Fault-zone trapped waves at Muyu in Wenchuan earthquake region

Trapped waves in the Qingchuan fault zone were observed at Muyu near the northeastern end of the fractured zone of the Wenchuan Ms8. 0 earthquake. The results indicate a fault-zone width of about 200 m and a great difference in physical property of the crust on different sides of the fault. The inferred location of crustal changes is consistent with land-form boundary on the surface

Exploration of fault-zone trapped waves at Pingtong Town,in Wenchuan earthquake region

Pingtong Town is located on the fractured zone of the Wenchuan 8.0 earthquake, and is seriously damaged by the earthquake. Our observation line is centered at an earthquake exploration trench across the fractured zone in the NW-SE direction, and is about 400 m long. The results reveal trapped waves in the rup- tured fault zone of the earthquake, and indicate a great difference in physical property between the media inside and outside the fault zone. The predominant frequency of the fault-zone trapped waves is about 3 -4 Hz. The wave amplitudes are larger near the exploration trench. The width of the fault zone in the crust at this location is estimated to be 200 m. In some records, the waveforms and the arrival times of S waves are quite different between the two sides of the trench. The place of change coincides with the boundary of uplift at the surface.

Crustal Motion Characteristics in the Eastern Margin of the Tibetan Plateau and Adjacent Regions after the Wenchuan Earthquake

The Wenchuan earthquake has altered the crustal motion characteristics in the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau and adjacent regions.Using discontinuous GPS survey data for 2008–2012, the velocity field for the Eurasia reference framework has been obtained, and the general trend of contemporary crustal motion after the occurrence of the Wenchuan earthquake has been studied.In addition, using the velocity field, the block movement velocity has been estimated by least-squares fitting.Furthermore, the properties and displacement rates of main faults have been obtained from the differences in velocity vectors of the blocks on both sides of the faults.The results reveal that there are no obvious changes in the general characteristics of crustal motion in this area after the Wenchuan earthquake.The earthquake mainly changed the rate of the movement of the Chuan-Qing block and caused variation in the movement direction of the South China block.The effect of the earthquake on faults is mainly reflected in variations in fault displacement velocity; there is no fundamental change in the properties of fault activity.The displacement rates of the Xianshuihe fault decreased by 3–4 mm/a, the Longmenshan fault increased by 9–10 mm/a, and the northern segment of the Anninghe fault increased by approximately 9 mm/a.Furthermore, the displacement rates of the Minjiang, Xueshan, Huya, Longquanshan, and Xinjin faults increased by 2–3 mm/a.This implies that the effects of the Wenchuan earthquake on crustal movement can mainly be observed in the Chuan-Qing, South China, and N-Chuan-Dian blocks and their internal faults, as well as the Xianshuihe and Longmenshan faults and the northern section of the Anninghe fault.The reason for this is that the Wenchuan earthquake disturbed the kinematic and dynamic balance in the region.

Influence of 2008 Wenchuan earthquake on earthquake occurrence trend of active faults in Sichuan-Yunnan region

The Wenchuan earthquake coseismic deformation field is inferred from the coseismic dislocation data based on a 3-D geometric model of the active faults in Sichuan-Yunnan region. Then the potential dislocation displacement is inverted from the deformation field in the 3-D geometric model. While the faults＇ slip velocities are inverted from GPS and leveling data, which can be used as the long-term slip vector. After the potential dislocation displacements are projected to long-term slip direction, we have got the influence of Wenchuan earthquake on active faults in Sichuan-Yunnan region. The results show that the northwestern segment of Longmenshan fault, the southern segments of Xianshuihe fault, Anninghe fault, Zemuhe fault, northern and southern segments of Daliangshan fault, Mabian fault got earthquake risks advanced of 305, 19, 12, 9.1 and 18, 51 years respectively in the eastern part of Sichuan and Yunnan. The Lijiang-Xiaojinhe fault, Nujiang fault, Longling-Lancang fault, Nantinghe fault and Zhongdian fault also got earthquake risks advanced in the western part of Sichuan-Yunnan region. Whereas the northwestern segment of Xianshuihe fault and Xiaojiang fault got earthquake risks reduced after the Wenchuan earthquake.

