Optimum Weight Design of Functionally Graded Material Gears

Traditional gear weight optimization methods consider gear tooth number, module, face width or other dimension parameters of gear as design variables. However, due to the complicated form and geometric features peculiar to the gear, there will be large amounts of design parameters in gear design, and the influences of gear parameters changing on gear trains, transmission system and the whole equipment have to be taken into account, which increases the complexity of optimization problem. This paper puts forward to apply functionally graded materials（FGMs） to gears and then conduct the optimization. According to the force situation of gears, the material distribution form of FGM gears is determined. Then based on the performance parameters analysis of FGMs and the practical working demands for gears, a multi-objective optimization model is formed. Finally by using the goal driven optimization（GDO） method, the optimal material distribution is achieved, which makes gear weight and the maximum deformation be minimum and the maximum bending stress do not exceed the allowable stress. As an example, the applying of FGM to automotive transmission gear is conducted to illustrate the optimization design process and the result shows that under the condition of keeping the normal working performance of gear, the method achieves in greatly reducing the gear weight. This research proposes a FGM gears design method that is able to largely reduce the weight of gears by optimizing the microscopic material parameters instead of changing the macroscopic dimension parameters of gears, which reduces the complexity of gear weight optimization problem.

Light-Weight Design Method for Force-Performance-Structure of Complex Structural Part Based Co-operative Optimization

A light?weight design method of integrated structural topology and size co?optimization for the force?performance?structure of complex structural parts is presented in this paper. Firstly, the supporting function of a complex structural part is built to map the force transmission, where the force exerted areas and constraints are considered as connecting structure and the structural configuration, to determine the part performance as well as the force routines. Then the connecting structure design model, aiming to optimize the static and dynamic performances on connection configuration, is developed, and the optimum design of the characteristic parameters is carried out by means of the collaborative optimization method, namely, the integrated structural topology optimization and size optimization. In this design model, the objective is to maximize the connecting stiffness. Based on the relationship between the force and the structural configuration of a part, the optimal force transmission routine that can meet the performance requirements is obtained using the structural topology optimization technology. Accordingly, the light?weight design of conceptual configuration for complex parts under multi?objective and multi?condition can be realized. Finally, based on the proposed collaborative optimization design method, the optimal performance and optimal structure of the complex parts with light weight are realized, and the reasonable structural unit configuration and size charac?teristic parameters are obtained. A bed structure of gantry?type machining center is designed by using the proposed light?weight structure design method in this paper, as an illustrative example. The bed after the design optimization is lighter 8% than original one, and the rail deformation is reduced by 5%. Moreover, the lightweight design of the bed is achieved with enhanced performance to show the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Size effect of lattice material and minimum weight design

The size effects of microstructure of lattice materials on structural analysis and minimum weight design are studied with extented multiscale finite element method（EMsFEM） in the paper. With the same volume of base material and configuration, the structural displacement and maximum axial stress of micro-rod of lattice structures with different sizes of microstructure are analyzed and compared.It is pointed out that different from the traditional mathematical homogenization method, EMsFEM is suitable for analyzing the structures which is constituted with lattice materials and composed of quantities of finite-sized micro-rods.The minimum weight design of structures composed of lattice material is studied with downscaling calculation of EMsFEM under stress constraints of micro-rods. The optimal design results show that the weight of the structure increases with the decrease of the size of basic sub-unit cells. The paper presents a new approach for analysis and optimization of lattice materials in complex engineering constructions.

Light-Weight Design of CRH Wind Deflector Panels based on Woven Textile Sandwich Composites

The woven textile sandwich composite（WTSC） is a promising lightweight composite.In bending,two competing core shearing failure modes reduce the strength;deflection induced by the core shearing deformation reduces the flexural rigidity.To replace a solid composite laminate,the span of WTSC panel must be greater than a critical value,which was deduced on the condition that the load capacity and flexural rigidity of the WTSC panel are equal to those of the composite laminate.Three WTSC panels were tested in bending,so that the failure modes were observed,and the critical spans were determined.Using the alternative design method,the WTSC based wind deflector with reduced weight has been fabricated and mounted on the CRH（China Railway High-speed）.

Decomposition of Mathematical Programming Models for Aircraft Wing Design Facilitating the Use of Dynamic Programming Approach

Aircraft designers strive to achieve optimal weight-reliability tradeoffs while designing an aircraft. Since aircraft wing skins account for more than fifty percent of their structural weight, aircraft wings must be designed with utmost care and attention in terms of material types and thickness configurations. In particular, the selection of thickness at each location of the aircraft wing skin is the most consequential task for aircraft designers. To accomplish this, we present discrete mathematical programming models to obtain optimal thicknesses either to minimize weight or to maximize reliability. We present theoretical results for the decomposition of these discrete mathematical programming models to reduce computer memory requirements and facilitate the use of dynamic programming for design purposes. In particular, a decomposed version of the weight minimization problem is solved for an aircraft wing with thirty locations (or panels) and fourteen thickness choices for each location to yield an optimal minimum weight design.

