The Zhuxi deposit is a recently discovered W–Cu deposit located in the Jiangnan porphyry–skarn W belt in South China. The deposit has a resource of 3.44 million tonnes of WO3, making it the largest on Earth,however ...The Zhuxi deposit is a recently discovered W–Cu deposit located in the Jiangnan porphyry–skarn W belt in South China. The deposit has a resource of 3.44 million tonnes of WO3, making it the largest on Earth,however its origin and the evolution of its magmatic–hydrothermal system remain unclear, largely because alteration–mineralization types in this giant deposit have been less well-studied, apart from a study of the calcic skarn orebodies. The different types of mineralization can be classified into magnesian skarn, calcic skarn, and scheelite–quartz–muscovite(SQM) vein types. Field investigations and mineralogical analyses show that the magnesian skarn hosted by dolomitic limestone is characterized by garnet of the grossular–pyralspite(pyrope, almandine, and spessartine) series, diopside, serpentine,and Mg-rich chlorite. The calcic skarn hosted by limestone is characterized by garnet of the grossular–andradite series, hedenbergite, wollastonite, epidote, and Fe-rich chlorite. The SQM veins host highgrade W–Cu mineralization and have overprinted the magnesian and calcic skarn orebodies. Scheelite is intergrown with hydrous silicates in the retrograde skarn, or occurs with quartz, chalcopyrite, sulfide minerals, fluorite, and muscovite in the SQM veins.Fluid inclusion investigations of the gangue and ore minerals revealed the evolution of the ore-forming fluids, which involved:(1) melt and coexisting high–moderate-salinity, high-temperature, high-pressure(>450 ℃and >1.68 kbar), methane-bearing aqueous fluids that were trapped in prograde skarn minerals;(2) moderate–low-salinity, moderate-temperature, moderate-pressure(~210–300 ℃and ~0.64 kbar),methane-rich aqueous fluids that formed the retrograde skarn-type W orebodies;(3) low-salinity,moderate–low-temperature, moderate-pressure(~150–240 ℃and ~0.56 kbar), methane-rich aqueous fluids that formed the quartz–sulfide Cu(–W) orebodies in skarn;(4) moderate–low-salinity,moderate-temperature, low-pressure(~150–250 ℃and ~0.34 kbar) alkanes-dominated aqueous fluids in the SQM vein stage, which led to the formation of high-grade W–Cu orebodies. The S–Pb isotopic compositions of the sulfides suggest that the ore-forming materials were mainly derived from magma generated by crustal anatexis, with minor addition of a mantle component. The H–O isotopic compositions of quartz and scheelite indicate that the ore-forming fluids originated mainly from magmatic water with later addition of meteoric water. The C–O isotopic compositions of calcite indicate that the ore-forming fluid was originally derived from granitic magma, and then mixed with reduced fluid exsolved from local carbonate strata. Depressurization and resultant fluid boiling were key to precipitation of W in the retrograde skarn stage. Mixing of residual fluid with meteoric water led to a decrease in fluid salinity and Cu(–W) mineralization in the quartz–sulfide stage in skarn. The high-grade W–Cu mineralization in the SQM veins formed by multiple mechanisms, including fracturing, and fluid immiscibility, boiling, and mixing.展开更多
滇西维西县铜厂箐铜矿床赋存于中侏罗统花开佐组二段粉砂质泥岩、粉砂岩夹泥灰岩中,受断裂构造控制呈脉状产出。本次通过研究与该矿床铜矿化关系密切的石英及方解石C-H-O同位素组成特征,揭示其成矿流体来源,进而探讨该矿床成因。研究发...滇西维西县铜厂箐铜矿床赋存于中侏罗统花开佐组二段粉砂质泥岩、粉砂岩夹泥灰岩中,受断裂构造控制呈脉状产出。本次通过研究与该矿床铜矿化关系密切的石英及方解石C-H-O同位素组成特征,揭示其成矿流体来源,进而探讨该矿床成因。研究发现,该矿床中主成矿阶段与铜矿共生的方解石样品的δ13 C V-PDB值变化于-6.93‰~-6.16‰,均值为-6.69‰,δ18 O V-SMOW值变化于10.88‰~13.07‰,均值为11.98‰;与铜矿共生的石英样品的δ18 O V-SMOW值变化于14.22‰~16.88‰,均值为15.93‰,δD V-SMOW值介于-87.0‰~-61.7‰,均值为-75.99‰,表明成矿流体主要源自岩浆水。结合区域地质背景,认为在喜马拉雅期印度-欧亚大陆碰撞背景下,由于澜沧江深大断裂和雪龙山断裂长期活动,伴有深部岩浆含矿热液沿构造裂隙充填,形成铜厂箐脉状铜矿床。展开更多
