesive formulations might well miserably fail once tried in the industry if the problems that always arise in their upgrading are not identified and solved,and solved well.It also outlines the fact that not only must costs always be taken into account and that a practical and possibly easy-to-handle approach must always be used,but too expensive or complex and unyielding adhesive systems are also often shown to be unusable or unsuitable in industry.

Hydrophobic Small-Molecule Polymers as High-Temperature-Resistant Inhibitors in Water-Based Drilling Fluids

Water-based drilling fluids can cause hydration of the wellbore rocks,thereby leading to instability.This study aimed to synthesize a hydrophobic small-molecule polymer(HLMP)as an inhibitor to suppress mud shale hydration.An infrared spectral method and a thermogravimetric technique were used to characterize the chemical composition of the HLMP and evaluate its heat stability.Experiments were conducted to measure the linear swelling,rolling recovery rate,and bentonite inhibition rate and evaluate accordingly the inhibition performance of the HLMP.Moreover,the HLMP was characterized through measurements of the zeta potential,particle size distribution,contact angles,and interlayer space testing.As confirmed by the results,the HLMP could successfully be synthesized with a favorable heat stability.Furthermore,favorable results were found for the inhibitory processes of the HLMP on swelling and dispersed hydration during mud shale hydration.The positively charged HLMP could be electrically neutralized with clay particles,thereby inhibiting diffusion in the double electron clay layers.The hydrophobic group in the HLMP molecular structure resulted in the formation of a hydrophobic membrane on the rock surface,enhancing the hydrophobicity of the rock.In addition,the small molecules of the HLMP could plug the spaces between the layers of bentonite crystals,thereby reducing the entry of water molecules and inhibiting shale hydration.

Water-based synthesis of nanoscale hierarchical metal-organic frameworks:Boosting adsorption and catalytic performance

The combination of nano sizes,large pore sizes and green synthesis is recognized as one of the most crucial and challenging problems in constructing metal-organic frameworks(MOFs).Herein,a water-based strategy is proposed for the synthesis of nanoscale hierarchical MOFs(NH-MOFs)with high crystallinity and excellent stability.This approach allows the morphology and porosity of MOFs to be fine tuned,thereby enabling the nanoscale crystal generation and a well-defined hierarchical system.The aqueous solution facilitates rapid nucleation kinetics,and the introduced modulator acts as a deprotonation agent to accelerate the deprotonation of the organic ligand as well as a structure-directing agent(SDA)to guide the formation of hierarchical networks.The assynthesized NH-MOFs(NH-ZIF-67)were assessed as efficient adsorbents and heterogeneous catalysts to facilitate the diffusion of guest molecules,outperforming the parent microZIF-67.This study focuses on understanding the NH-MOF growth rules,which could allow tailor-designing NH-MOFs for various functions.

Crosslinking Mechanism of Soy Protein-based Adhesives based on Glyoxal and a Compound of Protein Model

The crosslinking mechanism of glyoxal and asparagine was analyzed,and the relationship between the mechanism and practical performances of soy protein-based adhesives was also discussed.It is shown that when pH=1 and 3,glyoxal reacted with asparagine in the form of major cyclic ether compounds.When pH=5,glyoxal reacted with asparagine in two structural forms of sodium glycollate and cyclic ether compounds.However,amidogens of asparagine were easy to develop protonation under acid conditions.Supplemented by the instability of cyclic ether compounds,the reaction activity and reaction degree between glyoxal and asparagine were relatively small.Under alkaline conditions,glyoxal mainly reacted with asparagine in the form of sodium glycollate.With the increase of pH,the polycondensation was more sufficient and the produced polycondensation products were more stable.The reaction mechanism between glyoxal and asparagine had strong correspondence to the practical performances of the adhesives.Glyoxal solution could develop crosslinking reactions with soy protein under both acid and alkaline conditions.Bonding strength and water resistance of the prepared soy protein-based adhesives were increased significantly.When pH>7,glyoxal had relatively high reaction activity and reaction intensity with soy protein,and the prepared adhesives had high crosslinking density and cohesion strength,showing relatively high bonding strength,water resistance and thermal stability.

Water-Based Environmentally Friendly Pesticide Formulations Based on Cyclodextrin/Pesticide Loading System

Difenoconazole(DIF)is a representative variety of broad-spectrum triazole fungicides and liposoluble pesticides.However,the water solubility of DIF is so poor that its application is limited in plant protection.In addition,the conventional formulations of DIF always contain abundant organic solvents,which may cause pollution of the environment.In this study,two DIF/cyclodextrins(CDs)inclusion complexes(ICs)were successfully prepared,which were DIF/β-CD IC and DIF/hydroxypropyl-β-CD IC(DIF/HP-β-CD IC).The effect of cyclodextrins on the water solubility and the antifungal effect of liposoluble DIF pesticide were investigated.According to the phase solubility test,the molar ratio and apparent stability constant of ICs were obtained.Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy,thermal gravity analysis,X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy were used systematically to characterize the formation and characteristics of ICs.The results noted that DIF successfully entered the cavities of two CDs.In addition,the antifungal effect test proved the better performance of DIF/HP-β-CD IC,which exceeded that of DIF emulsifiable concentrate.Therefore,our study provides informative direction for the intelligent use of liposoluble pesticides with cyclodextrins to develop water-based environmentally friendly formulations.