Study on Postseismic Impact of Wenchuan Earthquake on the Sichuan-Yunnan Region Based on Three-Dimensional Viscoelastic Finite Element Method

Based on the lateral segmentation and vertical stratification characteristics of the crustal medium in Sichuan-Yunnan region,and the asymmetry of the static dislocations on the coseismic fault plane of the Wenchuan M_S8.0 earthquake,we built a three-dimensional viscoelastic finite element model of the crust in the Sichuan-Yunnan region.The postseismic impact of the Wenchuan M_S8.0 earthquake on the Sichuan-Yunnan region was studied.The results show that:①The far-field horizontal deformation caused by the viscoelastic relaxation of the medium in the 10 years after the earthquake is about 0-20 mm within the Sichuan-Yunnan diamond-shaped block,which has a greater influence on north side and smaller on south side.②In the 10 years after the earthquake,the far-field vertical deformation caused by the viscoelastic relaxation effect of the medium is small,and it shows an increase of about 0-4 mm in most areas of the Sichuan-Yunnan diamond-shaped block.③The Xianshuihe fault and the eastern segment of the East Kunlun fault,which are close to the seismogenic fault,show a high gradient on deformation fields after the earthquake.④In order to compare with the strong earthquake activity in the SichuanYunnan region after the Wenchuan earthquake,the horizontal stress state and the Coulomb failure stress change of the active block boundary are also calculated.From the spatial distribution of the coseismic and postseismic displacement field,the fault activity characteristics reflected by the stress state and the stress loading of the fault layer reflected by the Coulomb failure stress change,there is a certain correlation with the spatial distribution of strong earthquake activity in this region.

Earthquake fault framework and seismotectonics of the Songpan-Garze region since 1900

Based on 4 781 observed faults （〉2 km length） from a 1：200 000 scale digital geologic map and 5 220 recorded seismic events since the year 1900, 993 earthquake faults are identified within the triangular Songpan-Garze study region. The study area is delineated by the nearly EW-trending East Kunlun fault zone to the north, the NW-trending Xianshuihe fault to the south and the NE-trending Longmenshan thrust belt to the east. Seismicity changes along these earthquake faults, spanning four 10-year intervals since 1970, show that following a strong earthquake swarm, which occurred in the Huya area in the mid-1970s, seismic activity increased from north to south, and migrated eastward along each major strike-slip fault zone. GPS observation data before 2008 indicate a displacement rate across the Xianshuihe fault zone to the south of -6.5- 8.6 mm/a, whereas across the East Kunlun fault zone to the north it was -1.8- 2.2 mm/a. The May 12, 2008 Ms8.0 Wenchuan earthquake, which occurred in the southeast corner of the study region, was the result of stable, high-speed left-lateral displacement along the Xianshuihe fault zone, and a sharp eastward bend of the fault trend in response to the presence of crystalline rocks in the Kangding area. Therefore, the 110-year established seismotectonic framework of the Songpan-Garze region can be defined by a network of various earthquake faults and the structural relations of the local earthquake activities.

Effectiveness analysis of the prediction of regional debris flow susceptibility in post-earthquake and drought site

Debris-flow disasters occurred frequently after the Mw 8.0 Wenchuan earthquake on 12 May 2008 in Sichuan Province, China. Based on historical accounts of debris-flow disaster events, it found that debris flow occurrence is closely related to the impact of earthquakes and droughts, because earthquakedrought activities can increase the loose solid materials, which can transform into debris flows under the effect of rainstorms. Based on the analysis of historical earthquake activity(frequency, magnitude and location), drought indexes and the trend of climate change(amount of rainfall), a prediction method was established, and the regional debris flow susceptibility was predicted. Furthermore, in a debris flow-susceptible site, effective warning and monitoring are essential not only from an economicpoint of view but are also considered as a frontline approach to alleviate hazards. The advantages of the prediction and early monitoring include(1) the acquired results being sent to the central government for policy making;(2) lives and property in mountainous areas can be protected, such as the 570 residents in the Aizi valley, who evacuated successfully before debris flows in 2012;(3) guiding the government to identify the areas of disasters and the preparation for disaster prevention and mitigation, such as predicting disasters in high-risk areas in the period 2012-2017, helping the government to recognize the development trend of disasters;(4) the quantitative prediction of regional debris-flow susceptibility, such as after the Wenchuan earthquake, can promote scientific and sustainable development and socioeconomic planning in earthquake-struck areas.

