S-(-)-尼古丁-己二酸盐的制备、特性及其应用研究

S-(-)-尼古丁的获取主要是通过从烟叶等植物中提取,获取途径受限,本研究以2′-羟基尼古丁为原料通过还原、化学拆分制备S-(-)-尼古丁;选用己二酸与S-(-)-尼古丁通过超声法制备S-(-)-尼古丁-己二酸盐,优化了合成工艺。产物利用ESI-MS、^(1)H NMR、HPLC进行表征;采用HPLC进行抗氧化性分析;利用热重分析仪进行热稳定性分析。结果表明在反应的最佳工艺条件下S-(-)-尼古丁总产率达55.1%,比旋光度为-141.5°,光学纯度为99.23%;S-(-)-尼古丁-己二酸盐的产率达94.4%,纯度为99.36%;S-(-)-尼古丁-己二酸盐的抗氧化性和热稳定性均优于S-(-)-尼古丁。本研究提供了一条切实可行的S-(-)-尼古丁及其己二酸盐的合成路线;S-(-)-尼古丁-己二酸盐有效避免了S-(-)-尼古丁易氧化、受热不稳定等不足,具有良好的应用前景。

过表达野生大豆耐盐碱基因GsGSTU13提高了水稻苗期耐盐碱性

谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(glutathione S-transferases,GSTs)是一类高度保守的功能酶,在植物对非生物胁迫应答过程中发挥重要作用。本研究通过生物信息学分析发现,野生大豆GsGSTU13与水稻GSTU17蛋白序列相似性最高,均含有高度保守的结构域。为探究GsGSTU13基因对水稻耐盐碱性的影响,通过遗传转化、PCR、RT-PCR和GST活性检测,获得了2个GsGSTU13过表达转基因水稻纯合株系。苗期耐盐碱性分析显示,200 mmol L^(-1) NaHCO_(3)处理下,GsGSTU13转基因株系的活性氧积累显著低于野生型,而存活率、相对含水量、超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶、过氧化氢酶和GST活性均显著高于野生型。综上,在水稻中过表达GsGSTU13基因增强了活性氧清除能力,提高了转基因水稻耐盐碱性,为耐盐碱水稻新种质创制提供了参考。

光诱导基于EDA机理构建S-芳基黄原酸酯新策略

黄原酸酯类化合物作为药物化学、农业化学、材料化学中重要的组成部分,一直备受化学家们的关注.寻找简单、高效合成S-芳基取代黄原酸酯的方法引起了研究者广泛的关注.报道了一种可见光诱导下基于硫负离子与噻蒽盐间的EDA(电子供体受体)过程实现C-S键构建的新策略.在温和无金属的条件下,以中等至优良的收率得到了一系列S-芳基黄原酸酯,克级实验与日光实验证明了反应的应用潜力,为黄原酸酯类化合物的合成提供了一种新思路.

Isolation, Expression Characteristics and Chromosomal Locations of Three cDNA Fragments Under Salt Stress in Rice

cDNA libraries were constructed from the leaves of a rice (Oryza sativa L.) salt tolerancevariety Tesan抋i 2 growing in solutions with 150 mmol/L NaCl for 3 h or without salt stress. Three salt-responsive cDNA clones, Ts1, Ts2 and Ts3 were isolated by differential screening. Northern blottinganalysis showed that the transcription levels of Ts1 and Ts2 increased within 3 h salt stress and kept onincreasing within 24 h, while the transcription level of Ts3 reached its peak within 3 h. Sequence analysisindicated that there were no homologies between the three cDNA clones and any known gene. The threecDNA clones were mapped using a doubled haploid (DH) population derived from an indica variety ZYQ8,which was a salt tolerance parent of Tesan抋i 2, with a japonica variety JX17. Ts1, Ts2 and Ts3 werelocated on chromosomes 1, 3 and 7, respectively. It was noted that Ts1, Ts2, and Ts3 were in or near theregions of major or minor salt tolerance quantitative trait loci (QTLs), which were mapped in the same DHpopulation in a parallel study.

