Investigation on Combustion Characteristics in Channel with Obstacles for Internal Combustion Wave Rotor

This paper establishes a simplified test system for internal combustion wave rotor with a single channel and designs different intensifying combustion obstacles and arrangements. Moreover, this paper analyzes the intensifying effect of obstacles on combustion process of the internal combustion wave rotor from the stable operation range, pressure gain and flame progression process perspective. The results show that the range of inlet velocity under stable operation of the internal combustion wave rotor narrows after the addition of obstacles, and the corresponding velocity values substantially reduce while the flame propagation speed can be improved by 2 - 4 times. At the rotation rate of 1500 rpm, the pressure gain increases significantly during the combustion process. These results provide technical supports for further research and application of the internal combustion wave rotor.

Experimental and Numerical Research on Strengthening the Performance of Wave Rotor Equipment with Curved Passages

The wave rotor technology is an energy exchanging approach that achieves efficient energy transfer between gases without using mechanical components.The wave rotor technology has been successfully utilized in gas turbine cycle systems,gas expansion refrigeration and a variety of other industrial domains,yielding numerous researches and application outcomes.The structure of wave rotor passages inside which the energy exchange between gases is realized has an important impact on the equipment performance.In this study,based on gas wave ejection technology,the first application trials of an expansion wave rotor with curved passages were conducted.Additionally,the performance enhancing effect and mechanism of curved passages on the energy exchanging process were studied precisely by the combination of experimental and three-dimensional numerical simulation methods.The experimental results demonstrate that the curved passage rotor(CIR rotor)employed in this research has a maximum isentropic efficiency of 61.6%,and the CIR rotor achieves higher efficiency than the straight passage rotor(STR rotor)on all working conditions in this study.Compared with the STR rotor,the maximum efficiency improving ratio of CIR rotor can exceed 14.2%at each experimental expansion ratio,and the maximum relative increments of ejection rate are more than 5%.In addition,the CIR rotor can also effectively increase the proportion of static pressure in total pressure of the medium-pressure gas,and reduce the device power consumption.The three-dimensional numerical investigations revealed the principle of gas ejection in the wave rotors and explained why the CIR rotor performed better.According to the numerical findings,the curved passages of the CIR rotor may effectively minimize various energy losses created in the processes of high-pressure gas incidence,exhausting flow in nozzle,and high-speed gas flow in the passages.

Study on wave rotor refrigerators

As a novel generation of a rotational gas wave machine,the wave rotor refrigerator(WRR)is an unsteadyflow device used for refrigeration,in whose passages pressured streams directly contact and exchange energy due to the movement of pressure waves.In this paper,the working mechanism and refrigeration principle are inves-tigated based on the one-dimensional unsteadyflow theory.A basic limitation on main structural parameters and operating parameters is deduced and the wave diagram of WRR to guide designing is sketched.The main influential factors are studied through an experiment.In the DUT Gas Wave Refrigeration Studying and Development Center(GWRSDC)lab,the isentropic efficiency can now reach about 65%.The results show that the WRR is a feasible and promising technology in pressured gas refrigeration cases.

Shock Wave Observation in Narrow Tubes for a Parametric Study on Micro Wave Rotor Design

Wave rotor is expected to improve the performance of micro gas turbines drastically. In the wave rotor design, the rotor speed is determined principally by the tube length. Therefore, a longer tube is preferable for miniaturized wave rotors to avoid the difficulty in bearings and lubrication system, while it may yield thicker wall boundary layer, shock wave dissipation and so on. In the present study, an experimental apparatus was built to visualize the wave rotor internal flow dynamics in a narrow tube by schlieren method and Laser Doppler Anemometry. In addi- tion, different lengths of the tube were adopted and compared to investigate the effect of wall friction. Finally, 2D numerical simulation was performed and the results were compared with those of experiments.

Design point analysis of two-shaft gas turbine engines topped by four-port wave rotors for power generation systems

Wave rotors are rotating equipment designed to exchange energy between high and low enthalpy fluids by means of unsteady pressure waves.In ground power plants,they can be used as topping devices to existing gas turbines aiming to improve their performance characteristics.A four-port wave rotor is an attractive configuration to be integrated into the gas generator of a two-shaft gas turbine,typical for power generation and propulsion systems,by slightly modifying the architecture of existing engines.In particular,in the present article the wave rotor-topped engine utilizes the same compressor,combustion chamber and turbine inlet temperature of the baseline engine.Cycle analysis for two-shaft gas turbine engines topped with four-port wave rotors is studied and their performance at design point is compared to the performance of the baseline engines accordingly.It is concluded that important benefits are obtained with respect to the ones of the baseline engines in terms of specific work and specific fuel consumption.Furthermore calculations by varying the pressure ratio within the wave rotor and the pressure losses in the ducts connecting the wave rotor to the engine’s components indicate the effect on performance,for engines with different compressor pressure ratios and turbine inlet temperatures.

