Application of Horizontal Well Seismic Geo-Steering Technology in XX Block Development

During the development phase horizontal wells are very efficient way to improve the production in the deep coal bed methane. The 8# coal seam in the XX block on the eastern edge of the Ordos Basin has challenges such as deep burial depth (>2000 m), thin coal sweet spot (3 m), and significant short-distance structural fluctuations. The challenges caused a high risk of missing targets and running out of the target layers, as well as difficulties in cementing and completion due to uneven well trajectories. To address these challenges, this paper focuses on solving the issues through detailed precise geological modeling, optimized trajectory design, and accurate seismic geology Steerable Drilling. 1) Based on reasonable velocity field construction and Time-Depth transformation, a precise directional model is constructed using the layer-by-layer approximation principle with reference to marker layers, improving the accuracy of the target spot and avoiding premature or delayed entry into the target;2) Based on a precise geological model, the dip angle of the strata ahead and the development of sweet spots are clearly defined, enabling optimized trajectory design for horizontal wells;3) Using “1 + N” dynamic modeling to update the geological model in real-time during the drilling process, and actively guide the drill bit through the horizontal segment smoothly by using multi-information judgment of the drill bit position. The actual drilling of 80 completed horizontal wells in this area show: That this approach effectively ensures the smooth trajectory and high-quality drilling rate of the horizontal well in the coal seam, providing a basis for subsequent hydraulic fracturing and increasing single-well production. At the same time, it has certain potential value and significance for similar coalbed methane developments under similar geological conditions.

Study of sedimentary sequence cycles by well-seismic calibration

In order to solve the problems of the fine division of sedimentary sequence cycles and their change in two-dimensional space as well as lateral extension contrast, we developed a method of wavelet depth-frequency analysis. The single signal and composite signal of different Milankovitch cycles are obtained by numerical simulation. The simulated composite signal can be separated into single signals of a single frequency cycle. We also develop a well-seismic calibration insertion technology which helps to realize the calibration from the spectrum characteristics of a single well to the seismic profile. And then we determine the change and distribution characteristics of spectrum cycles in the two-dimensional space. It points out the direction in determining the variations of the regional sedimentary sequence cycles, underground strata structure and the contact relationship.

Clastic compaction unit classification based on clay content and integrated compaction recovery using well and seismic data

Compaction correction is a key part of paleogeomorphic recovery methods. Yet, the influence of lithology on the porosity evolution is not usually taken into account. Present methods merely classify the lithologies as sandstone and mudstone to undertake separate porositydepth compaction modeling. However, using just two lithologies is an oversimplification that cannot represent the compaction history. In such schemes, the precision of the compaction recovery is inadequate. To improve the precision of compaction recovery, a depth compaction model has been proposed that involves both porosity and clay content. A clastic lithological compaction unit classification method, based on clay content, has been designed to identify lithological boundaries and establish sets of compaction units. Also, on the basis of the clastic compaction unit classification, two methods of compaction recovery that integrate well and seismic data are employed to extrapolate well-based compaction information outward along seismic lines and recover the paleo-topography of the clastic strata in the region. The examples presented here show that a better understanding of paleo-geomorphology can be gained by applying the proposed compaction recovery technology.

Integration of Well Logs and Seismic Data for Prospects Evaluation of an X Field, Onshore Niger Delta, Nigeria

Hydrocarbon reservoir beds have been delineated using direct hydrocarbon indicator on seismic sections as well as well logs data in X field, Onshore Niger Delta. The research methodology involved horizon interpretation to produce sub-surface structure map. Geophysical well log signatures were employed in identifying hydrocarbon bearing sand. The well-to-seismic tie revealed that the reservoir tied directly with hydrocarbon indicator (bright spot) on the seismic sections. The major structure responsible for the hydrocarbon entrapment is anticline. The crest of the anticline from the depth structural map occurs at 3450 metres.

Co-seismic responses of water wells in Jiangsu province to 2008 Wenchuan and 2011 Japan earthquakes

Co-seismic water-level and temperature changes of the 2008 magnitude - 8.0 Wenchuan and the 2011 magnitude-9.0 Japan earthquakes recorded at 10 observation wells in Jiangsu province are presented and analyzed. The data show that water level responded more regularly with earthquake magnitude and dis- tance than water temperature. The response was different for wells located in different tectonic units, being weaker in central and northern plain, which has a relatively thick surface layer of loess, than southern Jiangsu, which is hilly.