Characterization of Bacterial Community Structure and Diversity in Rhizosphere Soils of Three Plants in Rapidly Changing Salt Marshes Using 16S rDNA

The structure and diversity of the bacterial communities in rhizosphere soils of native Phragmites australis and Scirpus rnariqueter and alien Spartina alterniflora in the Yangtze River Estuary were investigated by constructing 16S ribosomal DNA （rDNA） clone libraries. The bacterial diversity was quantified by placing the clones into operational taxonomic unit （OTU） groups at the level of sequence similarity of 〉 97%. Phylogenetic analysis of the resulting 398 clone sequences indicated a high diversity of bacteria in the rhizosphere soils of these plants. The members of Alphaproteobacteria, Betaproteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, and Deltaproteobacteria of the phylum Proteobacteria were the most abundant in rhizobacteria. Chao 1 nonpaxametric diversity estimator coupled with the reciprocal of Simpson＇s index （l/D） was applied to sequence data obtained from each library to evaluate total sequence diversity and quantitatively compare the level of dominance. The results showed that Phragmites, Scirpus, and Spartina rhizosphere soils contained 200, 668, and 382 OTUs, respectively. The bacterial communities in the Spartina and Phragraites rhizosphere soils displayed species dominance revealed by 1/D, whereas the bacterial community in Scirpus rhizosphere soil had uniform distributions of species abundance. Overall, analysis of 16S rDNA clone libraries from the rhizosphere soils indicates that the changes in bacterial composition may occur concomitantly with the shift of species composition in plant communities.

Effect of Friedel's salt on strength enhancement of stabilized chloride saline soil

In the field of soil stabilization, only calcium silicate hydrate(CSH) and ettringite(AFt) as hydration products have been reported to directly contribute to the strength enhancement of the soil. A chloride dredger fill, an artificial chloride saline soil, and a non-saline soil were stabilized by Portland cement(PC) and PC with Ca(OH)_2(CH) with different contents. A series of unconfined compressive strength(UCS) tests of stabilized soil specimen after curing for 7 d and 28 d were carried out, and the hydration products and microstructure of the specimens were observed by X-ray diffractometry(XRD), scanning electronic microscopy(SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray analysis(EDXA). The results showed that the strengths of PC+CH-stabilized chloride saline soils were much higher than those of PC-stabilized soils. A new hydration product of calcium aluminate chloride hydrate, also known as Friedel's salt, appeared in the PC+CH-stabilized chloride saline soils. The solid-phase volume of Friedel's salt expanded during the formation of the hydrate; this volume filled the pores in the stabilized soil. This pore-filling effect was the most important contribution to the significantly enhanced strength of the PC+CH-stabilized chloride saline soils. On the basis of this understanding, a new optimized stabilizer was designed according to the concept that the chloride in saline soil could be utilized as a component of the stabilizer. The strength of the chloride saline soils stabilized by the optimized stabilizer was even further increased compared with that of the PC+CH-stabilized soils.

Synthesis, Characterization and Formation Mechanism of Friedel's Salt(FS:3CaO·A1_2O_3·CaCl_2·10H_2O) by the Reaction of Calcium Chloride with Sodium Aluminate

The synthesis of Friedel＇s salt （FS： 3CaO·Al2O3·CaCl2·10H2O） by the reaction of calcium chloride with sodium aluminate was investigated. Factors affecting the preparation of Friedel＇s salt, such as reaction temperature, initial concentration, titration speed, aging time and molar Ca/Al ratio were studied in detail. XRD, SEM images and particle size distribution show that the reaction temperature, aging time and molar Ca/Al ratio have significant effect on the composition, crystal morphology, and average particle size of the obtained samples. In addition, the initial CaCl2 concentration and NaAlO2 titration speed do not significantly influence the morphology and particle size distribution of Friedel＇s salt. With the optimization of the operating conditions, the crystals can grow up to a average size of about 28 μm, showing flat hexagonal （or pseudo- hexagonal） crystal morphology. Moreover, two potential mechanisms of Friedel＇s salt formation including adsorption mechanism and anion-exchange mechanism were discussed. In the adsorption mechanism, Friedel＇s salt forms due to the adsorption of the bulk C1- ions present in the solution into the interlayers of the principal layers, [Ca2Al（OH-）6·2H2O]＋, in order to balance the charge. In the anion-exchange mechanism, the freechloride ions bind with the AFro （a family of hydrated compounds found in cement） hydrates to form Friedel＇s salt by anion-exchange with the ions present in the interlayers of the principal layer, [Ca2Al（OH-）6. 2H2O]＋- OH-.

