Soft ground tunnel lithology classification using clustering-guided light gradient boosting machine

During tunnel boring machine(TBM)excavation,lithology identification is an important issue to understand tunnelling performance and avoid time-consuming excavation.However,site investigation generally lacks ground samples and the information is subjective,heterogeneous,and imbalanced due to mixed ground conditions.In this study,an unsupervised(K-means)and synthetic minority oversampling technique(SMOTE)-guided light-gradient boosting machine(LightGBM)classifier is proposed to identify the soft ground tunnel classification and determine the imbalanced issue of tunnelling data.During the tunnel excavation,an earth pressure balance(EPB)TBM recorded 18 different operational parameters along with the three main tunnel lithologies.The proposed model is applied using Python low-code PyCaret library.Next,four decision tree-based classifiers were obtained in a short time period with automatic hyperparameter tuning to determine the best model for clustering-guided SMOTE application.In addition,the Shapley additive explanation(SHAP)was implemented to avoid the model black box problem.The proposed model was evaluated using different metrics such as accuracy,F1 score,precision,recall,and receiver operating characteristics(ROC)curve to obtain a reasonable outcome for the minority class.It shows that the proposed model can provide significant tunnel lithology identification based on the operational parameters of EPB-TBM.The proposed method can be applied to heterogeneous tunnel formations with several TBM operational parameters to describe the tunnel lithologies for efficient tunnelling.

Influence of dynamic pressure on deep underground soft rock roadway support and its application

Due to high ground stress and mining disturbance, the deformation and failure of deep soft rock roadway is serious, and invalidation of the anchor net-anchor cable supporting structure occurs. The failure characteristics of roadways revealed with the help of the ground pressure monitoring. Theoretical analysis was adopted to analyze the influence of mining disturbance on stress distribution in surrounding rock,and the change of stress was also calculated. Considering the change of stress in surrounding rock of bottom extraction roadway, the displacement, plastic zone and distribution law of principal stress difference under different support schemes were studied by means of FLAC3D. The supporting scheme of U-shaped steel was proposed for bottom extraction roadway that underwent mining disturbance. We carried out a similarity model test to verify the effect of support in dynamic pressure. Monitoring results demonstrated the change rules of deformation and stress of surrounding rock in different supporting schemes. The supporting scheme of U-shaped steel had an effective control on deformation of surrounding rock. The scheme was successfully applied in underground engineering practice, and achieved good technical and economic benefits.

A New Method of Combination of Electroosmosis, Vacuum and Surcharge Preloading for Soft Ground Improvement

As a rapid and effective ground improvement method is urgently required for the booming land reclamation in China's coastal area, this study proposes a new combined method of electroosmosis, vacuum preloading and surcharge preloading. A new type of electrical prefabricated vertical drain(ePVD) and a new electroosmotic drainage system are suggested to allow the application of the new method. This combined method is then field-tested and compared with the conventional vacuum combined with surcharge preloading method. The monitoring and foundation test results show that the new method induces a settlement 20% larger than that of the conventional vacuum combined with surcharge preloading method in the same treatment period, and saves approximately half of the treatment time compared with the vacuum combined with surcharge preloading method according to the finite element prediction of the settlement. The proposed method also increases the vane shear strength of the soil significantly. The bearing capacity of the ground improved by use of the new proposed method raises 118%. In comparison, there is only a 75% rise when using the vacuum combined with surcharge preloading method during the same reinforcement period. All results indicate that the proposed combined method is effective and suitable for reinforcing the soft clay ground. Besides, the voltage applied between the anode and cathode increases exponentially versus treatment time when the output current of power supplies is kept constant. Most of the voltage potential in electroosmosis is lost at electrodes, leaving smaller than 50% of the voltage to be effectively transmitted into the soil.

Influence of cement-fly ash-gravel pile-supported approach embankment on abutment piles in soft ground

Abutment piles in soft ground may be subjected to both vertical and horizontal soil movements resulting from approach embankment loads. To constrain the soil movements, the soft soil ground beneath the approach embankment is often improved using composite pile foundations, which aim at mitigating the bump induced by high-speed trains passing through the bridge. So far, there is limited literature on exploring the influence of the degree of ground improvement on abutment piles installed in soft soil grounds. In this paper, a series of three-dimensional(3 D) centrifuge model tests was performed on an approach embankment over a silty clay deposit improved by cement-fly ash-gravel(CFG) piles combined with geogrid. Emphasis is placed on the effects of ground replacement ratio(m) on the responses of the abutment piles induced by embankment loads. Meanwhile, a numerical study was conducted with varying ground replacement ratio of the pile-reinforced grounds. Results show that the performance of the abutment piles is significantly improved when reinforcing the ground with CFG piles beneath the approach embankment. Interestingly, there is a threshold value of the replacement ratio of around 4.9%above which the effect of CFG pile foundations is limited. This implies that it is essential to optimize the ground improvement for having a cost-effective design while minimizing the risk of the bump at the end of bridge.