基金supported financially by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41772069)the Public Welfare Foundation for Scientific Research in the Ministry of Land and Resources(No.201411035-3)。
文摘The Zhuxi deposit is a recently discovered W–Cu deposit located in the Jiangnan porphyry–skarn W belt in South China. The deposit has a resource of 3.44 million tonnes of WO3, making it the largest on Earth,however its origin and the evolution of its magmatic–hydrothermal system remain unclear, largely because alteration–mineralization types in this giant deposit have been less well-studied, apart from a study of the calcic skarn orebodies. The different types of mineralization can be classified into magnesian skarn, calcic skarn, and scheelite–quartz–muscovite(SQM) vein types. Field investigations and mineralogical analyses show that the magnesian skarn hosted by dolomitic limestone is characterized by garnet of the grossular–pyralspite(pyrope, almandine, and spessartine) series, diopside, serpentine,and Mg-rich chlorite. The calcic skarn hosted by limestone is characterized by garnet of the grossular–andradite series, hedenbergite, wollastonite, epidote, and Fe-rich chlorite. The SQM veins host highgrade W–Cu mineralization and have overprinted the magnesian and calcic skarn orebodies. Scheelite is intergrown with hydrous silicates in the retrograde skarn, or occurs with quartz, chalcopyrite, sulfide minerals, fluorite, and muscovite in the SQM veins.Fluid inclusion investigations of the gangue and ore minerals revealed the evolution of the ore-forming fluids, which involved:(1) melt and coexisting high–moderate-salinity, high-temperature, high-pressure(>450 ℃and >1.68 kbar), methane-bearing aqueous fluids that were trapped in prograde skarn minerals;(2) moderate–low-salinity, moderate-temperature, moderate-pressure(~210–300 ℃and ~0.64 kbar),methane-rich aqueous fluids that formed the retrograde skarn-type W orebodies;(3) low-salinity,moderate–low-temperature, moderate-pressure(~150–240 ℃and ~0.56 kbar), methane-rich aqueous fluids that formed the quartz–sulfide Cu(–W) orebodies in skarn;(4) moderate–low-salinity,moderate-temperature, low-pressure(~150–250 ℃and ~0.34 kbar) alkanes-dominated aqueous fluids in the SQM vein stage, which led to the formation of high-grade W–Cu orebodies. The S–Pb isotopic compositions of the sulfides suggest that the ore-forming materials were mainly derived from magma generated by crustal anatexis, with minor addition of a mantle component. The H–O isotopic compositions of quartz and scheelite indicate that the ore-forming fluids originated mainly from magmatic water with later addition of meteoric water. The C–O isotopic compositions of calcite indicate that the ore-forming fluid was originally derived from granitic magma, and then mixed with reduced fluid exsolved from local carbonate strata. Depressurization and resultant fluid boiling were key to precipitation of W in the retrograde skarn stage. Mixing of residual fluid with meteoric water led to a decrease in fluid salinity and Cu(–W) mineralization in the quartz–sulfide stage in skarn. The high-grade W–Cu mineralization in the SQM veins formed by multiple mechanisms, including fracturing, and fluid immiscibility, boiling, and mixing.
文摘滇西维西县铜厂箐铜矿床赋存于中侏罗统花开佐组二段粉砂质泥岩、粉砂岩夹泥灰岩中,受断裂构造控制呈脉状产出。本次通过研究与该矿床铜矿化关系密切的石英及方解石C-H-O同位素组成特征,揭示其成矿流体来源,进而探讨该矿床成因。研究发现,该矿床中主成矿阶段与铜矿共生的方解石样品的δ13 C V-PDB值变化于-6.93‰~-6.16‰,均值为-6.69‰,δ18 O V-SMOW值变化于10.88‰~13.07‰,均值为11.98‰;与铜矿共生的石英样品的δ18 O V-SMOW值变化于14.22‰~16.88‰,均值为15.93‰,δD V-SMOW值介于-87.0‰~-61.7‰,均值为-75.99‰,表明成矿流体主要源自岩浆水。结合区域地质背景,认为在喜马拉雅期印度-欧亚大陆碰撞背景下,由于澜沧江深大断裂和雪龙山断裂长期活动,伴有深部岩浆含矿热液沿构造裂隙充填,形成铜厂箐脉状铜矿床。