S-诱抗素对不同盐胁迫下水稻生理特性及产量的影响

为探讨S-诱抗素(S-ABA)对调控水稻(Oryza sativa L.)应对逆境胁迫、促进作物逆境生长的作用,以湘两优900为试验材料,在两叶一心及分蘖盛期喷施0.03 mg·L^(-1)S-ABA(稀释1000倍),于三叶一心和移栽后返青第5天进行0(CK)、0.3%(N1)和0.6%(N2)NaCl胁迫处理,分析S-ABA对不同生育时期(分蘖期、拔节期和抽穗期)盐胁迫下水稻表型和生理特性的影响。结果表明,盐胁迫抑制水稻植株生长,且抑制效果随盐浓度的增加和生育期的延长而增强;与对照(CK)相比,N1、N2处理抑制各生育期光合作用,使各生育期内抗氧化酶活性显著升高,丙二醛(MDA)、过氧化氢(H_(2)O_(2))和可溶性蛋白含量增加,并提高了非酶促抗氧化物质含量;与CK相比,N1、N2处理分别减产21.09%和55.16%;叶面喷施SN1(S-ABA+0.3%NaCl)和SN2(S-ABA+0.6%NaCl)能促进盐胁迫下水稻植株生长,提高各生育期内的光合能力和叶绿素含量,进一步增强各生育时期内的抗氧化物酶活性、非酶促抗氧化物质含量和可溶性蛋白含量,抑制活性氧积累,降低MDA和H_(2)O_(2)含量,SN1较N1、SN2较N2处理分别增产37.47%和70.18%。综上所述,叶面喷施S-ABA可通过增强各生育时期内的光合特性、抗氧化水平和渗透调节能力来有效缓解水稻盐害,最终实现盐胁迫下水稻增产。本研究结果为水稻耐盐性研究及提高盐胁迫下水稻产量提供了理论指导。

Response of microbial biomass and bacterial community composition to fertilization in a salt marsh in China

The effects of nitrogen （N） addition on microbial biomass, bacterial abundance, and community composition in sediment colonized by Suaeda heteroptera were examined by chloroform fumigation extraction method, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） in a salt marsh located in Shuangtai Estuary, China. The sediment samples were collected from plots treated with different amounts of a single N fertilizer （urea supplied at 0.1, 0.2, 0.4 and 0.8 g/kg （nitrogen content in sediment） and different forms of N fertilizers （urea, （NH4）2SO4, and NH4NO3, each supplied at 0.2 g/kg （calculated by nitrogen）. The fertilizers were applied 1-4 times during the plant-growing season in May, luly, August, and September of 2013. Untreated plots were included as a control. The results showed that both the amount and form of N positively influenced microbial biomass carbon, microbial biomass nitrogen, and bacterial abundance. The DGGE profiles revealed that the bacterial community composition was also affected by the amount and form of N. Thus, our findings indicate that short-term N amendment increases microbial biomass and bacterial abundance, and alters the structure of bacterial community.

