Wave-Particle Duality: Particle Always Remains Particle and Its Wave Function Always Remains Wave

On the question of wave-particle duality, from the historic Bohr-Einstein debates a century ago, to this day, the view expressed in Niels Bohr’s Complementarity Principle has become well established, confirmed by numerous experiments: If the observation is for wave nature, then the particle changes to wave, and if the observation is for particle nature, then the particle remains particle. However, recently this view has been challenged. With proof based on the definition of wave function, it has been shown that particle always remains particle and its wave function always remains wave, no mysterious change from particle to wave and vice versa.

The Wave-Particle Duality—Does the Concept of Particle Make Sense in Quantum Mechanics? Should We Ask the Second Quantization?

The quantum object is in general considered as displaying both wave and particle nature. By particle is understood an item localized in a very small volume of the space, and which cannot be simultaneously in two disjoint regions of the space. By wave, to the contrary, is understood a distributed item, occupying in some cases two or more disjoint regions of the space. The quantum formalism did not explain until today the so-called “collapse” of the wave-function, i.e. the shrinking of the wave-function to one small region of the space, when a macroscopic object is encountered. This seems to happen in “which-way” experiments. A very appealing explanation for this behavior is the idea of a particle, localized in some limited part of the wave-function. The present article challenges the concept of particle. It proves in the base of a variant of the Tan, Walls and Collett experiment, that this concept leads to a situation in which the particle has to be simultaneously in two places distant from one another—situation that contradicts the very definition of a particle. Another argument is based on a modified version of the Afshar experiment, showing that the concept of particle is problematic. The concept of particle makes additional difficulties when the wave-function passes through fields. An unexpected possibility to solve these difficulties seems to arise from the cavity quantum electrodynamics studies done recently by S. Savasta and his collaborators. It involves virtual particles. One of these studies is briefly described here. Though, experimental results are needed, so that it is too soon to conclude whether it speaks in favor, or against the concept of particle.

Storm-Time Evolution of Energetic Electron Pitch Angle Distributions by Wave-Particle Interaction

The quasi-pure pitch-angle scattering of energetic electrons driven by field-aligned propagating whistler mode waves during the 9～15 October 1990 magnetic storm at L≈ 3 ～ 4 is studied, and numerical calculations for energetic electrons in gyroresonance with a band of frequency of whistler mode waves distributed over a standard Gaussian spectrum is performed. It is found that the whistler mode waves can efficiently drive energetic electrons from the larger pitchangles into the loss cone, and lead to a flat-top distribution during the main phase of geomagnetic storms. This result perhaps presents a feasible interpretation for observation of time evolution of the quasi-isotropic pitch-angle distribution by Combined Release and Radiation Effects Satellite （CRRES） spacecraft at L ≈ 3 ～ 4.

Wave-particle duality relation with a quantum N-path beamsplitter

The wave-particle duality relation derived by Englert sets an upper bound of the extractable information from wave and particle properties in a two-path interferometer.Surprisingly,previous studies demonstrated that the introduction of a quantum beamsplitter in the interferometer could break the limitation of this upper bound,due to interference between wave and particle states.Along the other line,a lot of efforts have been made to generalize this relation from the two-path setup to the N-path case.Thus,it is an interesting question that whether a quantum N-path beamsplitter can break the limitation as well.This paper systemically studies the model of a quantum N-path beamsplitter,and finds that the generalized wave-particle duality relation between interference visibility and path distinguishability is also broken in certain situations.We further study the maximal extractable information's reliance on the interference between wave and particle properties,and derive a quantitative description.We then propose an experimental methodology to verify the break of the limitation.Our work reflects the effect of quantum superposition on wave-particle duality,and exhibits a new aspect of the relation between visibility and path distinguishability in N-path interference.Moreover,it implies the observer's influence on wave-particle duality.

KELEA (Kinetic Energy Limiting Electrostatic Attraction) Offers an Alternative Explanation to Existing Concepts Regarding Wave-Particle Duality, Cold Fusion and Superconductivity

Existing explanations for several major phenomena in physics may need to be reconsidered in light of the description of a natural force termed KELEA (kinetic energy limiting electrostatic attraction). Three examples are selected for discussion in this paper: i) The proposed wave-particle duality of electrons;ii) cold fusion;and iii) superconductivity. The current interpretations of these enigmatic concepts are incomplete and not fully validated by scientific methods. The observations underlying these processes are seemingly consistent with KELEA acting as a repelling force between opposite electrical charges. Relatively simple experiments can be designed to either confirm or exclude KELEA in these and in various other currently perplexing physical phenomena.