MUF Resins Improved by Citric Acid as Adhesives for Wood Veneer Panels

This article presents the first applied results of using citric acid in combinations with a melamine-urea-formal-dehyde(MUF)resin for bonding wood veneers.The chemical reactions involved are shown based on a MALDI ToF analysis of the reaction of the MUF resin with citric acid.The preliminary results of the physical and mechanical properties of the LVL prepared are also presented.Veneers from Populus sp were used to manufacture 5-layer laminated veneer lumber(LVL)of small dimensions.Five combinations of the amount of citric acid,MUF spread rate and pressing parameters were tested.LVL bonded with 20%of citric acid+100 g/m^(2)of MUF,hot-pressed using a 3-step process with maximum 1.5 MPa of pressure yielded the board with better dimensional stability and mechanical properties.It could be concluded that citric acid in combination with MUF can be used for bonding wood veneer and the research should be continued to study further the parameters involved and to enhance the results.

Overview of the Synthesis, Characterization, and Application of Tannin-Glyoxal Adhesive for Wood-Based Composites

More than a century after its initial synthesis,urea-formaldehyde(UF)resins still have dominant applications as adhesives,paints,and coatings.However,formaldehyde in this industry produces formaldehyde emissions that are dangerous to health.Scientists have spent the last decade replacing formaldehyde and phenol with environmentally friendly substances such as glyoxal and tannin to create bio-based adhesives.This review covers recent advances in synthesizing glyoxal tannin-based resins,especially those made from sustainable raw material substitutes and changes made to synthetic processes to improve mechanical properties.The efficacy of using tannin-glyoxal adhesives in producing wood-based composites has been proven.The glyoxylate reaction forms cross-linked bridges between the aromatic sites of the tannin and glyoxal molecular structures.Glyoxal tannin adhesive with a greater percentage of glyoxal than tannin will produce an adhesive with better characteristics.The gel time reduces as the hardener concentration rises from 7.5%to 15%when glyoxal is used in adhesives.However,excessive amounts of glyoxal will result in a decrease in viscosity values.Glyoxal exhibits faster delivery degradation when it reaches a maximum temperature of approximately 130°C,although it initiates the curing process slightly slower at 110°C.Adding glyoxal to tannin-based adhesives can improve the mechanical properties of composite boards.The wet shear strength of the resulting plywood is increased by 105.4%with the addition of 5-weight percent tannin-based resin with glyoxal as a cross-linker in Soy Protein Adhesive.With glyoxal as a hardener,the panels produced showed good internal bond strengths(>0.35 MPa)and met the international standard specifications for interior-grade panels.

正常小鼠血清通过抑制focal adhesion信号通路减轻小鼠放射性肺炎

目的探讨正常小鼠血清(NMS)对放射性肺炎的治疗作用及可能机制。方法建立胸腔照射诱导的放射性肺炎模型,将小鼠分为对照组、静脉注射血清组、照射组和照射后静脉注射血清组。注射血清组小鼠在照射后立即静脉注射正常小鼠血清100μL,对照组小鼠注射100μL生理盐水,隔天注射1次,共注射8次。照射后15 d取材,HE染色检测肺组织形态学变化,ELISA检测小鼠肺组织和血清中炎症因子肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、转化生长因子-β(TGF-β)、白细胞介素-1α(IL-1α)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)水平;流式细胞术检测肺组织内淋巴细胞比例变化。外泌体miRNA高通量测序探索处理后小鼠的信号通路变化,qRT-PCR检测免疫相关基因的表达水平,使用Western blotting检测黏着斑通路talin-1、tensin 2、FAK、vinculin、α-actinin和paxillin蛋白的表达。结果与照射组相比,照射后注射血清组小鼠肺脏器系数、血清及肺组织上清液中炎症因子TNF-α、TGF-β、IL-1α、IL-6水平显著降低(P<0.05),CD45^(+)、CD4^(+)、T_(reg)淋巴细胞在小鼠肺组织中的浸润程度显著下降(P<0.05);肺中Egfr和Pik3cd的mRNA和蛋白表达水平显著下调,talin-1、tensin 2、FAK、vinculin、α-actinin和paxillin蛋白的表达水平也显著降低(P<0.05)。结论正常小鼠血清通过抑制focal adhesion信号通路关键蛋白的表达减轻电离辐射诱发的小鼠放射性肺炎。

Adhesion strength of tetrahydrofuran hydrates is dictated by substrate stiffness

Understanding the hydrate adhesion is important to tackling hydrate accretion in petro-pipelines.Herein,the relationship between the Tetrahydrofuran(THF)hydrate adhesion strength(AS)and surface stiffness on elastic coatings is systemically examined by experimental shear force measurements and theoretical methods.The mechanical factor-elastic modulus of the coatings greatly dictates the hydrate AS,which is explained by the adhesion mechanics theory,beyond the usual factors such as wettability and structural roughness.Moreover,the hydrate AS increases with reducing the thickness of the elastic coatings,resulted from the decrease of the apparent surface elastic modulus.The effect of critical thickness for the elastic materials with variable elastic modulus on the hydrate AS is also revealed.This study provides deep perspectives on the regulation of the hydrate AS by the elastic modulus of elastic materials,which is of significance to design anti-hydrate surfaces for mitigation of hydrate accretion in petro-pipelines.

