Wave-particle duality relation with a quantum N-path beamsplitter

The wave-particle duality relation derived by Englert sets an upper bound of the extractable information from wave and particle properties in a two-path interferometer.Surprisingly,previous studies demonstrated that the introduction of a quantum beamsplitter in the interferometer could break the limitation of this upper bound,due to interference between wave and particle states.Along the other line,a lot of efforts have been made to generalize this relation from the two-path setup to the N-path case.Thus,it is an interesting question that whether a quantum N-path beamsplitter can break the limitation as well.This paper systemically studies the model of a quantum N-path beamsplitter,and finds that the generalized wave-particle duality relation between interference visibility and path distinguishability is also broken in certain situations.We further study the maximal extractable information's reliance on the interference between wave and particle properties,and derive a quantitative description.We then propose an experimental methodology to verify the break of the limitation.Our work reflects the effect of quantum superposition on wave-particle duality,and exhibits a new aspect of the relation between visibility and path distinguishability in N-path interference.Moreover,it implies the observer's influence on wave-particle duality.

The Wave-Particle Duality—Does the Concept of Particle Make Sense in Quantum Mechanics? Should We Ask the Second Quantization?

The quantum object is in general considered as displaying both wave and particle nature. By particle is understood an item localized in a very small volume of the space, and which cannot be simultaneously in two disjoint regions of the space. By wave, to the contrary, is understood a distributed item, occupying in some cases two or more disjoint regions of the space. The quantum formalism did not explain until today the so-called “collapse” of the wave-function, i.e. the shrinking of the wave-function to one small region of the space, when a macroscopic object is encountered. This seems to happen in “which-way” experiments. A very appealing explanation for this behavior is the idea of a particle, localized in some limited part of the wave-function. The present article challenges the concept of particle. It proves in the base of a variant of the Tan, Walls and Collett experiment, that this concept leads to a situation in which the particle has to be simultaneously in two places distant from one another—situation that contradicts the very definition of a particle. Another argument is based on a modified version of the Afshar experiment, showing that the concept of particle is problematic. The concept of particle makes additional difficulties when the wave-function passes through fields. An unexpected possibility to solve these difficulties seems to arise from the cavity quantum electrodynamics studies done recently by S. Savasta and his collaborators. It involves virtual particles. One of these studies is briefly described here. Though, experimental results are needed, so that it is too soon to conclude whether it speaks in favor, or against the concept of particle.

KELEA (Kinetic Energy Limiting Electrostatic Attraction) Offers an Alternative Explanation to Existing Concepts Regarding Wave-Particle Duality, Cold Fusion and Superconductivity

Existing explanations for several major phenomena in physics may need to be reconsidered in light of the description of a natural force termed KELEA (kinetic energy limiting electrostatic attraction). Three examples are selected for discussion in this paper: i) The proposed wave-particle duality of electrons;ii) cold fusion;and iii) superconductivity. The current interpretations of these enigmatic concepts are incomplete and not fully validated by scientific methods. The observations underlying these processes are seemingly consistent with KELEA acting as a repelling force between opposite electrical charges. Relatively simple experiments can be designed to either confirm or exclude KELEA in these and in various other currently perplexing physical phenomena.

Experimental demonstration of tight duality relation in three-path interferometer

Bohr’s principle of complementarity has a long history and it is an important topic in quantum theory,among which the famous example is the duality relation.The relation between visibilityC and distinguishability D,C2+D2≤1,has long been recognized as the only representative of the duality relation.However,recent researches have shown that this inequality is not good enough because it is not tight for multipath interferometers.Meanwhile,a tight bound for the multipath interferometer has been put forward.Here we design and experimentally implement a three-path interferometer coupling with path indicator states.The wave property of photons is characterized by l1-norm coherence measure,and the particle property is based on distinguishability of the indicator states.The new duality relation of the three-path interferometer is demonstrated in our experiment,which bounds the union of a right triangle and a part of elliptical area inside the quadrant of a unit circle.Data analysis confirms that the new bound is tight for photons in three-path interferometers.

Simultaneous Measurement of Fringe Visibility and Path Predictability of Wave-Particle Duality

An experimental scheme to simultaneously obtain the information of fringe visibility and path predictability is designed. In a modified Young＇s double-slit experiment, two density filters rotating at different frequencies are placed before the two pineholes to encode path information. The spatial and temporal distributions of the output provide us with the wave and particle information of the single photons, respectively. The simultaneous measurement of the wave and particle information inevitably disturbs the system and thus causes some loss of the duality information, which is equal to the mixedness of the photonic state behind the density filters.