Analysis of datum-instability effect on calculated results of data from Longmen Mountain regional gravity network

A statistical correlation method is used to study the effect of instability of the calculation datum （ used in traditional method of indirect adjustment） on calculated gravity results, using data recorded by Longmen Mountain regional gravity network during 1996 -2007. The result shows that when this effect is corrected, anomalous gravity changes before the 2008 Wenchuan Ms8. 0 earthquake become obvious and characteristically distinctive. Thus the datum-stability problem must be considered when processing and analyzing data recorded by a regional gravity network.

2008年汶川和2013年芦山地震触发滑坡全景回顾与比较分析

为给地震触发滑坡的防灾减灾救灾工作提供支持,需全面掌握地震同震滑坡的发育与分布特征。基于文献调研、高分辨率卫星影像与超高分辨率无人机航空影像目视解译,结合野外调查验证,以2008年汶川和2013年芦山2次地震触发的滑坡为例,介绍典型滑坡、同震滑坡数据库、滑坡分布规律等的研究情况。结果表明:汶川地震触发的滑坡数量多、分布面积广、规模大、危害严重,芦山地震触发滑坡的数量约是汶川地震的1/9,面积约是1/60,体积约是1/150,分布面积约是1/20;这2次地震的标量地震矩比率与同震滑坡发育程度比率大体相当,表明这2次地震触发滑坡差异的原因主要来自地震释放能量的差异;这2次地震触发滑坡的空间分布均呈现椭圆形展布的形态,且长轴与地震发震构造走向一致;同时,总结了汶川地震地壳抬升与同震滑坡导致震区地形变化的研究结果。

汶川8级强震极震区破坏情况与烈度

展现了汶川8级强震现场考察的极震区破坏情况,以及依据《中国地震烈度表》判断所达到的地震烈度,简要讨论了发震断层的类型和地震破坏特点。

汶川地区公路桥梁系统地震风险评估

首先概述公路桥梁系统地震风险评估的基本流程及研究现状。然后以汶川地区公路交通网络为背景,分析该地区地震活动性参数及断层特征;依据震级-频度关系,计算不同震级地震的年平均发生概率,依此抽样生成一系列的地震样本。根据不同桥型的重建费用和不同损伤状态下的损失比,以及既往研究中所建立的经验型易损性模型,对汶川地区公路桥梁系统在地震作用下的经济损失进行评估。在计算得到各地震样本事件下公路桥梁系统的地震损失期望和方差后,结合地震样本年平均发生概率,建立汶川地区公路桥梁系统的地震风险曲线,该曲线可为该地区交通系统整体规划和修复决策提供依据。

汶川地震区特大泥石流物源集中启动模式和特征

物源的集中启动,是汶川地震区大规模泥石流发生过程中的关键因素,总结物源集中启动模式,对汶川地震区泥石流防治具有重要意义。文章在调查总结"5.12"地震以来一些重大泥石流发育特点的基础上,将物源集中启动归纳为归流拉槽、深切揭底和堵塞溃决等三种模式,并总结了典型泥石流物源集中启动的组合方式,针对各种物源集中启动模式提出了有针对性的防治思路。