Coseismic responses of groundwater levels in the Three Gorges well-network to the Wenchuan M_S8.0 earthquake

We systematically analyze coseismic responses and post-seismic characteristics of groundwater levels in the Three Gorges well-network to the Ms8.0 Wenchuan earthquake on 12 May 2008. The results indicate that these characteristics differ among wells. On the conditions of similar borehole configurations, the differences are associated with geological structural sites of wells, burial types of aquifers monitored, and transmissivities of aquifer systems. We explored coseismic and post-seismic step-rise and step-drop mechanical mechanisms and their implication to earthquake prediction. We validated the inference that the residual step-rise zone is a possible earthquake risk zone based on recent seismic activity on the Xiannüshan fault in the area.

基于井震结合–层序界面逐级约束的小层划分与对比:以杭锦旗十里加汗太原组—下石盒子组为例

为了实现鄂尔多斯盆地北部杭锦旗十里加汗太原组—下石盒子组小层精细对比,通过详细的岩心观察,岩心–测井–地震紧密结合,利用岩心标定测井曲线,总结不同级次标志层序界面特征,利用逐级标志层序约束,井震结合进行高频层序划分,结合开发实际,进行小层划分对比。结果表明,研究区太原组—下石盒子组地层厚度在230 m左右,自下而上,由海陆过渡环境的潮坪相—三角洲相沉积,逐渐演变为山西组的辫状河三角洲相沉积,至下石盒子组则主要发育辫状河沉积。依据层序界面类型,将目的层识别出Ⅱ级界面1个,Ⅲ级界面3个,Ⅳ级界面4个。将Ⅱ-Ⅳ级层序界面按照岩心–测井曲线–地震响应特征的难易识别程度,划分了4个级次,进一步通过岩心–测井详细标定,识别V级界面25个。在地震剖面约束和沉积认识指导下,开展不同级别标志界面井间对比,进而逐级约束,实现高频层序对比,结合现场开发实际,将目的层划分为13个小层,各小层厚度较为稳定,主要反映了平原三角洲—辫状河沉积特征。高频层序一定程度上控制着沉积储层的发育与分布。通过井震结合、逐级约束的方法,可提高小层划分对比的准确度和精细度,为该区进一步的气藏地质研究与评价提供基础。

基于井震融合的碳酸盐岩古岩溶残丘储层刻画方法

北大港构造带千米桥奥陶系潜山顶部发育的碳酸盐岩古岩溶残丘作为一种重要的古地貌和油气储集单元,具备良好的成藏条件,有效地刻画古岩溶残丘储层对于残丘储层的油气运移聚集分析及勘探开发有着非常重要的意义。本文首先应用地震印模法对千米桥奥陶系潜山风化壳岩溶古地貌进行精细刻画,揭示该区发育5个岩溶残丘,4个岩溶沟谷,表现为山上有山的特征;同时井震融合分析认为潜山风化壳储层大多分布在风化壳面以下0~200 m范围内,主潜山各区块风化壳残余厚度差别较大,岩溶残丘之上构造高点残余厚度大。通过成像测井和常规测井曲线上异常显示识别残丘风化壳内幕发育的岩溶洞穴,主要有大溶洞和中小溶蚀孔洞两种。应用提频地震体开展正演模拟,明确优势缝洞体储层的地震反射特征,结合张量方向场裂缝定量预测技术,能精细地预测碳酸盐岩缝洞复合体储层,以指导残丘风化壳储层油气潜力目标区的评价开发。

Analysis on the Characteristics of the Co-seismic Response of Water Levels in the Jiaji Well

In this study,we analyze the co-seismic response of water levels in the Jiaji well to strong earthquakes(MS≥7.8) from 2001 to 2010 at an epicentral distance less than 8000km.We investigated the co-seismic variation form of water levels,and analyzed the relationship between the amplitude of water level variation and the magnitude and the epicentral distance.We then checked the seismic wave phases when the changes of water level occurred.It was shown that:(1) the water level's co-seismic response is mainly characterized by escalation with no oscillation;(2) the amplitude of water level change has a certain connection with epicentral distance and magnitude;(3) co-seismic response of water levels in the Jiaji well shows a certain directivity;(4) most of the co-seismic responses were caused by surface waves,and some by long-period S waves.

复杂断块油藏井震联合建模数模一体化技术研究

【目的】为解决复杂断块油藏面临的油藏构造碎小、低序级断层数量多、准确识别难度大和油藏描述效率低等问题。【方法】充分应用地震资料、测井数据等储层信息,开展井震联合建模数模一体化技术研究,利用三维地震资料,结合现场生产动态响应情况开展断层精细解释、断裂系统精细刻画,准确落实低序级断层发育及组合方式,在精细地层对比研究的基础上,建立三维地质模型,利用数值模拟与模型互检,迭代修正更新模型,尽可能保证模型精准,以便厘清剩余油分布规律,指导后期开发。【结果】该技术在胜利油田复杂断块区D块、L块等多个区块先后进行了应用,结果显示,断点吻合率均达到100%,数模含水拟合率达到90%以上。【结论】该技术能够实现复杂断块构造的精细描述,对特高含水期自然断块剩余油潜力认识、提高老区采收率具有重要意义,对其他同类型油藏的剩余油挖潜具有指导意义和良好的推广价值。