Simultaneous Measurement of Fringe Visibility and Path Predictability of Wave-Particle Duality

An experimental scheme to simultaneously obtain the information of fringe visibility and path predictability is designed. In a modified Young＇s double-slit experiment, two density filters rotating at different frequencies are placed before the two pineholes to encode path information. The spatial and temporal distributions of the output provide us with the wave and particle information of the single photons, respectively. The simultaneous measurement of the wave and particle information inevitably disturbs the system and thus causes some loss of the duality information, which is equal to the mixedness of the photonic state behind the density filters.

Study on the Physical Basis of Wave-Particle Duality: Modelling the Vacuum as a Continuous Mechanical Medium

One great surprise discovered in modern physics is that all elementary particles exhibit the property of wave-particle duality. We investigated this problem recently and found a simple way to explain this puzzle. We proposed that all particles, including massless particles such as photon and massive particles such as electron, can be treated as excitation waves in the vacuum, which behaves like a physical medium. Using such a model, the phenomenon of wave-particle duality can be explained naturally. The key question now is to find out what kind of physical properties this vacuum medium may have. In this paper, we investigate if the vacuum can be modeled as an elastic solid or a dielectric medium as envisioned in the Maxwell theory of electricity and magnetism. We show that a similar form of wave equation can be derived in three cases: (1) By modelling the vacuum medium as an elastic solid;(2) By constructing a simple Lagrangian density that is a 3-D extension of a stretched string or a vibrating membrane;(3) By assuming that the vacuum is a dielectric medium, from which the wave equation can be derived directly from Maxwell’s equations. Similarity between results of these three systems suggests that the vacuum can be modelled as a mechanical continuum, and the excitation wave in the vacuum behaves like some of the excitation waves in a physical medium.

Quantum Interference without Wave-Particle Duality

Interference of light and material particles is described with a unified model which does not need to assume the wave-particle duality. A moving particle is associated with a region of spatial correlated points named coherence cone. Its geometry depends on photon or particle momentum and on the parameters of the experimental setup. The final interference pattern is explained as a spatial distribution of particles caused by the coherence cone geometry. In the present context, the wave front superposition principle, wave-particle duality and wave-collapse lose their meaning. Fits of observed single electron and single molecule interference patterns together with the simulation of expected near-field molecule interference (Talbot carpet) demonstrate the model validity.

Structural Foundation and Geometry of the Material Singularity (and Its Quantum Entanglement)

In this paper we develop and study, as the second part of one more general development, the energy transmutation equation for the material singularity, previously obtained through the symmetrisation of a wave packet, that is, we develop the correlation between the terms of this equation, which accounts for the formation of matter from a previous vibrational state, and the different possible energy species. These energetic species are ascribed, in a simplified form, to the equation E¯ω=E¯k+E¯f, which allows us, through its associated phase factor, to gain an insight into the wave character of the kinetic energy and thus to attain the basis of the matter-wave, and all sorts of related phenomenologies, including that concerning quantum entanglement. The formation of the matter was previously identified as an energetic process, analogous to the kinetic one, in which finally the inertial mass is consolidated as a mass in a different phase, now, in addition, the mass of the material singularity is identified as a volumetric density of waves of toroidal geometry created in the process of singularisation or energy transfer between species, which makes it possible to establish the real relation or correspondence between the corpuscular and photonic energy equation (E=mc2=hν), i.e. to explain through m the intimate sense of the first equivalence, which explains what νis in the second one.