Provenance and salt structures of gypsum formations in Pb-Zn ore-bearing Lanping basin,Southwest China

Large-scale gypsum rocks associated with world-class Pb-Zn ore formations are widely distributed in the Lanping Basin,Sowthwest China.Geochemical studies alongside field investigations were conducted in this study to determine the source and evolutionary processes of the gypsum rocks in this area.The gypsum sequences in the Lanping Basin developed in two formations:the Triassic Sanhedong Formation and the Paleogene Yunlong Formation.The gypsum hosted in the former displays a primary thick-banded structure withδ34SV-CDT values in the range of 14.5‰−14.8‰.Combined with the 87Sr/86Sr values(0.707737−0.707783)of limestone,it can be suggested that the Sanhedong Formation is of marine origin.In contrast,the gypsum from the Paleogene Yunlong Formation is characterized by the dome,bead and diapiric salt structures,wider range of both 87Sr/86Sr(0.707695−0.708629)andδ34SV-CDT values(9.6‰−17‰),thus indicating a marine source but with the input of continental materials.The initial layered salt formations were formed by chemical deposition in a basin and were later intensely deformed by collisional orogeny during the Himalaya period.As a result,variable salt structures were formed.We hereby propose an evolutionary model to elucidate the genesis of the gypsum formations in the Lanping Basin.

HAL1 mediate salt adaptation in Arabidopsis thaliana

The yeast HAL1 gene was introduced into Arabidopsis thaliana by Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation with vacuum infiltration under the control of CaMV 35S promoter. Thirty-three individual kanamycin resistant plants were obtained from 75,000 seeds. Southern blotting analysis indicated that HAL1 gene had been integrated into all of the transgenic plants’ genomes. The copy number of HAL1 gene in transgenic plants was mostly 1 to 3 by Southern analysis. Phenotypes of transgenic plants have no differences with wild type plants. several samples of transformants were self-pollinated, and progenies from transformed and non-transformed plants (controls) were evaluated for salt tolerance and gene expression. Measurement of concentrations of intracellular K+ and Na+ showed that transgenic lines were able to retain less Na+ than that of the control under salt stress. Results from different tests indicated the expression of HAL1 gene promotes a higher level of salt tolerance in vivo in the transgenic Arabidopsis plants.

外源H_(2)S对盐胁迫下红砂幼苗叶片和根系氮代谢的影响

H_(2)S作为新型气体信号分子在调控植物生长发育和抗逆境胁迫中发挥着重要作用。为探究外源H_(2)S对盐胁迫下红砂(Reaumuria soongorica)氮代谢的影响机制及最佳叶施浓度,以当年生红砂幼苗为材料,采用盆栽试验,以1/2 Hoagland浇灌为对照(CK)考察在300 mmol·L^(-1)NaCl胁迫(CK_(300))下,叶面喷施不同浓度(0、0.010、0.025、0.050、0.100、0.250、0.500、1 mmol·L^(-1))H_(2)S供体硫氢化钠(NaHS)对红砂叶片和根系中硝酸还原酶(NR)、谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)、谷氨酸合成酶(GOGAT)活性以及硝态氮、可溶性蛋白和游离氨基酸含量的影响。结果表明,盐胁迫下,红砂幼苗根、叶中可溶性蛋白、游离氨基酸、硝态氮含量以及NR、GOGAT、GS活性均较对照(CK)显著下降。经不同浓度外源H_(2)S处理后,红砂根、叶中可溶性蛋白含量与单独盐胁迫对照(CK_(300))相比显著降低,NR、GOGAT、GS活性和硝态氮、游离氨基酸含量显著升高。综合分析认为,NR和GS可作为H_(2)S对盐胁迫下红砂幼苗缓解效应的主要评价指标,且外源H_(2)S对盐胁迫下红砂幼苗最适缓解浓度为0.025 mmol·L^(-1)。综上,外施适宜浓度的NaHS能有效缓解盐胁迫对红砂幼苗氮代谢功能的抑制作用。本研究结果为深入了解红砂耐盐机理和培育红砂优质种质资源提供了理论依据。

Effects of Sea Salts on Induction of Cell Proliferation in Liquid Cultures of Mangrove Plants, Sonneratia caseolaris and S. alba

