Corrosion behavior and corrosion products of a low-alloy weathering steel in Qingdao and Wanning

A newly developed low-alloy weathering steel has been exposed in two coastal sites （Qingdao in the north, Wanning in the south） in China for one year. The samples in Wanning corroded far more seriously than those in Qingdao. The rust layer formed on the steel was analyzed by X-ray diffraction （XRD）, scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, N2 adsorption approach, polarization curves, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy （EIS）. The rust formed in Qingdao contains more X-ray amorphous compounds and is more compact than that formed in Wanning. Cr and Cu are enriched in the rust layer near the steel matrix, and the phenomenon is more obvious in Qingdao than in Wanning. The rust layer formed in Qingdao suppresses the anodic and cathodic reaction more remarkably than that formed in Wanning does. The rust layer formed in Qingdao possesses a higher ability to block the permeation of chloride ions than that formed in Wanning does.

Some Advances in the Application of Weathering and Cold-Formed Steel in Transmission Tower

Application of weathering and cold-formed steel in transmission lines can reduce steel consumption and environmental pollution. Some advances in the studies on the weathering and cold-formed steel in transmission tower are introduced. Firstly, corrosion-resistant tests of weathering steel samples under different simulating technical atmospheres were carried out separately for 240 hours. It shows that the corrosion degree of joint samples is higher than that of single chip samples, and the corrosion-resistant performance of weathering steel is superior to common carbon steel. The corrosion-resistance of weathering steel meets with the requirement of transmission tower. Secondly, experiments and finite element analysis for cold-formed angles and a 220kV prototype tower were completed, and the stability coeffi-cient fitting curves as well as the modification formulas of slenderness ratio for cold-formed members were determined. According to the structural characteristics of transmission towers, four sections of cold-formed angles with different sections and slenderness ratios were selected in this study. The finite element model well predicted the buckling behav-iour of the cold-formed members. Ultimate loads calculating by the fitting curve were well agreed to the experimental values, especially for the members with small slenderness ratios. Weight of the cold-formed steel tower can be reduced by more than 5 percent after considering the strength enhancement. Cost of the weathering and cold-formed steel transmission tower is nearly equivalent to that of hot-rolled steel tower with hot galvanizing.

CORROSION BEHAVIORS OF THE EXPOSED SIDE AND UNDERSIDE OF LOW ALLOY WEATHERING STEEL IN QINGDAO AND WANNING FOR 18 MONTHS

For 18 months, a newly developed low alloy weathering steel has been exposed in two coastal sites （Qingdao in the north China, Wanning in the south China）. The different corrosion behaviors of the exposed side and the underside of the samples were characterized by X-ray diffraetion （XRD）, polarization curve, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy （EIS）, scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, and N2 adsorption approach. It was found that the samples exhibited higher corrosion rate in Wanning than that in Qingdao. The underside of the samples corrodes more seriously than the exposed side in Qingdao, whereas the result in Wanning is just the reverse. The protection performance of rust layers mainly depends on its compactness and the enrichment of Cu and Cr is a secondary causation. The different compactness of rust layers in the exposed side and the underside originates from different corrosion conditions of the two sides.

Industrial trial of strip-casting weathering steel

Baostrip has chosen a steel-grade weathering steel for industrial trial. By carefully designing the composition and manufacturing process,qualified weathering-steel products have been successfully produced on the Ningbosteel-Baosteel strip casting industrialization demo project( NBS) production line. The industrialized practice of Baostrip shows the following: The surface microstructure of weathering-steel products is polygonal ferrite +pearlite,and that of the center is acicular ferrite. After single-stand on-line hot rolling at a 26% low pressure rate,the thickness tolerance ratio controlled within ± 25 μm reaches 99. 6%. The surface convexity and the wedge can be controlled to | C40 |< 50 μm and | W40 |< 30 μm,respectively. The mechanical properties of the strip are superior,exhibiting a yield strength range of( 430 ± 50) MPa,a tensile strength range of( 550 ± 50) MPa,and an elongation range of( 27 ± 5)%. The corrosion resistance is equivalent to that of current commercial atmospheric corrosion-resistant steels,with a relative corrosion rate of 43%. When used,the weathering steel produced by the strip-casting process meets the strict quality and usage requirements of container steel sheets.