Numerical Analyses of Bearing Capacity of Deep-Embedded Large-Diameter Cylindrical Structure on Soft Ground Against Lateral Loads

Presented in this paper is a three-dimensional plastic limit analysis method of bearing capacity of the deeply-embedded large-diameter cylindrical structure in the cross-anisotropic soft ground. The most likely failure mechanism is assumed to be of a composite rupture surface which is composed of an individual wedge in the passive zone or two wedges in both active and passive zones near the mudline, depending on the separation or bonding state at the interface between the cylindrical structure and neighboring soils in the active wedge, and a truncated spherical slip surface at the base of the cylinder when the structure tends to overturn around a point located on the symmetry axis of the structure. The cylindrical structure and soil interaction system under consideration is also numerically analyzed by the finite element method by virtue of the general-purpose FEM software ABAQUS, in which the soil is assumed to obey tie Hill’s criterion of yield. Both the failure mechanism assumed and the plastic limit analysis predictions are validated by numerical computations based on FEM. For the K0-consolidated ground of clays typically with anisotropic undrained strength property, it is indicated through a parametric study that limit analysis without consideration of anisotropy of soil overestimates the lateral ultimate bearing capacity of a deeply-embedded cylindrical structure in soft ground in a certain condition.

Measured Performance and Analysis of the Residual Settlement of a PVD-Improved Marine Soft Ground

Prefabricated vertical drains(PVDs)are commonly used to shorten the drainage path for consolidation as part of the improvement of marine soft ground.Many studies that focus on the primary consolidation settlement of PVD-improved soft ground have been conducted;however,residual settlement has been scarcely investigated.Residual settlement is the net effect of secondary compression and the remaining primary consolidation and generally occurs while the facilities are operating.In this study,residual settlement was investigated using the measured field settlement data obtained from the surface settlement plate and multilayer settlement gauges.This study determined that PVD still has some effect on residual settlement and can reduce the settlement times.Residual settlement is only related to the PVD-improved soil layer and only occurs significantly in the middle zone of that layer over a few months.The middle zone may be related to the time delay of excess pore water pressure dissipation.This study concluded that the remaining primary consolidation in the PVD-improved soil layer is the primary cause of residual settlement,whereas secondary compression in the PVD-improved soil layer is only a minor cause.

Discussion on bearing capacity of soft rock ground based on in-situ load test

The suitability of five methods was discussed here,taking the typical results from in-situ load test of Renshou Mansion and Caifu Plaza in Yueyang City for example.It shows that bearing capacity can be obtained by the proportion load and limit load from p-s curve with the first and the second point of contraflexure easily.It is recommended that the accurate value of bearing capacity can be obtained by hyperbola fitting method and minimum curvature radius method theoretically.The rebound method is clear in principle,in which the elastoplasticity characteristic is thought about.Out of consideration for the unsteadiness and unobviousness of bearing capacity from relative settlement method,it can be only adopted as reference.So bearing capacity of soft rock ground should be determined by weathering condition of soft rock and curve type.

基于时间窗的机场地面保障车辆动态调度

机场各类地面资源的优化配置是机场场面运行优化的核心问题,而机场地面保障任务的调度是其中的关键一环。针对机场地面保障车辆的调度问题,考虑航班延误、提前等情况,构建了双阶段机场地面保障车辆调度模型,并设计双阶段启发式算法进行求解;基于中国某大型机场的实际运行数据,以清水车和食品车调度为例分别进行仿真实验。结果表明:对比先到先服务策略,清水车行驶总距离减少55.31%,食品车行驶总距离减少47.38%;对比传统遗传算法,清水车行驶总距离减少19.31%,食品车行驶总距离减少22.93%;动态调整后,清水车新增总行驶距离1.2%,食品车总行驶距离新增3.2%,均在可接受范围之内。可见,双阶段机场地面保障车辆调度模型能提高大型机场场面运行效率,为机场航班实际地面保障任务调度提供理论依据和决策支持。

真空预压与真空井点降水用于软土处理的机理差异

真空预压与真空井点降水两种工艺均可用于软土地基处理,表观上两者都是通过抽真空使土体内孔隙水排出并使软土沉降,但目前对两者的工艺和机理等关键差异的认识不深入,难以有效指导现场施工。真空预压和真空井点降水在抽真空设备、竖向排水通道和密封边界等设备与工艺方面有显著差异;两者的的排水机理也有着本质区别。真空预压的加固机理是负压作用下土体发生塑料排水板水平向排水固结,同时塑料排水板内的水向上流动与重力无关;真空井点降水的加固机理是群井抽水引起地下水位降低,土体的浮重度变为湿重度导致荷载增大使土体沉降,同时井点管内的水向上流动受重力影响。在工艺和机理的差异分析的基础上,进一步明确了真空预压和真空井点降水在10个关键方面的差异,包括加固机理、影响深度、不同深度的真空传播、土体水平变形、竖向排水与重力的关系、抽真空位置影响、与外界是否连通、影响区成因、地下水位变化、是否形成非饱和带。