Co-seismic changes of well water level and volume strain meter in capital area and its vicinity,due to the Nov.14,2001 Ms8.1 Kunlun Mountain earthquake,China

The Kunlunshan Mountain Ms8.1 earthquake, occurred in Nov.14, 2001, is the first event with magnitude more than 8 in the China earthquake monitoring history, specifically at the beginning of digital techniques in precursor monitoring networks. Any investigation of recorded data on this earthquake is very important for testing the operation of the digital monitoring networks and understanding the preparation, occurrence, and adjustment of stress/strain of strong continental earthquakes. In this paper we investigated the coseismic response changes of well water level of groundwater and volume strain meter of bore hole in digital earthquake monitoring network of Capital area and its vicinity, due to the Nov.14, 2001 Ms8.1 Kunlun Mountain earthquake. The responding time, shapes or manners, amplitudes, and lasting time of well water level and strain-meters to seismic wave are studied in comparison. Then we discussed the possibility that the response changes of groundwater to strong distant earthquakes can be understood as one kind of observing evidence of stress/strain changes induced by distant earthquake.

Characteristics and Mechanisms of Co-seismic Groundwater Responses in Tayuan Well

Co-seismic responses of the groundwater level and temperature in the Tayuan well of 68 earthquakes (M_S≥7.0) from January 2004 to September 2007 were analyzed. Results show that the Tayuan well has a strong ability to record large earthquakes worldwide, and the co-seismic response shows a pattern of water level oscillation → temperature decrease→ oscillation stop → temperature resumption. Further analyses indicate that the amplitude of the water level and temperature change is not only concerned with the epicenter distance and magnitude, but is also related to the temporal state of aquifer while the seismic wave arrives. Mechanisms of water level oscillation, temperature decrease, water level oscillation stop and temperature resumption are discussed, with the results from previous research on the co-seismic response mechanisms analyzed. These include gas escape, heat diffusion and cold water seepage. Results show that a single mechanism could not explain the co-seismic response of the Tayuan well water level to multiple earthquakes; the results were garnered from a variety of jointly acting mechanisms.

四川盆地天府地区上三叠统须家河组四段致密储层砂体刻画及有利储层预测

四川盆地天府地区上三叠统须家河组四段(简称须四段)厚层砂岩夹薄层泥岩发育,为当前致密砂岩气的重要勘探层系。但受限于地震纵向分辨率,常规方法难以区分薄层泥岩,对该层段砂岩的精细刻画一直缺乏有效的手段,制约了对盆地砂体展布规律和有利目标区的认识。针对上述问题,建立钻井资料与地震相映射关系,在自然伽马曲线约束下,寻找最佳反演频率参数,提高井间砂体预测精度。采用波形指示模拟的方法精细刻画了上三叠统须家河组四段砂岩的展布特征。结果表明:须四段砂岩具有西厚(55.0~100.0 m)、东薄(15.0~50.0 m)的特征;与须三段相比,砂体厚薄变化转换带(坡折带)向克拉通内部迁移。统计地震工区内22口井数据,坡折带以西砂岩平均孔隙度高(8.0%)、储层厚度大(45.4 m)。结合构造演化、沉积相带展布、砂岩厚度和孔隙度变化,认为四川盆地天府地区上三叠统须家河组四段具有构造控坡折带、坡折带控储层的规律。坡折带以西的储层物性好、厚度大,为勘探有利区。研究结果对须四段勘探深入具有借鉴作用。

渝东南地区南川区块膝折构造模式解析

近年来,南川区块逆冲推覆构造带下志留统龙马溪组页岩气勘探开发取得重大突破。截至2022年底,南川区块已完钻170口井,累计产气量51.6×10^(8) m^(3)。随着滚动开发的逐步推进,开发区域也由主体构造简单区向两翼构造复杂区过渡,前期的构造解释方案将南川区块各构造单元解释为大断距逆断层夹持的断背斜,并没有深入分析整个构造带的构造变形特征,因此,近年部署的几口扩边评价井存在较大的井震矛盾,造成了多口井的钻探失利,限制了页岩气开发产建的进程。综合前期钻探认识及正演模拟分析,认为南川区块龙马溪组地震剖面上显示的大断距高角度逆冲断层多为构造假象,断裂区多为高陡膝折构造,断距小、地层陡。通过高陡构造假象分析与识别,结合断层相关褶皱理论完善解释成果,井震联合构造建模逐步落实了南川区块龙马溪组气藏的构造特征,进而提出了高陡膝折带是龙马溪组页岩气勘探开发的潜在有利目标,在此基础上部署的5口评价井,均取得了较好的测试效果。