Characteristics of Corrosion Product Layer Formed on Weathering Steel Exposed to the Tropical Climate of Vietnam

The weathering steel (Corten B) was exposed to out-door atmosphere of Hanoi (urban site) and Donghoi (marine site). The results showed the protective ability of corrosion product layer formed on weathering steel in the initial stage. The SEM-EDX analysis detected the presence of chromium and copper in the inner layers of corrosion product formed on weathering steel. These elements improved corrosion resistance of corrosion product layers. In addition, the dense α-FeOOH phase were appeared early in corrosion product which is detected by X-ray diffraction and Micro Raman investigations. The results of polarization and EIS measurements also demonstrated the protectiveness of the corrosion product of weathering steel.

Atmospheric corrosion of carbon steel in acid rain by accelerated weathering test

In this work, the accelerated weathering test of immersion-wet-dry combined cycles was carried ont. The artificial acid rain of NaHSO3-(NH4)2SO4-H2SO4 solution system was selected as immersion solution. Acidity of artificial acid rain affected corrossion weight loss of carbon steel, and pH 4.1 was found to be a critical point. Anodic reaction resistance of the samples during accelerated weathering test increased with exposed time by electrochemical measurement.

Electrochemical Performance Study of Rust Layer on Cu-P-RE Weathering Steel

Corrosion rates of 10PCuRE steels with different rate earth contents and plain carbon steel were studied by dry-wet cycle immersion test. The corrosion resistance of rust layer on rare earths weathering steel and carbon steel was studied through the electrochemical means of polarization test and electrochemical impedance spectra. The difference of corrosion resistance of testing steels was analyzed through electrochemical means. The 10PCuRE steels whose rare earths content is smaller than 0.016% have good performance of corrosion resistance because corrosion potential of the steel is positive and resistance of rust layer is large. The results showed that rare earths of proper content could diminish corrosion tendency and promote the formation of the steady and compact rust layer.

Anticorrosive Properties of Hot-Dip Galvanized Weathering Steel in Atmospheric Exposure

Hot-dip galvanized steel is one of the most used materials in equipment and metallic structures of the Brazilian electric sector. Although carbon steel is the main substrate in the galvanizing hot-dip process, recently, weathering steel has been used as an alternative material to be galvanized. In the transmission line segment of the Brazilian electric sector, for instance, compact towers made of galvanized weathering steel have been installed to conduct energy through urban sites. It is well known that weathering steel, depending on wet and dry cycles and on the pollutants present in the atmosphere, develops a protective patina made of its corrosion products. The patina is dense and strongly adhered to the substrate, blocking the active surface and, thus, reducing the corrosion rate of the base metal. However, when the weathering steel is galvanized, the substrate surface has a layer of zinc and zinc-iron intermetallic alloys. When the sacrificial layer is consumed by atmospheric corrosion, critical questions remain to be answered regarding the underlying substrate. Will the patina of weathering steel be formed? In what condition? Does the hot-dip galvanizing process modify the weathering steel microstructure? The present work carried out an experimental research to shed light on the anticorrosive behavior of hot-dip galvanized weathering steel, after the zinc layer is corroded. This was done by a controlled pickling process, where the zinc layer was removed simulating its consumption during real corrosion processes. The results, obtained through electrochemical techniques and different accelerated corrosion tests, showed that galvanizing weathering steel is a promising technology to enhance the lifetime of structures used in the Brazilian electric sector.