Study on the Physical Basis of Wave-Particle Duality: Modelling the Vacuum as a Continuous Mechanical Medium

One great surprise discovered in modern physics is that all elementary particles exhibit the property of wave-particle duality. We investigated this problem recently and found a simple way to explain this puzzle. We proposed that all particles, including massless particles such as photon and massive particles such as electron, can be treated as excitation waves in the vacuum, which behaves like a physical medium. Using such a model, the phenomenon of wave-particle duality can be explained naturally. The key question now is to find out what kind of physical properties this vacuum medium may have. In this paper, we investigate if the vacuum can be modeled as an elastic solid or a dielectric medium as envisioned in the Maxwell theory of electricity and magnetism. We show that a similar form of wave equation can be derived in three cases: (1) By modelling the vacuum medium as an elastic solid;(2) By constructing a simple Lagrangian density that is a 3-D extension of a stretched string or a vibrating membrane;(3) By assuming that the vacuum is a dielectric medium, from which the wave equation can be derived directly from Maxwell’s equations. Similarity between results of these three systems suggests that the vacuum can be modelled as a mechanical continuum, and the excitation wave in the vacuum behaves like some of the excitation waves in a physical medium.

Wave-Particle Duality: Particle Always Remains Particle and Its Wave Function Always Remains Wave

On the question of wave-particle duality, from the historic Bohr-Einstein debates a century ago, to this day, the view expressed in Niels Bohr’s Complementarity Principle has become well established, confirmed by numerous experiments: If the observation is for wave nature, then the particle changes to wave, and if the observation is for particle nature, then the particle remains particle. However, recently this view has been challenged. With proof based on the definition of wave function, it has been shown that particle always remains particle and its wave function always remains wave, no mysterious change from particle to wave and vice versa.

Quantum Interference without Wave-Particle Duality

Interference of light and material particles is described with a unified model which does not need to assume the wave-particle duality. A moving particle is associated with a region of spatial correlated points named coherence cone. Its geometry depends on photon or particle momentum and on the parameters of the experimental setup. The final interference pattern is explained as a spatial distribution of particles caused by the coherence cone geometry. In the present context, the wave front superposition principle, wave-particle duality and wave-collapse lose their meaning. Fits of observed single electron and single molecule interference patterns together with the simulation of expected near-field molecule interference (Talbot carpet) demonstrate the model validity.

Fringe visibility and correlation in Mach–Zehnder interferometer with an asymmetric beam splitter

We study the wave–particle duality in a general Mach–Zehnder interferometer with an asymmetric beam splitter from the viewpoint of quantum information theory.The correlations(including the classical correlation and the quantum correlation)between the particle and the which-path detector are derived when they are in pure state or mixed state at the output of Mach–Zehnder interferometer.It is found that the fringe visibility and the correlations are effected by the asymmetric beam splitter and the input state of the particle.The complementary relations between the fringe visibility and the correlations are also presented.

Bell Correlations from Local Un-Entangled States of Light and Quantum Electro-Dynamics

Based on the Bell theorem, it has been believed that a theoretical computation of the Bell correlation requires explicit use of an entangled state. Such a physical superposition of light waves occurs in the down-converter sources used in Bell experiments. However, this physical superposition is eliminated by wave propagation to spatially separated detectors. Bell correlations must therefore result from local waves, and the source boundary conditions of their previously entangled state. In the present model, Bell correlations are computed from disentangled separated waves, boundary conditions of nonlinear optics, and properties of single-photon and vacuum states specified by quantum electrodynamics. Transient interference is assumed between photon-excited waves and photon-empty waves based on the possibility of such interference found to be necessary by the designers of Bell-experiment sources. The present model employs local random variables without specifying underlying causality.

Elementary analysis of interferometers for wave particle duality test and the prospect of going beyond the complementarity principle

A distinct method to show a quantum object behaving both as wave and as particle is proposed and described in some detail. We make a systematic analysis using the elementary methodology of quantum mechanics upon Young＇s two-slit interferometer and the Mach-Zehnder two-arm interferometer with the focus placed on how to measure the interference pattern （wave nature） and the which-way information （particle nature） of quantum objects. We design several schemes to simultaneously acquire the which-way information for an individual quantum object and the high-contrast interference pattern for an ensemble of these quantum objects by placing two sets of measurement instruments that are well separated in space and whose perturbation of each other is negligibly small within the interferometer at the same time. Yet, improper arrangement and cooperation of these two sets of measurement instruments in the interferometer would lead to failure of simultaneous observation of wave and particle behaviors. The internal freedoms of quantum objects could be harnessed to probe both the which-way information and the interference pattern for the center-of-mass motion. That quantum objects can behave beyond the wave-particle duality and the complementarity principle would stimulate new conceptual examination and exploration of quantum theory at a deeper level.