Investigation of pressure wave behaviors in the rotational speed effects on a pressure-exchange wave rotor

A wave rotor is suitable for compact and efficient pressure-exchange between gas flows.This work measured the circumferential pressure distribution of the rotor/stator interfaces and utilized a CFD method to simulate the unsteady pressure waves.The experimental and CFD results showed some slopes in the circumferential pressure distributions,and the slopes indicated the traces of specific unsteady pressure waves.Such traces varied regularly if the rotational speed varied within a range from-11%to+11%off the baseline value,but they were seriously disturbed if the rotational speed varied by-45%from the baseline value.It verified that a pressure wave in a wave rotor tended to keep its pressure ratio and propagation velocity unchanged if the rotational speed varied by a small extent,and that the pressure wave could not keep its propagation patterns if the rotational speed varied by a large extent.Because of the pressure wave behaviors,the wave rotor demonstrated specific regulations of the rotational speed effects on its operational states.

Effects of Rotor Solidity on the Performance of Impulse Turbine for OWC Wave Energy Converter

Impulse turbine, working as a typical self-rectifying turbine, is recently utilized for the oscillating water column（OWC） wave energy converters, which can rotate in the same direction under the bi-directional air flows. A numerical model established in Fluent is validated by the corresponding experimental results. The flow fields, pressure distribution and dimensionless evaluating coefficients can be calculated and analyzed. Effects of the rotor solidity varying with the change of blade number are investigated and the suitable solidity value is recommended for different flow coefficients.

倾斜偏心对同步发电机转子力学特性的影响

气隙偏心是一种常见的发电机机械故障。已有研究主要关注正常和轴向气隙均匀偏心对转子受载和振动特性的影响,较少关注轴向气隙非均匀偏心,即转子倾斜偏心。作为补充,全面分析转子倾斜偏心状态下故障程度差异对同步发电机转子力学特性的影响。其中,转子力学特性包括转子不平衡磁拉力激励特性和振动特性。以一台5kVA的两极故障模拟发电机为研究对象,分别进行理论分析、有限元仿真计算和实验验证。结果表明:正常情况下转子不平衡磁拉力为零,转子振动频率以常规基频和定子传递的各偶次谐波为主。在转子发生倾斜偏心故障后,转子不平衡磁拉力/振动以二次谐波为主。随着偏心程度增加,转子不平衡磁拉力/振动的二次谐波幅值将增大。此外,转子不平衡磁拉力沿轴向非均匀分布,在气隙越小的位置不平衡磁拉力越大。

齿调制作用下转子开槽对永磁电机电磁振动影响

为了研究齿调制作用下转子表面开槽对永磁同步电机电磁振动的影响,以小功率分数槽集中绕组(FSCW)内置永磁同步电机(IPMSM)为研究对象,通过麦克斯韦应力张量法推导径向电磁力波的频率及空间阶数特征。分析齿调制作用在FSCW-IPMSM中将空间高阶电磁力波调制为低阶电磁力波的过程,并给出转子表面开槽在齿调制作用影响下与电磁振动间的联系。研究表明,转子表面开槽结构的改变会使各次谐波磁场发生变化,进而改变以极数阶电磁力波为代表的高阶电磁力波的幅值。在齿调制作用下,这些高阶电磁力波会被调制为幅值较高的低阶电磁力波,并引起不同幅度的低阶振动。然后建立C型、V型两种不同转子表面开槽结构的10极12槽FSCW-IPMSM电磁及结构有限元分析模型并进行仿真分析。结果表明,极数阶即10阶电磁力波会被调制为2阶并引起2阶振动,且两种不同开槽结构间的电磁振动存在着高达22.1%的差异。最后,在一台10极12槽样机上进行振动实验,验证理论与仿真分析结果。