Analysis of wheel-rail adhesion redundancy considering the thirdbody medium on the rail surface

Purpose–In response to the problem of insufficient traction/braking adhesion force caused by the existence of the third-body medium on the rail surface,this study aims to analyze the utilization of wheel-rail adhesion coefficient under different medium conditions and propose relevant measures for reasonable and optimized utilization of adhesion to ensure the traction/braking performance and operation safety of trains.Design/methodology/approach–Based on the PLS-160 wheel-rail adhesion simulation test rig,the study investigates the variation patterns of maximum utilized adhesion characteristics on the rail surface under different conditions of small creepage and large slip.Through statistical analysis of multiple sets of experimental data,the statistical distribution patterns of maximum utilized adhesion on the rail surface are obtained,and a method for analyzing wheel-rail adhesion redundancy based on normal distribution is proposed.The study analyzes the utilization of traction/braking adhesion,as well as adhesion redundancy,for different medium under small creepage and large slip conditions.Based on these findings,relevant measures for the reasonable and optimized utilization of adhesion are derived.Findings–When the third-body medium exists on the rail surface,the train should adopt the low-level service braking to avoid the braking skidding by extending the braking distance.Compared with the current adhesion control strategy of small creepage,adopting appropriate strategies to control the train’s adhesion coefficient near the second peak point of the adhesion coefficient-slip ratio curve in large slip can effectively improve the traction/braking adhesion redundancy and the upper limit of adhesion utilization,thereby ensuring the traction/braking performance and operation safety of the train.Originality/value–Most existing studies focus on the wheel-rail adhesion coefficient values and variation patterns under different medium conditions,without considering whether the rail surface with different medium can provide sufficient traction/braking utilized adhesion coefficient for the train.Therefore,there is a risk of traction overspeeding/braking skidding.This study analyzes whether the rail surface with different medium can provide sufficient traction/braking utilized adhesion coefficient for the train and whether there is redundancy.Based on these findings,relevant measures for the reasonable and optimized utilization of adhesion are derived to further ensure operation safety of the train.

Oxalate regulates crystal-cell adhesion and macrophage metabolism via JPT2/PI3K/AKT signaling to promote the progression of kidney stones

Oxalate is an organic dicarboxylic acid that is a common component of plant foods.The kidneys are essential organs for oxalate excretion,but excessive oxalates may induce kidney stones.Jupiter microtubule associated homolog 2(JPT2)is a critical molecule in Ca^(2+)mobilization,and its intrinsic mechanism in oxalate exposure and kidney stones remains unclear.This study aimed to reveal the mechanism of JPT2 in oxalate exposure and kidney stones.Genetic approaches were used to control JPT2 expression in cells and mice,and the JPT2 mechanism of action was analyzed using transcriptomics and untargeted metabolomics.The results showed that oxalate exposure triggered the upregulation of JPT2,which is involved in nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate(NAADP)-mediated Ca^(2+)mobilization.Transcriptomic analysis revealed that cell adhesion and macrophage inflammatory polarization were inhibited by JPT2 knockdown,and these were dominated by phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase(PI3K)/AKT signaling,respectively.Untargeted metabolomics indicated that JPT2 knockdown inhibited the production of succinic acid semialdehyde(SSA)in macrophages.Furthermore,JPT2 deficiency in mice inhibited kidney stones mineralization.In conclusion,this study demonstrates that oxalate exposure facilitates kidney stones by promoting crystal-cell adhesion,and modulating macrophage metabolism and inflammatory polarization via JPT2/PI3K/AKT signaling.

Universal Encapsulation Adhesive for Lead Sedimentation and Attachable Perovskite Solar Cells with Enhanced Performance

In this work,a modified polyurethane adhesive(PUA)was prepared to realize a convenient encapsulation strategy for lead sedimentation and attachable perovskite solar cells(A-PSCs).The modified PUA can completely self-heal within 45 min at room temperature with an efficient lead ion-blocking rate of 99.3%.The PUA film can be coated on a metal electrode with slight efficiency improvement from 23.96%to 24.15%.The thermal stability at 65℃and the humidity stability at 55%relative humidity(RH)are superior to the devices encapsulated with polyisobutylene.The PUA film has strong adhesion to the flexible substrate and the initial efficiency of the flexible perovskite module(17.2%)encapsulated by PUA remains 92.6%within 1825 h.These results suggest that PUA encapsulation is universal for rigid and flexible PSCs with enhanced stability and low lead hazards.Moreover,it was found that flexible PSCs can be well attached to various substrates with PUA,providing a facile route for the A-PSCs in various scenarios without additional encapsulation and installation.