Obesity rates are increasing in Cameroon. Obstetric literature has recently focused on the rising incidence of complications with increases in weight gain in pregnancy. Some of these complications include gestational ...Obesity rates are increasing in Cameroon. Obstetric literature has recently focused on the rising incidence of complications with increases in weight gain in pregnancy. Some of these complications include gestational diabetes, hypertensive disorders, operative deliveries, genital tract lacerations and fetal birth trauma. Examining the effects of excess weight gain during the course of pregnancy could help identify weight gain limits. The Institute of Medicine (IOM) was recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) to develop guidelines for weight gain during pregnancy and we designed this study in order to determine delivery outcomes when weight is gained above these guidelines. We also sought to know if these guidelines are applicable in our environment. In this cross-sectional analytic design, pre-pregnancy and intra-partum BMIs were calculated for all the parturients who consented. They were classified into normal weight gain and excessive weight gain based on IOM recommendations. Those in the normal weight gain group were women with BMIs that ranged between 18.5 kg/m2 and 30 kg/m2 and who gained 9 - 16 kgs. Those who gained weight above these range were considered as having gained excessive weight during pregnancy. They were all follow-up in labor using the partogram. We compared prepartum, intra-partum and post-partum outcomes in the two groups by calculating odds ratios (ORs), 95% confidence intervals and p values. One hundred and ten (110) overweight women were matched against the same number of women who had normal weight gain. There was no significant difference between social status, marital status as well as level of educational and weight gain in the two groups. Underweight (BMI p = 0.048). Women who gained weight above the recommended range suffered from preeclampsia 18.2% vs. 6.4% (OR 3.2, 95% CI 1.3 - 8.0, p = 0.014), higher cesarean section rates 27.3% vs. 10% (OR 3.3, 95% CI 1.5 - 7.1, p = 0.002), higher rates of induced labor 19.1% vs. 9.0% (OR 2.4, 95% CI 1.0 - 5.2, p = 0.05), prolonged labor 43.6% vs. 16.4% (OR 4.0, 95% CI 2.1 - 7.4, p = 0.000), postpartum hemorrhage 10% vs. 1.8% (OR 6.2, 95% CI 1.3 - 9.2, p = 0.002). There were also higher rates of fetal mal-presentation, 11.8% vs. 3.6% (OR 4.0, 95% CI 1.31 - 11.9, p = 0.004), macrosomia 30.9% vs. 6.4% (OR 7.0, 95% CI 2.7 - 15.6, p p = 0.0045) and birth trauma 10% vs. 1.8%. (OR 6.2, 95% CI 1.3 - 9.2, p = 0.023). Women who gained weight during pregnancy above the recommended range had increased risk of adverse obstetric and neonatal outcomes.展开更多
Oxide scale formation on a C-steel surface has been investigated using linear heating rates ranging from 0.1℃/min to 10℃/min at high temperatures. The studies on the oxide scale formation at high temperature (650℃)...Oxide scale formation on a C-steel surface has been investigated using linear heating rates ranging from 0.1℃/min to 10℃/min at high temperatures. The studies on the oxide scale formation at high temperature (650℃) at slower heating rate (0.1℃/min) shows that the kinetic regime is linear. X-ray diffraction measurements revealed that the scale constituents are significantly influenced by the heating rate. The adherence of the scale was improved by using slower heating rate (0.1℃/min-≤650℃), while above such degree the scale was susceptible to cracking and flaking out of the alloy surface. In fact, the development of oxide growth stresses can cause considerable scale cracking. As well, variation of the crystallite sizes under the aforementioned conditions might affect the scale stacking to the alloy surface. The secondary electron detector images of the oxide scale shows that the scale was imperfectly smooth and there were a number of voids and defects in the scale skin, especially at fast heating rate. This observation could be attributed to defects of the as-received alloy. In general, slower heating rate reduced the defects of the scale and improved its adherence.展开更多
文摘Obesity rates are increasing in Cameroon. Obstetric literature has recently focused on the rising incidence of complications with increases in weight gain in pregnancy. Some of these complications include gestational diabetes, hypertensive disorders, operative deliveries, genital tract lacerations and fetal birth trauma. Examining the effects of excess weight gain during the course of pregnancy could help identify weight gain limits. The Institute of Medicine (IOM) was recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) to develop guidelines for weight gain during pregnancy and we designed this study in order to determine delivery outcomes when weight is gained above these guidelines. We also sought to know if these guidelines are applicable in our environment. In this cross-sectional analytic design, pre-pregnancy and intra-partum BMIs were calculated for all the parturients who consented. They were classified into normal weight gain and excessive weight gain based on IOM recommendations. Those in the normal weight gain group were women with BMIs that ranged between 18.5 kg/m2 and 30 kg/m2 and who gained 9 - 16 kgs. Those who gained weight above these range were considered as having gained excessive weight during pregnancy. They were all follow-up in labor using the partogram. We compared prepartum, intra-partum and post-partum outcomes in the two groups by calculating odds ratios (ORs), 95% confidence intervals and p values. One hundred and ten (110) overweight women were matched against the same number of women who had normal weight gain. There was no significant difference between social status, marital status as well as level of educational and weight gain in the two groups. Underweight (BMI p = 0.048). Women who gained weight above the recommended range suffered from preeclampsia 18.2% vs. 6.4% (OR 3.2, 95% CI 1.3 - 8.0, p = 0.014), higher cesarean section rates 27.3% vs. 10% (OR 3.3, 95% CI 1.5 - 7.1, p = 0.002), higher rates of induced labor 19.1% vs. 9.0% (OR 2.4, 95% CI 1.0 - 5.2, p = 0.05), prolonged labor 43.6% vs. 16.4% (OR 4.0, 95% CI 2.1 - 7.4, p = 0.000), postpartum hemorrhage 10% vs. 1.8% (OR 6.2, 95% CI 1.3 - 9.2, p = 0.002). There were also higher rates of fetal mal-presentation, 11.8% vs. 3.6% (OR 4.0, 95% CI 1.31 - 11.9, p = 0.004), macrosomia 30.9% vs. 6.4% (OR 7.0, 95% CI 2.7 - 15.6, p p = 0.0045) and birth trauma 10% vs. 1.8%. (OR 6.2, 95% CI 1.3 - 9.2, p = 0.023). Women who gained weight during pregnancy above the recommended range had increased risk of adverse obstetric and neonatal outcomes.
文摘Oxide scale formation on a C-steel surface has been investigated using linear heating rates ranging from 0.1℃/min to 10℃/min at high temperatures. The studies on the oxide scale formation at high temperature (650℃) at slower heating rate (0.1℃/min) shows that the kinetic regime is linear. X-ray diffraction measurements revealed that the scale constituents are significantly influenced by the heating rate. The adherence of the scale was improved by using slower heating rate (0.1℃/min-≤650℃), while above such degree the scale was susceptible to cracking and flaking out of the alloy surface. In fact, the development of oxide growth stresses can cause considerable scale cracking. As well, variation of the crystallite sizes under the aforementioned conditions might affect the scale stacking to the alloy surface. The secondary electron detector images of the oxide scale shows that the scale was imperfectly smooth and there were a number of voids and defects in the scale skin, especially at fast heating rate. This observation could be attributed to defects of the as-received alloy. In general, slower heating rate reduced the defects of the scale and improved its adherence.