地理学中自然与人文耦合的挑战与前景

进入人类世以来,随着重大自然与社会问题的涌现,作为一门典型的交叉学科,地理学面临着前所未有的挑战与机遇。地理学研究的是复杂交织的人地关系问题,所以需要先在内部摒除二元论的偏见,实现自然(包括GIS)与人文的耦合。对中国地理学而言,自然与人文耦合的关键或难点在于方法论。应对挑战,地理学共同体应该鼓励面向重大问题的、多元化的交叉研究,促进数据、技术与社会的融合,共创治理科学新范式,逐步改变重理轻文的学科评价导向。在全球可持续发展的大背景下,地理学内部的交叉融合以及地理学与其他学科的交叉合作至关重要,人文与自然的耦合是地理学应该始终坚持的方向。

通用人工智能产品可版权化的反思与批判

在数字产业经济时代背景下,通用人工智能创意产品的可版权化问题,已然成为推动人工智能产业化和标准化发展的基础性研究议题。反思批判现有论证,讨论通用人工智能的能力跃迁,提出未来转变路径具有重要意义。当前,生成式人工智能创意产品的版权论证思路以“思想与表达”的二分为基础,认为只有自然人或法人能成为权利主体,人工智能作为“工具”存在。但是,通用人工智能实现了从代码运算到意识涌现的能力跃迁,其创作的产品具有更明显的独创性和主体性,经济价值也愈发突出。因此,针对即将到来的通用人工智能时代,现有的版权论证思路需要进行范式的倒转,重心应从作品这一结果转向作品形成之前的创作过程,重视经济价值并突破人类中心主义,对主客体界分进行变革。

Conceptual design of the tail research experiment at the Space Plasma Environment Research Facility(SPERF-TREX)

The Space Plasma Environment Research Facility(SPERF)for ground simulation of the space plasma environment is a key component of the Space Environment Simulation Research Infrastructure(SESRI),a major national science and technology infrastructure for fundamental research.It is designed to investigate outstanding issues in the space plasma environment,such as energetic particle acceleration,transport,and interaction with electromagnetic waves,as well as magnetic reconnection processes,in magnetospheric plasmas.The Tail-Research EXperiment(TREX)is part of the SPERF for laboratory studies of space physics relevant to magnetic reconnection,dipolarization and hydromagnetic wave excitation in the magnetotail.SPERFTREX is designed to carry out three types of experiments:the tail plasmoid for magnetic reconnection,dipolarization front formation,and magnetohydrodynamic waves excited by highspeed plasma jets.In this paper,the scientific goals and three scenarios of SPERF-TREX for typical processes in space plasmas are presented,and experimental plans for SPERF-TREX are also reviewed,together with the plasma sources applied to generate the plasma with the desired parameters and various magnetic configurations.

符号学视域下对品牌联动包装设计的思考——以酱香拿铁为例

符号学理论中索绪尔所提出的二元论,即符号的“能指”与“所指”的双层意义。本文基于该理论对瑞幸和茅台品牌联动产生的新产品——酱香拿铁包装设计中的图形符号、色彩符号和文字符号进行解读。从符号学理论的角度出发,旨在对品牌联动包装设计进行研究,并提出发展展望。凸显品牌特性,展现设计在现实中的运用和实践,对品牌联动包装设计的发展有着重要的现实意义。

本体论与宇宙生成论之争——张颐与张君劢论黑格尔形而上学

“二张之争”是我国早期黑格尔研究史上一次关于黑格尔形而上学地位的重要辨析。黑格尔以扬弃二元论为哲学的首要目标,关注世界自身的整体性结构,较少关心世界从何而来的问题。精神作为实体更多是条件、根据和整体性意义上的,是世界自身的统一性力量,同时也整体地看待事物的方式,而非世界的创生性本体。其自然哲学是在概念上把握自然的哲学,而非对自然界来源的探究,宇宙生成论的黑格尔形而上学解读因此是一种误读。

戏剧是叙述吗?——故事演示类被排除在叙述之外的历史与深层逻辑考察

在西方主流叙述观念中,包括戏剧在内的故事演示类历来被排除在叙述范畴之外。简析其历史与原因会发现,西方理论家多把叙述者或叙述者的言语、文字表现性作为叙述判断的基本标准。这个标准背后的逻辑,实为其叙述观念在媒介视野上的严重局限:语言,尤其文字中心主义。文字中心主义可追溯到柏拉图与亚里士多德对戏剧(模仿)与叙述的区分。选择文字文本讨论这种区分,有其问题讨论手段的必要,但这种区分本身与他们所处时代的故事观念矛盾:故事表达并无媒介限制,故事与叙述近乎同义。其实,无论小说还是戏剧,都属于以符号传达叙述信息的故事。人类的早期故事形态,多以口述、仪式表演等形式展开。进一步分析还会发现,叙述局限于言语或文字视野的背后有着更为深层的逻辑,即艺术与生活的简单二元,这种二元观念又与“模仿说”合谋。

Dualism in Wordsworth's Lines Composed A Few Miles above Tintern Abbey

This paper aims at analyzing Tintern Abbey in light of dualism in the aspects of"nature and self"and"sense and sensibility". Nature is the background of self's emotional expression,and self can be distinctly observed under this peaceful and picturesque environment. As for sense and sensibility,Wordsworth tries to make balance between them and finally combines emotional sensibility with artistic form. The author of this paper tries to show that whether nature and self or sense and sensibility,the two different entities from the two aspects displayed in the poem interlace mutually and gradually come into a unified state in the end.