Stress-assisted corrosion mechanism of 3Ni steel by using gradient boosting decision tree machining learning method

Traditional 3Ni weathering steel cannot completely meet the requirements for offshore engineering development,resulting in the design of novel 3Ni steel with the addition of microalloy elements such as Mn or Nb for strength enhancement becoming a trend.The stress-assisted corrosion behavior of a novel designed high-strength 3Ni steel was investigated in the current study using the corrosion big data method.The information on the corrosion process was recorded using the galvanic corrosion current monitoring method.The gradi-ent boosting decision tree(GBDT)machine learning method was used to mine the corrosion mechanism,and the importance of the struc-ture factor was investigated.Field exposure tests were conducted to verify the calculated results using the GBDT method.Results indic-ated that the GBDT method can be effectively used to study the influence of structural factors on the corrosion process of 3Ni steel.Dif-ferent mechanisms for the addition of Mn and Cu to the stress-assisted corrosion of 3Ni steel suggested that Mn and Cu have no obvious effect on the corrosion rate of non-stressed 3Ni steel during the early stage of corrosion.When the corrosion reached a stable state,the in-crease in Mn element content increased the corrosion rate of 3Ni steel,while Cu reduced this rate.In the presence of stress,the increase in Mn element content and Cu addition can inhibit the corrosion process.The corrosion law of outdoor-exposed 3Ni steel is consistent with the law based on corrosion big data technology,verifying the reliability of the big data evaluation method and data prediction model selection.

Design and evaluation of UHPP steel bridge deck pavement for high-temperature and rainy regions

To enhance the serviceability of steel bridge deck pavement(SBDP)in high-temperature and rainy regions,a concept of rigid bottom and flexible top was summarized using engineering practices,which led to the proposal of a three-layer ultra-high-performance pavement(UHPP).The high-temperature rutting resistance and wet-weather skid resistance of UHPP were evaluated through composite structure tests.The internal temperature distribution within the pavement under typical high-temperature conditions was analyzed using a temperature field model.Additionally,a temperature-stress coupling model was employed to investigate the key load positions and stress response characteristics of the UHPP.The results indicate that compared with the traditional guss asphalt+stone mastic asphalt structure,the dynamic stability of the UHPP composite structure can be improved by up to 20.4%.Even under cyclic loading,UHPP still exhibits superior surface skid resistance compared to two traditional SBDPs.The thickness composition of UHPP significantly impacts its rutting resistance and skid resistance.UHPP exhibits relatively low tensile stress but higher shear stress levels,with the highest shear stress occurring between the UHPP and the steel plate.This suggests that the potential risk of damage for UHPP primarily lies within the interlayer of the pavement.Based on engineering examples,introducing interlayer gravel and optimizing the amount of bonding layer are advised to ensure that UHPP possesses sufficient interlayer shear resistance.

Cu-P-Cr-Ni-Mo耐候钢两相区热变形行为及其组织

采用Gleeble-3500热模拟试验机研究了cu—P-cr-Ni-Mo耐候钢在变形温度700～950℃、变形量70％、应变速率0．01～10s“条件下的热变形行为及其热变形的组织演变规律。结果表明，Cu-P—Cr—Ni—Mo耐候钢在700—950℃变形时，峰值应力在低于750℃，高于850℃时随变形温度的升高而降低，而在750～850℃之间随温度升高先降低后升高，在800℃出现极小值。在应变速率和变形量不变的情况下，随着变形温度的降低，组织的细化机制由奥氏体的再结晶细化向铁素体的回复再结晶细化转化，并且铁素体的回复再结晶细化效果更加显著。Cu-P·Cr-Ni—Mo耐候钢在应变速率为1s-1，变形量为70％的变形条件下，变形温度为775℃时获得的组织细小均匀，铁素体晶粒的平均尺寸约为3μm。