上软下硬地层隧道盾构施工地表沉降影响因素及规律研究

为研究盾构隧道穿越上软下硬地层时,开挖面内不同土岩厚度比对地表沉降的影响,以贵阳轨道交通3号线某区间隧道为工程背景,保持隧道埋深和双线隧道间距不变,建立7种工况下的三维有限元模型,通过与实测数据对比分析得到沉降规律,并利用双线隧道的44组地表沉降数据,拟合出适用于当地复合地层的Peck分段公式。研究结果表明:从整体看,数值模拟的沉降曲线均为W形,地表最大沉降位于先行隧道上方;穿越红黏土层时地表更易受到扰动而产生不均匀沉降,随着土岩厚度比的减小,模拟曲线对称性增强,左右隧道的沉降差缩小,整体沉降值基本表现为减小趋势;总结土岩厚度比与修正系数的关系,图表显示Peck分段公式能较好地预测贵阳上软下硬地层的沉降规律。

临近既有铁路增建新线地基处理施工影响比较分析

我国东南沿海一带,铁路既有线的建设时代久远、铁路路基建设标准低,地基土质条件差,受增建新线铁路路基的地基处理施工影响明显。对地基处理施工进行现场监测,选取施工影响小的地基处理方法对保障既有铁路运营安全至关重要。根据超孔隙水压力、地表位移和深层位移的现场施工监测数据,分析地基处理施工影响范围和程度,得到以下结论:(1)施工影响由大到小的排序为高压旋喷桩(管桩)>水泥搅拌桩>全方位高压喷射(MJS)桩>布袋桩;(2)水泥搅拌桩施工影响范围在5 m左右,高压旋喷桩施工影响范围高达10 m,布袋桩施工影响范围大约为3 m,MJS桩施工影响范围在4 m左右。对比高压旋喷桩、管桩、布袋桩和MJS桩与搅拌桩施工影响大小,优化临近既有铁路增建新线的地基处理方案,可以有效控制增建新线地基处理对既有铁路的扰动影响,确保既有铁路安全。

高地应力软岩隧道初支侵限诱因及控制措施研究

高地应力软弱围岩隧道施工易发生软岩大变形不良地质灾害,进一步引发掌子面失稳塌方、初支结构破坏、钢拱架弯折、初支结构侵限等不良现象,严重影响施工安全,阻碍工期。依托九绵高速白马隧道工程,结合工程特点,从围岩自身力学特性及高地应力软岩变形特征方面深入分析了白马隧道初支侵限机理,并针对此特点,提出了一套适用于软岩大变形初支结构侵限专项施工方案。研究结果表明,由于地下水的侵蚀,炭质千枚岩发生软化,岩体力学性质变差,自承能力降低,在高地应力持续作用下,围岩发生挤压大变形,进一步诱导初支侵限。变更支护方案后,6 m锚杆结合小导管注浆加固对围岩变形有一定控制作用,但6 m锚杆无法将松动区岩块锚固在稳定母体中,不能充分发挥锚杆悬吊能力,对围岩变形控制效果有限,无法满足现场围岩变形需求,建议采用8 m长锚杆。初支拆换过程中应实时监测围岩变化情况,明确围岩变化方向、速率、累计值等,并根据现场实时监测数据反馈施工,实时调整支护参数,确保施工质量。

软土地基电动化学加固法的试验研究

针对软土地基电动化学加固方法的相关机理和对土体性质变化的影响规律,提出了金属电极端部效应对电极的工作性能产生不利影响,讨论了土体强度的增长机制,并通过大尺寸模型试验和现场试验,验证所提出概念的正确性,结合现场试验获取了土体含水率、黏聚力、内摩擦角实测数据,探究了电动化学加固对土体物理力学和化学性能的影响。利用电动化学灌浆加固技术对珠海地区的软基进行了加固,结果表明,应用电动化学灌浆加固技术可以有效降低软土的含水率和改变软土的塑性,加固后软土的平均抗剪强度提高了3倍以上,软土的流动性显著降低。该方法能耗低、施工工期短、不需要大型施工设备、现场易于操作;灌入的化学浆液以及发生化学反应后生成的盐和沉淀物对周围环境无污染。