基于车用永磁同步电机转子结构的电磁噪声优化仿真分析

针对目标电机低速加速段中存在明显类似“口哨”的高频噪声的问题及电机量产降本原则,将48槽8极峰值功率62 kW的乘用车前驱动电机作为案例进行电磁方案设计。基于设计指标及存在问题设计了定子结构相同内置式转子拓扑结构不同的优化方案,推导计算了两电机方案气隙磁场幅值波形时空分布方程及电磁力表达式,建立了两电机方案有限元模型及电磁-结构声场耦合模型,仿真分析比较两电机气隙磁密及径向电磁力谐波含量。基于仿真结果得到优化方案,在不牺牲电磁性能的前提下削弱了低速段加速过程的0阶6f1径向电磁力,并使磁钢用量从1.474 kg降低到了1.371 kg,实现了降本目的。最后分别制作样机进行实验验证,结果表明优化方案明显削弱了低速段径向振动,降低了24倍频电磁噪声,与仿真结果相吻合。

基于声表面波传感器的转子叶片应变无线测量研究

声表面波传感器可以实现无线无源工作,该特性使其在高速旋转部件测试中有重要的应用前景。利用硅酸镓镧压电晶体设计并制备了谐振型SAW传感器,研究了其应变敏感特性,并成功应用于转子叶片应变的无线测试试验。结果表明,所制备的SAW传感器的谐振频率为217.794 MHz,品质因子达到5807,应变灵敏度为-317 Hz/με。在3000~15000 r/min转速下,无线测试了转子叶片应变,测试结果与电阻应变计测量结果及有限元仿真计算结果基本一致。研究结果可以为SAW传感器在高速旋转设备的无线测试工程应用提供参考。

基于功比例因子的径向流内燃波转子发动机热力循环分析

为研究径向流内燃波转子嵌入基准机性能变化规律,提出不同波转子输出功状态点的性能计算方法,建立了基于功比例因子的径向流内燃波转子热力循环分析模型,在理想和考虑损失的状态下开展了不同热力循环对比研究,并探讨了压气机压比和波转子功比例因子对发动机热力循环性能参数影响规律。结果表明,基准机压比为3.6时,在相同涡轮入口状态下,考虑损失时的径向流内燃波转子循环相较于基准机可以实现净功输出增加53.9%,热循环效率提高44.9%,耗油率降低30.9%。波转子完全作为功率输出部件时,可以实现热循环效率达到0.32左右,纯功输出的径向流内燃波转子更适用于较低压气机压比的基准机。

回流型内燃波转子过渡段与燃料填充段耦合特性研究

为了在回流型内燃波转子进气过渡段内形成高质量的燃料分布,提出一种新型液态燃料喷注结构。采用数值模拟方法,模拟了不同喷油孔喷射位置与射流角度下液态燃料的填充效果,并结合液滴驻留时间、索太尔平均直径以及燃料分布不均匀度,分析了喷油孔喷射位置和射流角度对过渡段与燃料填充段耦合特性的影响规律。研究结果表明,喷射位置为40 mm和60 mm时,在进气过渡段出口截面可以形成相对均匀的燃料分布;增大射流角度后,弯管掺混区形成了较大尺度和较强强度的涡流,使得出口截面燃料分布更加均匀。

支承刚度各向异性对双转子系统进动状态的影响

为提高航空发动机的推重比,航空发动机静子系统的工程解决方案常引起转子系统支承刚度各向异性,进而对转子系统的动力学特性产生显著影响。针对支承刚度各向异性的双转子系统,建立动力学特性计算模型,在验证计算模型准确性的基础上,研究支承刚度各向同性和各向异性对双转子系统固有频率、进动状态和不平衡响应的影响。研究结果表明:支承刚度各向同性时,双转子系统Campbell图中的低阶固有频率线出现交叉,而支承刚度各向异性使低阶固有频率线具有相互分离的趋势。支承刚度各向同性时,不平衡力仅触发转子系统的正进动运动,转子进动轨迹为圆形;而支承刚度各向异性时,转子系统的反/正进动均被不平衡力触发,转子进动轨迹为椭圆形。支承刚度各向异性时,在某些转速下转子系统不同位置处的进动方向可能不同。支承阻尼减小转子系统反/正进动的振幅及反进动的转速区间,降低支承刚度各向异性对双转子系统动力学特性的不利影响。