Modified Wave Particle Duality and Black Hole Physics

de Broglie relation is revisited,in consideration of a generalization of canonical commuting relation.Thepossible effects on particle's localization and black hole physics are also discussed,in a heuristic manner.

The duality of a single particle with an n-dimensional internal degree of freedom

The wave-particle duality of a single particle with an n-dimensional internal degree of freedom is re-examined theo- retically in a Mach-Zehnder interferometer. The famous duality relation D2 ＋ V2 〈 1 is always valid in this situation, where D is the distinguishability and V is the visibility. However, the sum of the particle information and the wave information, D2 V2, can be smaller than one for the input of a pure state if this initial pure state includes the internal degree of freedom of the particle, while the quantity D2~ V2 is always equal to one when the internal degree of freedom of the particle is excluded.

Relativistic Approximations for Quantization and Harmony in the Schrödinger Equation, and Why Mechanics Is Quantized

The initial purpose is to add two physical origins for the outstandingly clear mathematical description that Dirac has left in his Principles of Quantum Mechanics. The first is the “internal motion” in the wave function of the electron that is now expressed through dispersion dynamics;the second is the physical origin for mathematical quantization. Bohr’s model for the hydrogen atom was “the greatest single step in the development of the theory of atomic structure.” It leads to the Schrodinger equation which is non-relativistic, but which conveniently equates together momentum and electrostatic potential in a representation containing mixed powers. Firstly, we show how the equation is expansible to approximate relativistic form by applying solutions for the dilation of time in special relativity, and for the contraction of space. The adaptation is to invariant “harmonic events” that are digitally quantized. Secondly, the internal motion of the electron is described by a stable wave packet that implies wave-particle duality. The duality includes uncertainty that is precisely described with some variance from Heisenberg’s axiomatic limit. Harmonic orbital wave functions are self-constructive. This is the physical origin of quantization.

JWST Discoveries and the Hypersphere World-Universe Model: Transformative New Cosmology

Twenty-six years ago, a small committee report built upon earlier studies to articulate a compelling and poetic vision for the future of astronomy. This vision called for an infrared-optimized space telescope with an aperture of at least four meters. With the support of their governments in the US, Europe, and Canada, 20,000 people brought this vision to life as the 6.5-meter James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). The telescope is working perfectly, delivering much better image quality than expected [1]. JWST is one hundred times more powerful than the Hubble Space Telescope and has already captured spectacular images of the distant universe. A view of a tiny part of the sky reveals many well-formed spiral galaxies, some over thirteen billion light-years away. These observations challenge the standard Big Bang Model (BBM), which posits that early galaxies should be small and lack well-formed spiral structures. JWST’s findings are prompting scientists to reconsider the BBM in its current form. Throughout the history of science, technological advancements have led to new results that challenge established theories, sometimes necessitating their modification or even abandonment. This happened with the geocentric model four centuries ago, and the BBM may face a similar reevaluation as JWST provides more images of the distant universe. In 1937, P. Dirac proposed the Large Number Hypothesis and the Hypothesis of Variable Gravitational Constant, later incorporating the concept of Continuous Creation of Matter in the universe. The Hypersphere World-Universe Model (WUM) builds on these ideas, introducing a distinct mechanism for matter creation. WUM is proposed as an alternative to the prevailing BBM. Its main advantage is the elimination of the “Initial Singularity” and “Inflation”, offering explanations for many unresolved problems in Cosmology. WUM is presented as a natural extension of Classical Physics with the potential to bring about a significant transformation in both Cosmology and Classical Physics. Considering JWST’s discoveries, WUM’s achievements, and 87 years of Dirac’s proposals, it is time to initiate a fundamental transformation in Astronomy, Cosmology, and Classical Physics. The present paper is a continuation of the published article “JWST Discoveries—Confirmation of World-Universe Model Predictions” [2] and a summary of the paper “Hypersphere World-Universe Model: Digest of Presentations John Chappell Natural Philosophy Society” [3]. Many results obtained there are quoted in the current work without full justification;interested readers are encouraged to view the referenced papers for detailed explanations.