The effects of five salt ingredients of sea water, KCl, NaCl, CaCl2, MgCl2 and MgSO4, on induction of cell prolif-eration in Sonneratia caseolaris were investigated. Proliferation was examined in tissue explants derived from such as leaves, cotyledons, and hypocotyls using a small-scale liquid culture method. Addition of 12.5-25 mM of MgCl2 was unique in stimulating cell proliferation in all tissues of S. caseolaris. Otherwise, different effects of salts were observed among the three tissues. In hypocotyl culture, 25-50 mM of NaCl and CaCl2 stimulated cell divisions. Tolerance to 100 mM of MgSO4 was observed in leaves. Three osmotically active compounds commonly used in tissue culture, sorbitol, mannitol and glycinebetaine, were also tested to assess the importance of osmotic effects on cell proliferation. No significant stimulation by these was observed over a wide range of concentrations. Data were compared with those of cotyledon cultures of another mangrove, S. alba, which exhibits no stimulation by MgCl2, stimulation by KCl and tolerance to NaCl. Mechanisms for adaptation of mangrove plants to various and high salts were discussed by comparing the differences in reaction to salts in cultures of two Sonneratia mangrove species of the same genera growing different salt environment.

The World's Salt Lakes:Today and Tomorrow

The 12th International Conference on Salt Lake Research,which is organized jointly by International Society of Salt Lake and The Institute of Mineral Resources,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,will be held on July 14–18,2014 in Langfang,Hebei Province,China.The conference themes focus on future and global salt lake sustainable research and development and will bring together international specialists in limnology,sedimentology,geology,geochemistry,biology,

TIBET’S LAST CARAVAN WITH TRANSPORTING SALT(III)——SALT LANGUAGE AND THE CARAVAN

Saltmen believed aboriginal gods were everywhere. If anyone in a caravan did something bad, offending the local gods, then these would punish the caravan and even bring down disaster upon it. If everyone respected and offered sacrifices to the gods, and followed all the caravan rules, then they the gods would protect them.

EXPLOITATION & DEVELOPMENT OF CHINA'S SALT LAKE RESOURCES

This article recounts the current state of the research, developmemt and exploitation of the salt-lake resources in China’s hinterland with emphasis placed on those in Qinghai Province. It suggests that R&D input in and exploitation of the resources be stepped up, as this is of vital significance in boosting the regional economy of northwest China.

LITHIUM RESOURCES IN CHINA'S SALT LAKES & ITS SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

This article gives an introductory exposition of the growing demands of lithium on the market against the background of current rapid S&Tprogress and booming economic development, the worldwide trend in the production of lithium salts and the rich lithium reserves in China’s salt lakes as well as the brilliant prospects for its exploitation in the future. The article proposes that a sustainable exploitation of the lithium trove from these salt lakes should be rooted in comprehensive utilization of the trove and take a long-term approach, emphasizing high value proliferation in developing quality lithium-based products. Also, it expresses some tentative ideas on building demonstration bases for all-round exploitation and utilization of the salt lake resources and the development of lithium cells.

TIBET'S LAST CARAVAN CHARGED WITH TRANSPORTING SALT(Ⅶ):Barter Trade between Food Grains and Salt

By setting out for saline lakes in spring, Tibetan caravans on horseback return to farmlands in autumn to barter salt for agricultural products.

TIBET'S LAST CARAVAN CHARGED WITH TRANSPORTING SALT(Ⅸ):Kelsang Wangdul Arrives at Lhasa

The road became worse by the south part of Namtso;streams of melting snow had eroded the road until it resembled a giant comb.The vehicle alternated between speeding along and a sudden brake that made everyone lurch about as though they were all intoxicated.

A PROPOSAL FOR DEVELOPING CHEMISTRY AND CHEMICAL ENGINEERING OF CHINA'S SALT LAKES

The author puts forward a proposal for developing chemistry and chemical engineering of China’s salt lakes on the basis of an investigation into exploitation and utilization of salt lake resources all over the world. It contains the subjects of setting up an engineering research center, mainly developing leading products, giving priority to the development of a chemical industry by using Qinghai salt lake resources, actively popularizing results, stressing basic research and systematic management.