纵摇运动下船用转子-轴承-浮筏气囊耦合系统非线性动力学特性

以纵摇运动作用下转子-轴承-浮筏气囊耦合系统的非线性动力学特性作为研究对象。首先,考虑转子不平衡力、轴承油膜力、浮筏气囊弹性回复力以及船体纵摇运动惯性力等因素,根据Lagrange方程建立转子轴承-浮筏气囊耦合系统的动力学模型。基于数值方法,结合瀑布图、轴心轨迹图及相图、时域和频谱图等对转子-轴承-气囊浮筏耦合系统非线性动力学特性进行分析。结果表明:随着转子转速的增加,纵摇运动下的转子轴承-浮筏气囊耦合系统运动状态从拟周期运动到混沌运动;与不考虑纵摇运动时相比,纵摇运动下转子的振动响应幅值明显增大,同时响应中存在纵摇频率及工频的组合倍频。最后讨论纵摇幅值的变化对于转子轴承-浮筏气囊耦合系统动力学特性的影响。

基于增益控制的永磁同步电机低速转子位置估算方法

当永磁同步电机工作在零低速域内时,受系统延迟时间的影响,采用高频脉振方波电压注入的传统差分解调法会出现系统失稳和动态性能下降的问题。提出了误差系数标幺下的增益控制策略。分析了不同延迟时间下传统差分解调法的开环增益变化趋势,得出了延迟时间会影响增益幅值和符号的结论;通过求解延迟时间变化时的实际开环增益表达式,并用实际增益值对误差函数进行标幺,提升了系统的稳定性和收敛性。实验结果表明,该方法不仅提升了位置估算系统的稳定性,而且收敛速度快。

基于励磁电压方波调制的三级式同步起动/发电机转子初始位置估算方法

现有基于高频注入的三级式同步起动/发电机转子初始位置估算方法由于高频衰减,面临失效风险。该文基于主电机定转子互感,提出一种“基于励磁电压方波调制的三级式同步起动/发电机转子初始位置估算方法”,将励磁电压作为载波,用低频方波对其进行调制后,提取主电机定子侧低频响应电流用于转子初始位置估算。定子逆变器三相下管导通状态下,该方法分为2步:首先对励磁电压进行低频方波调制,采集主电机定子低频感应电流用于转子初始位置预估算;其次,由预估算初始位置,判断励磁电压断电前后相关电流特征,得到包含磁极信息的最终初始位置。所提方法通过虚拟角度变换和方差对采集低频电流进行处理。实验表明所提方法具有较高估算精度。

转子激励对永磁同步电机电磁振动影响分析

对于电动汽车用永磁同步电机,气隙内的电磁激励会产生高频振动和噪音。通常将气隙电磁激振力施加到定子齿部,并通过理论计算或仿真得到定子或壳体外表面的振动噪音响应,而由转子激励引起的振动噪音被忽略。为研究转子激励对整体电磁振动噪音的贡献度,首先依据麦克斯韦应力张量法对气隙电磁力谐波进行理论分析,同时建立单电机的电磁振动仿真模型。然后以一台8极定子48槽内置式永磁同步电机为样机,通过试验模态分析和仿真分别对定子和转子的材料参数进行修正。再分别进行转子动力学和电磁激励下的整机动力学仿真,结果表明由转子偏心引起的不平衡电磁激励能够引起转子系统共振,并且在单位电磁力波的激励下,转子激励引起的响应与定子激励引起的响应在低频段具有同等的重要性。最后通过样机振动试验对上述结论进行了验证。

基于发电机转子接地保护的可靠性分析与建议

上海某燃机电厂的发电机转子接地保护配置了两套注入式保护,分别为工频电压注入式及1~3 Hz低频方波注入式。由于两套转子接地保护之间在原理上相互影响,因此在运行中只投运一套(以1~3 Hz低频方波注入式转子接地保护为主),另一套保护备用。近期该厂#4发电机1~3 Hz低频方波注入式转子接地保护出现过两次保护回路故障报警,均由发电机转子接地碳刷接触不良引起。通过对该保护原理及保护回路逻辑的介绍,找出了转子接地保护回路故障的原因,并对发电机转子接地保护的可靠性进行分析,提出了相应的建议与措施。

基于位置鲁棒观测器的IPMSM方波式电压注入启动运行控制

为了改善内置式永磁同步电机(IPMSM)无位置传感器控制的低速运行性能,提出了一种基于位置鲁棒观测器的方波式电压注入启动运行控制策略。方波式电压注入法避免了滤波器的使用,提高了系统带宽。在方波注入法的基础上,采用转子位置鲁棒观测器提高系统的抗负载扰动能力。根据实际阶跃式和斜坡式负载扰动以及位置观测误差期望指标,使用极点配置的方法设计了观测器的反馈矩阵参数。通过仿真和试验验证了所提无传感器控制策略的可行性与准确性。