Fresnel Equations Derived Using a Non-Local Hidden-Variable Particle Theory

Problem: The Fresnel equations describe the proportions of reflected and transmitted light from a surface, and are conventionally derived from wave theory continuum mechanics. Particle-based derivations of the Fresnel equations appear not to exist. Approach: The objective of this work was to derive the basic optical laws from first principles from a particle basis. The particle model used was the Cordus theory, a type of non-local hidden-variable (NLHV) theory that predicts specific substructures to the photon and other particles. Findings: The theory explains the origin of the orthogonal electrostatic and magnetic fields, and re-derives the refraction and reflection laws including Snell’s law and critical angle, and the Fresnel equations for s and p-polarisation. These formulations are identical to those produced by electromagnetic wave theory. Contribution: The work provides a comprehensive derivation and physical explanation of the basic optical laws, which appears not to have previously been shown from a particle basis. Implications: The primary implications are for suggesting routes for the theoretical advancement of fundamental physics. The Cordus NLHV particle theory explains optical phenomena, yet it also explains other physical phenomena including some otherwise only accessible through quantum mechanics (such as the electron spin g-factor) and general relativity (including the Lorentz and relativistic Doppler). It also provides solutions for phenomena of unknown causation, such as asymmetrical baryogenesis, unification of the interactions, and reasons for nuclide stability/instability. Consequently, the implication is that NLHV theories have the potential to represent a deeper physics that may underpin and unify quantum mechanics, general relativity, and wave theory.

From wave-particle duality to wave-particle-mixedness triality:an uncertainty approach

The wave-particle duality,as a manifestation of Bohr’s complementarity,is usually quantified in terms of path predictability and interference visibility.Various characterizations of the wave-particle duality have been proposed from an operational perspective,most of them are in forms of inequalities,and some of them are expressed in forms of equalities by incorporating entanglement or coherence.In this work,we shed different insights into the nature of the wave-particle duality by casting it into a form of information conservation in a multi-path interferometer,with uncertainty as a unified theme.More specifically,by employing the simple yet fundamental concept of variance,we establish a resolution of unity,which can be interpreted as a complementarity relation among wave feature,particle feature,and mixedness of a quantum state.This refines or reinterprets some conventional approaches to wave-particle duality,and highlights informational aspects of the issue.The key idea of our approach lies in that a quantum state,as a Hermitian operator,can also be naturally regarded as an observable,with measurement uncertainty(in a state)and state uncertainty(in a measurement)being exploited to quantify particle feature and wave feature of a quantum state,respectively.These two kinds of uncertainties,although both are defined via variance,have fundamentally different properties and capture different features of a state.Together with the mixedness,which is a kind of uncertainty intrinsic to a quantum state,they add up to unity,and thus lead to a characterization of the waveparticle-mixedness complementarity.This triality relation is further illustrated by examples and compared with some popular wave-particle duality or triality relations.

Deep learning method for testing the cosmic distance duality relation

The cosmic distance duality relation(DDR)is constrained by a combination of type-Ⅰa supernovae(SNe la)and strong gravitational lensing(SGL)systems using the deep learning method.To make use of the full SGL data,we reconstruct the luminosity distance from SNeⅠa up to the highest redshift of SGL using deep learning,and then,this luminosity distance is compared with the angular diameter distance obtained from SGL.Considering the influence of the lens mass profile,we constrain the possible violation of the DDR in three lens mass models.The results show that.in the singular isothermal sphere and extended power-law models,the DDR is violated at a high confidence level,with the violation parameterη0=-0.193-0.019+0.021andη0=-0.247-0.013+0.014,respectively.In the power-law model,however,the DDR is verified within a 1σconfidence level,with the violation parameterη0=-0.014-0.045+0.053.Our results demonstrate that the constraints on the DDR strongly depend on the lens mass models.Given a specific lens mass model,the DDR can be constrained at a precision of O(10-2)using deep learning.

材料专业研究生“材料物理基础”课程的教学思考与改革

“材料物理基础”是高校材料科学与工程专业研究生培养过程中的一门重要核心课程。该课程在教学过程中主要面临知识点繁杂、概念抽象、数学推导困难等问题。因此,本文针对上述问题进行课程内容、教学思路以及教学形式的优化与改革。一方面为了更加符合材料专业研究生培养目标,计划降低材料相关知识内容占比,并简化物理知识与数学推导难度。另一方面为了让学生更好理解本课程的核心知识点,计划通过从波粒二象性引入粒子与波两种物理图像,并针对同一知识点不断对比两种物理图像下的理解。在此基础之上,进一步探索教学方法与模式的优化与改革,即采用理论讲授、实验操作、计算仿真三者相结合的教学模式深入理解核心知识点,让学生从理论知识的讲解中理解微观物理机制,从实验操作中直接认知实验现象,并从动手编写计算程序的过程中理解核心知识并验证实验结果,实现认知—实践—再认知的闭环。

偏好关系的对偶性(英文)

建立了基本二元关系以及偏好关系的对偶理论.引入并讨论了二元关系之间的基本性质以及偏好关系之间的 一些性质的对偶性.建立了基本二元关系以及偏好关系的各种性质之间的蕴涵式.定义了一些新的序关系,并对各种 偏序关系所满足的基本性质给出了完整的刻划.