热轧Cu-P-Cr-Ni-Mo双相耐候钢的组织与性能

采用直接热轧法成功获得了Cu-P-Cr-Ni-Mo双相耐候钢,研究了热轧双相耐候钢的组织、力学性能、腐蚀性能及焊接性能。结果表明:Cu-P-Cr-Ni-Mo热轧双相耐候钢组织均由多边形铁素体及其上分布的不规则的马氏体岛组成;相对于Cu-P-Cr-Ni-Mo耐候钢的常规热轧态,Cu-P-Cr-Ni-Mo热轧双相耐候钢的抗拉强度和屈服强度分别提高了21.6%～37.2%,6%～13.8%,屈强比降低了12.7%～19.7%;Cu-P-Cr-Ni-Mo热轧双相耐候钢的耐腐蚀性能优于09CuPCrNi耐候钢;Cu-P-Cr-Ni-Mo热轧双相耐候钢焊件的抗拉强度比其母材的抗拉强度降低了大约7%,但比常规热轧的Cu-P-Cr-Ni-Mo耐候钢板强度提高了16%。

Cu-P-Cr-Ni-Mo耐候钢两相区铁素体晶粒细化机理

采用Gleeble-3500热模拟试验机和背散射电子衍射(EBSD)技术分析研究了Cu-P-Cr-Ni-Mo耐候钢在(γ+α)两相区不同变形量和不同变形温度下的组织演变,探究了铁素体晶粒的细化机理。结果表明,Cu-P-Cr-Ni-Mo耐候钢在750℃,应变速率为0.01 s-1变形时,当应变超过0.69后,铁素体的转变量增加不明显,但等轴铁素体晶粒数量增加,新形成的细小等轴再结晶铁素体晶粒尺寸达到1.4~3μm;在850~750℃、应变速率为0.01 s-1变形时,随着变形温度的降低,铁素体转变量增加,铁素体晶粒尺寸减小,但均匀性降低。Cu-P-Cr-Ni-Mo耐候钢(γ+α)两相区铁素体晶粒细化机制为铁素体的连续动态再结晶,并且随着变形温度的降低,发生铁素体的连续动态再结晶的能力增强。

Cu-P-Cr-Ni-Mo耐候钢热变形过程的微观组织模拟

基于热模拟试验数据,建立了Cu-P-Cr-Ni-Mo耐候钢的动态再结晶模型,并利用有限元软件Deform-3D对试验钢进行了热压缩过程以及微观组织的演变模拟。结果表明,在热压缩过程中,坯料内部存在不均匀变形,其心部大变形区的等效应变最大、温度最高,动态再结晶进行得最充分;不同工艺参数对动态再结晶体积分数与平均晶粒尺寸具有显著的影响,较高的变形温度、较低的应变速率和大应变均有利于动态再结晶的进行;试样不同区域的动态再结晶的体积分数随着应变的增大而升高,相应的平均晶粒尺寸随着应变的增加而减小。有限元软件Deform-3D模拟的微观组织演变规律与热模拟试验结果具有高度的一致性。

Cu-P-Cr-Ni-Mo耐候钢高温变形奥氏体的动态再结晶

用Gleeble-3500热模拟试验机研究了Cu-P-Cr-Ni-Mo耐候钢(%:0.10C、0.075P、0.65Cr、0.22Ni、0.43Mo、0.28Cu)在应变速率0.01～1 s^(-1)、温度850～1150℃时的动态再结晶行为,得出该钢奥氏体区的真应力-真应变曲线和动态再结晶图,分析了变形参数对峰值应力的影响和不同热变形时耐候钢的动态再结晶体积分数与真应变的关系,建立了该钢的奥氏体热变形方程、动态再结晶临界条件回归方程和奥氏体动态再结晶体积分数数学模型。结果表明,随变形温度升高,峰值应力下降;随变形速率增大,峰值应力升高;随Z参数增大即变形温度降低,应变速率增加,发生再结晶的临界应变ε_c和发生完全再结晶的应变ε_s均呈线性增加。