振动荷载下红层软基路堤动力响应及刚度敏感性分析

为扩大红层区路基填料的选用范围,以西南某高速铁路路基挖方及隧道弃渣红层软岩作为路基填料,建立有砟轨道-路基系统模型,研究列车振动荷载作用下路基结构的动力响应;结合正交设计试验和GRA分析法确定基床动应力的参数敏感性排序。结果表明:动应力和动位移在路基横向都呈马鞍形不均匀分布,且动应力分布不均匀性更大;道床材料弹性模量的增加能有效降低基床表面的动应力,但动位移几乎不受影响;提高路基本体和地基材料的弹性模量时,动应力虽略有增大,但能抑制动位移的增加,减小塑性变形;下部各结构层应合理匹配刚度,路基本体刚度、地基刚度不应过大,以其弹性模量分别不超过90、80MPa为宜。

软土地层45m级超深基坑工程实测变形性状分析

以上海软土地区某挖深45m级超深基坑工程为背景,分析了其实测变形特性。结果表明:地下连续墙的侧向位移随开挖深度的增大而逐渐变大,且变形空间效应显著;由于开挖深度大,地下连续墙的绝对侧向变形量也较大,但最大侧向位移平均值与开挖深度的比值仅为0.43%,与上海软土地区挖深小于30m的基坑变形统计平均值接近;地下连续墙及立柱受开挖卸荷影响,竖向位移表现为隆起,且在底板浇筑工况下隆起值趋于稳定,立柱的最大回弹达65mm;各道支撑轴力增量基本发生在紧邻下方土体开挖工况,且最大轴力值基本发生在第六、七、八道支撑中;基坑外地表沉降均呈“凹槽形”,随施工阶段的推移地表沉降逐步增加,且发生最大沉降的位置随之逐步向坑外发展,而无量纲化地表沉降仍处于上海软土地区统计的沉降包络线范围之内;此外,基坑周边管线、磁悬浮的变形均较小,表明基坑工程的安全可控。

软岩大变形铁路隧道控变技术措施

结合具体工程实例,介绍了高地应力作用下的软岩隧道挤压变形概念,通过对隧道高地应力软岩大变形情况的研究,提出了隧道工程变形控制技术措施。经过实践得出结论,论文提出的技术措施可以控制铁路隧道高地应力软岩大变形问题,确保隧道工程施工质量,为工程顺利进行提供了保障。

自然崩落法采区地压活动控制技术研究

某铜矿自然崩落法矿山自生产以来底部结构反复受压,造成巷道破坏,为生产带来极大困扰。矿山针对不同的来压情况及破坏形式进行支护试验,并利用沉降观测、微震监测和应力监测等手段对底部结构围岩、支护结构进行监测。经过现场支护试验研究与现场监测,发现断层带最有效的支护方式是刚柔并济,并从超前支护、控制拉底推进线、控制出矿等方面总结出了采场地压活动控制技术。该方法对底部结构地压活动控制具有指导性意义,可为自然崩落法矿山或地压较大的矿山提供参考。

深埋软岩隧道衬砌开裂原因分析及整治技术研究

针对深埋高地应力软岩大变形隧道支护开裂问题,以某铁路A工程为依托,分析了衬砌开裂的原因,结合现场实际条件提出相应的整治技术。研究表明,复杂地质构造及高地应力岩体流变等因素引发围岩挤压甚至松动变形是衬砌开裂的主要原因,采用围岩加固+拆换衬砌整治技术有效控制大变形及二次开裂问题,可保障隧道后期运营安全,为类似工程提供参考。

预压期对软土地基沉降的影响

为研究预压期对软土地基沉降的影响,文章以日照(岚山)至菏泽公路枣庄至菏泽段工程项目为依托,分别在微山湖东侧和西侧各选取一个断面,计算有预压期和无预压期2种工况下的地基沉降,最终得出了预压期对软土地基沉降的影响规律。

华南滨海深厚软土地层路基处理对邻近燃气管道位移影响分析

针对广州某软土路基处理工程中邻近的市政管线,通过建立管道和地层的三维有限元模型,分析不同施工工况下华南滨海深厚软土地层路基处理对邻近燃气管道位移影响,研究结果表明:(1)采用隔离桩进行保护可较为有效地减小管道的竖向位移,对管道水平位移的影响较小;(2)管道与施工路基的水平距离大于50 m时,可以不采取管道保护措施;(3)管道与施工路基水平距离10~30 m段,采用CFG桩加固的保护措施;水平距离30~40 m段,采用打插塑料排水板+搅拌桩加固的保护措施;水平距离40~50 m段,采用打插塑料排水板的保护措施。由此可知,软基道路施工对既有管线竖向位移的影响较大,水平位移影响较小,施工前应采取一定的保护措施,以期为既有管线的正常使用提供保障。