超级数字平台私权力的生成、风险及规制——基于公私二象性视角

在以数字智能技术为驱动的社会转型背景下,公共性生产不再局限于政府等传统公共机构的参与,而是在主体与领域的扩展中形成了数字异化的态势,超级数字平台便是其中之一。以此为背景,基于开放共享的网络效应,超级数字平台的公共性逐渐形成;基于服务依赖的权利让渡,超级数字平台逐渐获得话语权;基于技术优势的双重控制,超级数字平台的私权力得以生成与演进。对超级数字平台私权力进行解构发现,其可能产生算法技术的滥用、合同机制的失效、用户权利的忽视等对私主体的风险,从而引起私法保护核心的坍塌;也将导致政府监管难度增加、垄断地位形成、公共利益受损,进而对公权力产生影响,导致公法规制逻辑的紊乱。因此,应当尝试以公私主体关系为路径对超级数字平台私权力进行规制:一方面,通过格式合同的协同规制、侵权规则的更新解释、私力救济的条款重视等贯彻以私法为核心的意思自治。另一方面,通过明确私权力的责任与义务、监管数字内容与技术应用、保障协议规则的客观公平等再造公益保障的公法逻辑。

哲学论辩的思想张力:生态女性主义对康德哲学的反思

生态女性主义抵制二元对立的主宰逻辑和普遍主义导致的简化论,以传统研究视角而言,反思康德哲学是立论的必由之路。但我们在重新审视康德对男性——女性、理性——感性、人类——自然的看法,并且深入思考康德的普遍主义和生态女性主义的“特殊主义”能否实现兼容的问题之后,发现二者有一定的相通之处,存在隐而不彰的默契:一是康德哲学中非二元对立的特质与以普鲁姆德为代表的生态女性主义主张的二元“居间性”有相通之处;二是康德的普遍主义伦理学与生态女性主义强调差异的伦理学是形式与内容之关系,它们相互补充、相辅相成。这些论辩成果实际上存在着强大的思想张力,使女性主义理论和伦理学向新的可能性敞开。

一性或二性:朱熹人性论争议及其缘由

朱熹人性论属于一性还是二性,学界多有争议。如要把握此争议的关键点,首先,必须既立足“理气”关系论分析朱熹人性论内涵,又要立足宇宙论或本体论、事实或价值取向等角度,去梳理心学派、气论派以及理学后学对人性论的争议。其次,魏校人性论“两个路向”可作为一种分析视角,即“生之谓性”路向,将“性与习对”,从存在论、事实层面来界定人性,形成人性论发展史的第一传统;“天命之谓性”路向,则“以性与命对”“性与天道对”“性与人道对”,从实践论、价值层面来界定人性,从而形成人性论第二传统。在把握这两个关键点的基础上,再分析一性或二性观点分歧的缘由,并在“理气不离不杂”“性即理”语境下阐释朱熹人性论。阐释结论是:朱熹人性论兼有“天地之性”和“气质之性”,“一而二二而一”观点,绝非“一性或二性”的机械划分。

何种整体性值得追求?——再析道家思想的生态哲学价值

与各种将人与自然割裂开来的观念系统不同,道家思想是以“道”的本源性整合全部世间存在物。在此进程中,人之地位经受了三重“相对化”,它不再凌驾于世,而是内立于整体性的自然。需要关注的是,单纯追求将人类融入整体,生造一种彻底平均化的世界并非是《道德经》等经典著作的理论取向。在道家思想的境界里,人在属于自然整体的同时又有超越其他生物的角色,这种角色不再诱导对非人存在物的强权与控制,反而督促人类对自然进行有意识的护理。这种整体性与卓越性之间的张力,充分表明一种生态哲学所要求的非人类中心并非只接受一种平庸甚至败坏的人类形象。