Frequency Weighting Filter Design for Automotive Ride Comfort Evaluation

Few study gives guidance to design weighting filters according to the frequency weighting factors,and the additional evaluation method of automotive ride comfort is not made good use of in some countries.Based on the regularities of the weighting factors,a method is proposed and the vertical and horizontal weighting filters are developed.The whole frequency range is divided several times into two parts with respective regularity.For each division,a parallel filter constituted by a low-and a high-pass filter with the same cutoff frequency and the quality factor is utilized to achieve section factors.The cascading of these parallel filters obtains entire factors.These filters own a high order.But,low order filters are preferred in some applications.The bilinear transformation method and the least P-norm optimal infinite impulse response（IIR） filter design method are employed to develop low order filters to approximate the weightings in the standard.In addition,with the window method,the linear phase finite impulse response（FIR） filter is designed to keep the signal from distorting and to obtain the staircase weighting.For the same case,the traditional method produces 0.330 7 m · s^–2 weighted root mean square（r.m.s.） acceleration and the filtering method gives 0.311 9 m · s^–2 r.m.s.The fourth order filter for approximation of vertical weighting obtains 0.313 9 m · s^–2 r.m.s.Crest factors of the acceleration signal weighted by the weighting filter and the fourth order filter are 3.002 7 and 3.011 1,respectively.This paper proposes several methods to design frequency weighting filters for automotive ride comfort evaluation,and these developed weighting filters are effective.

Innovative Product Design Based on Customer Requirement Weight Calculation Model

In the processes of product innovation and design, it is important for the designers to find and capture customer＇s focus through customer requirement weight calculation and ranking. Based on the fuzzy set theory and Euclidean space distance, this paper puts forward a method for customer requirement weight calculation called Euclidean space distances weighting ranking method. This method is used in the fuzzy analytic hierarchy process that satisfies the additive consistent fuzzy matrix. A model for the weight calculation steps is constructed; meanwhile, a product innovation design module on the basis of the customer requirement weight calculation model is developed. Finally, combined with the instance of titanium sponge production, the customer requirement weight calculation model is validated. By the innovation design module, the structure of the titanium sponge reactor has been improved and made innovative.

基于差分进化算法的减速器齿轮参数优化设计

根据上海道路循环工况,利用载荷的随机连续性和20CrMnMo材料的低载强化特性进行减速器齿轮有限寿命的轻量化设计。基于线性损伤理论,分别计算编制载荷谱和连续载荷谱在低载强化效应下的疲劳损伤,将疲劳损伤约束在一定范围内为选取条件,以齿轮体积最小为优化目标,建立了齿轮有限寿命的轻量化优化模型,通过差分进化算法求解得到优化后的齿轮参数。实验结果表明,设计的模型可快速准确优化齿轮参数,在采用连续载荷谱和考虑低载强化效应时,优化的齿轮参数最小。优化的模型可移植性好,可直接迁移到其他变速系统零件的轻量化设计。

基于力学性能指标与耐久性能指标联合的夯土改性配比优化设计方法

素土强度低、耐久性差且各改性材料掺量往往由工匠凭经验大致确定,导致夯土表面时常容易开裂剥落,故应根据现场土质状况以及合理试验方法来设计夯土改性配比。现有研究大都局限于单一性能指标最优的配比,而现实中夯土既要考虑针对多项力学性能指标与耐久性能指标的同步优化,还要考虑不同地域与气候条件下各指标的重要性不同。另外,现有研究仅能确定若干预设配比中的最优组,而非改性材料预设掺量范围内的最优配比。为此,文章提出一种基于力学性能指标与耐久性能指标联合的夯土改性配比优化设计方法,其包括:(1)土料选用原则与土质鉴定方法;(2)考虑夯土多性能指标的综合赋权方法;(3)基于加权评分和回归分析的夯土改性配比综合比选与优化方法。文章方法通过调整指标权重筛选出适应指标重要性不同时的夯土改性配比,并通过优化设计获得各改性材料预设掺量范围内的最优配比。最后通过设计实例证明了文章方法的确可得到最优的夯土改性配比。