Cu-P-Cr-Ni-Mo耐候钢的静态软化行为研究

采用Gleeble-3500热模拟实验机,在变形温度为850～1100℃、应变速率为5 s-1、道次间隔时间为1～1000 s的实验条件下,通过双道次压缩试验,研究了Cu-P-Cr-Ni-Mo耐候钢的静态软化行为。结果表明,其静态软化率随变形温度的升高和道次间隔时间的延长而不断增加。应用后插法计算了在不同真应变条件下的静态软化率。对静态软化率进行回归分析,求得Cu-P-Cr-Ni-Mo耐候钢静态再结晶激活能Qrex为256 kJ/mol。

Cu-P-Cr-Ni-Mo耐候钢的热变形行为

采用Gleeble-3500热加工模拟试验机对Cu-P-Cr-Ni-Mo耐候钢进行了高温压缩试验，建立了试验用钢的奥氏体热变形方程为：ε＆=4．915×10^10[sinh（α·σρ）]^4.608exp（-249300／RT），确定了其发生动态再结晶的条件为：Z=1.36×17^7exp（17．29εc），动态再结晶体积分数与变形条件的关系为：Xd=1-exp[-3．55（ε／ε，-0．833）^1.66]。

Effect of La on the Corrosion Behavior and Mechanism of 3Ni Weathering Steel in a Simulated Marine Atmospheric Environment

The corrosion behavior and mechanism of 3Ni weathering steel in a simulated oceanic atmospheric environment are investigated in order to comprehend the impacts of La,as determined through electrochemical analysis and rust layer characterization.The results of this study demonstrate that the addition of La enhances the corrosion resistance of 3Ni weathering steel in the marine atmospheric environment,thereby reducing the corrosion rate and improving the protection of the rust layer.The influence of La on corrosion resistance can be attributed to two primary factors.Firstly,La functions as a grain refiner,minimizing the potential difference of the micro-regions on the substrate surface,thereby significantly reducing the corrosion of bare steel in the marine environment.Secondly,La inhibits the process of Fe_(3)O_(4) oxidation back toγ-FeOOH during corrosion at the local site,thus decreasing the formation ofγ-FeOOH and enhancing the charge transfer resistance.This research work may serve as a reference for expanding the application of rare earth elements in the field of weathering steel.

Cu-P-Cr-Ni-Mo耐候钢热变形和再结晶行为分析研究

在不同变形温度和应变速率下,利用Gleeble-1500D热模拟试验机研究了Cu-P-Cr-Ni-Mo型耐候钢的热变形过程,在获得该钢在不同变形条件下的真应力-真应变曲线的基础上,绘制了该钢的动态再结晶图,并研究了它在不同应变速率下的再结晶行为及显微组织特点。结果表明:该钢的动态再结晶图由三个区域组成,即完全动态再结晶区、部分动态再结晶区和非动态再结晶区;当变形量和温度一定时,应变速率越低,再结晶过程越易进行,且再结晶晶粒所占体积分数和晶粒尺寸也都越大。

Surface grain refinement mechanism of SMA490BW steel cross joints by ultrasonic impact treatment

Ultrasonic impact treatment (UIT) is a postweld technique for improving the fatigue strength of welded joints. This technique makes use of ultrasonic vibration to impact and plastically deform a weld toe and can achieve surface grain refinement of the weld toe, which is considered as the main reason for the improvement of fatigue strength. In this paper, the microstructure of the surface of a treated weld toe was observed by metallographic microscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results show that UIT could produce severe plastic deformation on the surface layer of the weld toe and the maximum depth of plastic deformation extended to approximately 260 μm beneath the treated surface. Repeated processing could exacerbate the plastic deformation on the surface layer, resulting in finer grains. We can conclude that the surface grain refinement mechanism of SMA490BW welded joints is related to the high density of dislocation tangles and dislocation walls. © 2017, University of Science and Technology Beijing and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.