超大井眼疏松地层声波时差采集与提取方法

在准噶尔盆地南缘山前超深层油气勘探中,由于声波能量受表层超大井眼、疏松地层衰减的影响,无法有效获取纵波时差。为解决此难题,对相关声波时差测井采集与提取方法进行了研究。针对超大井眼声波测井采集,提出了一种声波偏心仪器的测井方法,并选取偶极子阵列声波测井作为疏松地层声波测井系列。基于慢度-时间相关法提取声波时差的原理,利用频率开窗技术,锁定了区域偶极子声源激发的漏能纵波的频率为2.6~3.6 kHz;通过对横波信号与直达波信号进行频率过滤,确定了波形窗口、时差搜寻窗长和时差搜索偏移量处理参数,使得纵波信号最强,并将漏能纵波从偶极横波原始波形中分离出来,从而提取疏松地层的声波时差。应用该方法成功采集了准噶尔盆地南缘山前表层超大井眼、疏松地层12口井的偶极子声波资料,并提取了纵波时差。将提取的纵波时差应用于井震成像,显著提高了地震处理资料品质,为认识山前超深层构造和井位部署提供了重要依据。

基于集合经验模态分解的河北唐山井同震响应特征

集合经验模态分解(EEMD)能够客观真实地从非线性、非平稳信号中提取有用信息,地震观测井的井水位表征的波形信号也是典型的非线性、非平稳信号,因此,集合经验模态分解在获取井水位同震响应信息方面具有重要的应用潜力。通过观测河北唐山井2016~2023年多次井水位同震响应,研究集合经验模态分解对井水位分析处理的优缺点,识别唐山井对远震、近震的井水位同震响应特征,应用地震能量密度经验公式推测唐山井记震能力。结果表明:唐山井水位观测数据秒值在经过集合经验模态分解后,对合适的高频分量进行重构可以压制噪声干扰,有利于观察井水位同震响应特征;对于远场大震引起的振荡型同震响应可以客观真实地进行识别和提取;对于近场地震引起的脉冲型和阶变型同震响应,需结合原始数据进行研究;井水位观测数据秒值有利于揭示区域应力场的变化,因观测数据秒值记震精度提高,唐山井能够记录到地震能量密度为1.77×10^(-7) J·m^(-3)的地震,观测井对不同方位地震的敏感度可用于研究其所在断裂带的裂隙走向。对于超过一定距离的远场地震,井-含水层系统能够记录到的井水位同震响应频率可在一定的范围内估算观测井的固有振动频率,唐山井固有振动频率和地震瑞丽面波频率接近。

基于数据与模型联合驱动的波阻抗反演方法

井插值初始模型为基于模型的反演提供的低频信息往往不够准确,导致该模型驱动方法容易出现较大的波阻抗预测误差且建模效率较低.为缓解这些问题,本文利用数据驱动的深度学习反演更加擅长预测低频阻抗的优势,提出一种基于数据与模型联合驱动的波阻抗反演方法.该方法联合地震和测井等数据,先后开展数据驱动和模型驱动的波阻抗反演.首先,数据驱动部分使用井旁地震记录、测井导出的波阻抗曲线以及井插值低频阻抗曲线,搭建以双向门控递归单元为主要模块的波阻抗智能预测网络.其次,该网络预测的波阻抗的低频分量作为数据驱动初始模型,替代井插值初始模型而参与模型驱动部分.最后,模型驱动部分在地震数据匹配和数据驱动初始模型的共同约束下开展基于模型的反演,获得最终的波阻抗结果.合成数据和实际数据测试表明,本文方法相比于单一的数据驱动或模型驱动方法能获得更高分辨率和更高精度的波阻抗反演结果,从而为后续储层预测提供可靠的弹性参数分布.

基于井间地震数据逆时偏移的高陡倾角构造成像研究

为了研究高陡倾角构造精细成像,常规的地震勘探方法和成像技术均不能取得较好效果。而井间地震是在井中激发和接收地震波,避免了低降速带对地震波场的吸收作用,可以获得高信噪比地震资料;同时逆时偏移成像方法能够对高陡倾角等复杂构造进行准确成像。因此,本文结合井间地震和逆时偏移方法的优点,针对X煤田开采中面对的高陡倾角煤层构造利用井间地震逆时偏移方法进行成像研究。通过对高陡倾角构造在地面地震观测系统、VSP观测系统和井间地震观测系统下使用逆时偏移方法进行成像,结果表明井间地震逆时偏移方法在高陡倾角构造中具有良好的成像效果,可以有效指导高陡倾角构造煤层精细勘探。