基于作者网络结构特征的学术虚拟社区知识交流效率评价

[目的/意义]学术虚拟社区知识交流效率测度对于了解和改进学术虚拟社区本身有着积极的意义,也为相关知识交流效率评价方法提供了新的分析应用领域。[方法/过程]文章提出了一种利用博文作者网络进行学术虚拟社区知识交流效率测度的方法。通过汇总每位博文作者的浏览总量、推荐总数、评论总数、文章类别数量等特征设计了网络节点权值,并根据博文作者领域特征进行边权值设计。然后对该网络从路径长度、聚类系数等角度,分别按照学科版块和博文类别版块,结合时序演化特征,分析了相关版块中知识交流的效果和效率,并对相关现象和结论做了必要的总结。[结果/结论]对学术虚拟社区知识交流相关研究进行了较为完整的前期研究总结,并对需要关注的研究方向和内容作出了阐述和介绍。

基于FSRce模型的机电产品绿色概念设计方案生成方法

针对部分机电产品在概念设计阶段未综合考虑客户和环境的需求,进而影响产品详细设计的问题,提出了一种基于功能—结构—客户和环境需求(function‒structure‒requirements of customer and environment,FSRce)模型的机电产品绿色概念设计方案生成方法。首先,从案例库中选择合适的功能和结构对现有产品设计树中的节点进行扩展和关联;同时通过数据挖掘、专家打分等方法获得产品的客户和环境需求重要度,以构建基于FSRce模型的产品概念设计空间。然后,先利用加权区间粗糙数法对客户和环境需求重要度进行分析,得到需求相对重要度,再运用模糊质量功能展开(fuzzy quality function deployment,FQFD)将需求相对重要度转化为产品的工程特性权重。最后,利用物元理论构建基于工程特性的产品物元域和各结构物元集,并结合工程特性权重得到各结构的满意度分值,通过比较满意度优选得到满足客户和环境需求的产品概念设计方案。以某小型工业吹风机为例,基于上述方法对其概念设计方案进行优化。相比于原始方案,优化后的吹风机在能源消耗上降低了15.38%,在碳排放上降低了15.32%,且客户满意度提高了44.66%,由此验证了所提出方法的可行性与有效性。所提出的方法为机电产品概念设计方案的生成提供了一种新思路,能更好地辅助设计人员实现对机电产品的绿色设计。

轻钢厂房全过程设计系统研发

轻钢厂房设计包括结构设计、施工图设计、加工图设计及围护面板设计等多个流程,当前各设计流程之间的数据流动并不顺畅。本研究设计了一套轻钢厂房全过程设计系统,消除了各设计流程间的数据流通障碍,符合传统设计流程,并避免了重复建模,提高了轻钢厂房设计效率。

基于健康信念理论的轻食智能厨具设计策略——以减肥人群为例

针对减肥人群对肥胖后果认识不到位、健康饮食习惯难以养成的现状,提出基于健康信念理论的轻食智能厨具设计策略。运用健康信念理论分析减肥人群生理、心理、行为特征,得到用户需求和设计机会点,总结出厨具产品在功能、使用、交互方面的触点,结合产品情感化设计原则,从本能层、行为层、反思层提出轻食智能厨具的设计策略。轻食智能厨具设计策略。该方法可为面向健康饮食场景中的轻食厨具产品设计和健康设计的探索扩宽思路。

基于最优权重和形状文法的关中民间艺术在家具设计上的应用

为了对陕西关中地区民间艺术进行归纳和梳理,本文构建了陕西关中地区民间艺术文化基因图谱,并运用现代设计方法进行转译,赋予了关中地区民间艺术活态化、多样化、年轻化的呈现。首先,通过对陕西关中地区的实地考察和相关文献资料的整理分析,深入解读和探究关中地区的民间艺术。然后,引入“文化基因”理论,从形态、色彩、材质、语义、环境、纹样六个方面剖析陕西关中民间艺术的文化因子,并结合文化创意表现,拓宽陕西关中民间艺术的表现形式和传播手段。最后,通过对文化因子的时尚化转化,并结合多元设计形式,实现了对传统关中地区民间艺术内涵的继承和创新,为陕西民间艺术装饰内涵和形态创新的传承和发展提供了新理念、新思路、新方法。

基于认知差异的点餐界面可用性评价

近年来,线上点餐的中年用户数量激增,但其界面设计的普适性相对欠缺,存在较大的优化空间。运用设计学科方法对中年用户点餐体验进行优化,能提高点餐效率,产生更高的经济价值。本文先通过感性问卷调研,得出中、青年用户对点餐界面的感性认知差异评价。再利用眼动实验得出点餐界面可用性评价。最后,综合分析总结两项评价结果,找出点餐界面中待解决问题,并根据这些问题提出普适设计建议:其一,加大导航栏字号、采用通俗词语、利用色彩加强视觉引导来帮助中年用户理解界面信息;其二,将界面中的装饰性图片替换为功能性图片,可以有效提高中年用户点餐效率;其三,增加切换控件部分在界面的占比,加入自动播放功能,引导中年用户使用该功能。

熵权法构建的楚城叙事空间优化更新研究

文旅融合背景下,旅游景区空间在传统文化挖掘与传承创新方面实现了新突破。熵权法作为客观赋权法,是明晰景区空间影响因素与作用机制的有效途径。本文以武汉东湖风景区中的楚城为研究对象,在探讨文旅驱动空间优化理论框架的基础上分析景区叙事的空间维度,采用熵权法构建了景区叙事空间优化指标体系与评价体系,发现楚城文旅融合处于中等水平但呈现出日益协调的发展态势,并探讨了景区叙事空间协调发展的影响因素与驱动机制,提出了“符号转译表达”“意象编织融合”“情景体验构建”的设计策略。

边界辅助监督的轻量化卫星部件语义分割网络

空间卫星部件的准确分割对于在轨对接及维修等具有重要意义,然而太空场景的特殊性导致卫星及其部件和太空背景的像素数量差异悬殊,同时不同部件在相邻区域难以区分.本文提出边界辅助监督的轻量化卫星部件语义分割网络(edge-auxiliary supervised components segmentation network,EASCSN),经过双分支结构提取多尺度特征和全局语义信息,并以级联形式将语义信息注入到空间特征中,采用多尺度特征聚合解码器处理编码器特征并完成部件分割.此外,为了提高网络边界感知能力,增加边界监督策略辅助训练.在公开数据集的定性与定量实验证明,本方法能在实时且轻量的前提下准确完成卫星部件语义分割,其中平均交并比达到74.74%,平均准确率达到80.99%,计算量和参数量仅为6.08GFLOPS(giga floating-point operations per second)和5.45M,在NVIDIA Tesla T4 GPU上分割速度能够达到43.29帧每秒.高效的卫星部件识别具有辅助感知目标卫星结构和完成空间任务的应用价值,并具备推广星上计算机的潜力.

基于灰色关联-熵权法的座体注塑工艺参数优化

手持风扇底座具有复杂曲面与多筋结构等复杂的结构特征,这阻碍了材料的流动,可能会使产品产生熔接线、翘曲、体积收缩等缺陷,进而影响产品的表面质量和尺寸精度。为解决上述问题,通过理论算法与有限元仿真相结合开展风扇底座注塑工艺参数的优化研究。首先,根据产品特征确定了型腔数量及浇口位置,初步分析发现产品的缩痕指数相对较大;其次,以翘曲变形和缩痕指数为优化目标,建立中心复合试验方案并开展仿真分析,结合灰色关联与熵权法进行多目标优化,确定了工艺参数对灰色关联度影响的大小程度,依次为熔体温度、模具温度、注射时间、保压压力及保压时间;最后,确定最佳工艺参数组合为熔体温度225℃、模具温度30℃、注射时间5 s、保压压力20 MPa及保压时间30 s。相比初始方案,最佳工艺参数组合下的缩痕指数降低了30.79%,由于加强筋的存在翘曲变形优化前后相差较小。

基于权重分析的高功率激光系统参数优化设计

文章研究了高功率激光远场传输特性,建立了衍射效应、大气湍流效应等多因素综合作用下的高功率激光远场性能通用模型,并结合外场实际应用情况,对该模型提出了一定修正建议。基于上述模型,通过定义评价指标参数权重因子,确定了高功率激光系统核心指标的设计方法与优化原则。仿真结果表明,激光光束质量和发射功率是决定远场激光功率密度水平的关键因素,其中光束质量的影响权重最高约30%~79%,需优先确定,且越接近衍射极限越好。发射口径权重值最低约4%~24%,对远场功率密度的提升效果相对有限,需综合系统其他功能如跟瞄性能进行权衡设计。最后通过实例分析,验证了指标权重因子设计的科学性,以及核心指标体系设计原则的正确性,对于高功率激光系统的工程化设计有重要的参考价值和指导意义。

蜂窝板预埋管路辐射器流动散热特性仿真

为解决传统数值方法对辐射器对流换热系数评估困难、流动散热性能预测精度不高的问题,明晰工况参数与重力对辐射器流动散热特性影响规律,指导辐射器轻量化设计与地面试验,构建辐射器导热-对流-辐射耦合传热等比仿真模型,评估其与经验公式对辐射器水动力及热特性预测可靠性,分析流量、入口温度、吸收外热流及重力对辐射器工作特性影响规律。结果表明:辐射器压降及散热功率模拟值与真空热试验数据最大相对误差为3 45%和2 86%,压降及换热系数经验公式预测值与仿真值最大相对误差为-10 15%和-33 18%;辐射器散热功率随流量与入口温度的增加而增大,吸收外热流增加会降低对流换热热流量,相较零重力,常重力水平状态辐射器散热功率提高2 86%。所建模型可准确预测辐射器工作特性;辐射器设计应在满足压降与出口温度指标要求时,提高流量与入口温度,地面试验辐射器应竖直放置。