汶川地震生态治理区土壤种子库及其与地上植被的关系

为了比较地震灾区不同气候类型植被恢复区土壤种子库时空分布特征,采用野外调查取样和室内试验相结合的方法,研究了四川省汶川县威州镇和绵竹市汉旺镇4类生态治理区[干旱干暖河谷受损治理区（DHD）、干旱干暖河谷未受损区（DHU）、亚热带湿润季风气候受损治理区（HMD）、亚热带湿润季风气候未受损区（HMU）]土壤种子库的萌发动态、数量特征、物种组成、多样性特征及其与地上植被之间的关系。结果表明：未受损区具有2个萌发高峰期,受损治理区只有1个萌发高峰期,不同气候类型治理区土壤种子库在不同土壤深度表现出不同的萌发潜力；4类治理区土壤种子库平均密度为192-1544粒·m？2,表层密度和平均密度均为未受损区＆gt;受损治理区,干旱干暖河谷气候区＆gt;亚热带湿润季风气候区；4类治理区共有50种植物萌发,草本植物占显著优势； HMU、HMD、DHU、DHD地上植被与土壤种子库物种组成的S？rensen相似性系数分别为26.23%、44.9%、30.77%、16.00%, Jaccard相似性系数分别为15.09%、28.95%、18.18%、9.09%；不同类型样地土壤种子库特有种和共有物种均表现出不同的生活型格局。基于以上分析结果,在灾区进行植被恢复时,应该考虑治理区的气候环境,因地制宜的进行人工引种和制定恢复措施。

对汶川地震宏观震中和极震区的认识

汶川8.0级地震是近30年来世界范围内最严重的地震灾害之一。在大量的现场实地调查基础上,对汶川地震的极震区和宏观震中分布点进行了初步的研究,分析认为汶川地震极震区与地表破裂带关系极为密切,极震区烈度为Ⅺ度,表现为强烈的带状分布;宏观震中与传统的宏观震中的认定有较大的区别,不再是一个点,而是一组点。汶川县漩口镇蔡家杠村是宏观震中在西南段的起点,中间经由汶川县映秀镇、银杏乡,都江堰市虹口乡北部,彭州市小鱼洞镇北部、龙门山镇北部,什邡市红白镇北部,到绵竹市清平乡截止,跳过安县,再由北川县擂鼓镇起至漩坪乡、北川县城曲山镇、北川县陈家坝乡、平武县平通镇、南坝镇北部截止。宏观震中区是一条狭长的中间断开的线或窄带,这将在很大程度上影响我们对灾区的总体认识。

汶川M_s8.0级大地震中成都地区液化特征研究

汶川大地震中成都地区液化及其震害现象较为显著。通过现场调查和工程地质资料分析,成都地区的液化特点为:液化带主要集中都江堰市;液化在烈度Ⅵ、Ⅶ、Ⅷ、Ⅸ 和Ⅹ度区均有出现,但VII度区最为集中;液化喷水高度多在1-3m之间,最高一处超过10m;液化场地喷出物涵盖了多种土类,约67%为粉细砂,且有卵砾石,约占11%;液化带普遍伴随地裂缝,但无塌陷形成;地层以很厚的砾石和卵石层为主,其中夹杂少量砂土;虽地表喷出物以细粒土为主,但实际液化土类应为砂砾土。

震源机制类型对近场峰值加速度(PGA)分布的影响——以唐山和汶川震区为例

利用首都圈强震台网比较密集的数字地震记录,研究2003年4月发生在唐山震区的2次4级地震。利用布设在四川、甘肃、陕西的强震台网和临时强震台网的资料,研究2008年7月和8月发生在四川汶川的2次6级地震。得到正断层和走向滑动断层、逆冲断层和走向滑动断层的地震近场PGA分布的差异。结果表明,这种差异是显著的。不仅大震的PGA近场分布复杂,中小地震也是如此。经频谱分析发现,这种影响出现差异的地震波频率较低,城市化的建筑向高层大型发展,其自振周期相应较长。近直立走向滑动地震的PGA高值区沿断层对称分布,而正断层和逆断层则集中在断层上盘,这对于破坏性地震应急救援中力量、物资的投入有借鉴意义。

我国高频率泥石流的雨量特征

本文以我国高频率泥石流沟为研究对象,首先与中、低频泥石流进行形成条件对比,再对三大阶梯的高频泥石流以及汶川灾区部分高频泥石流激发雨量进行了分析。结果表明:高频泥石流沟与物源量和软弱岩土体密切相关;植被覆盖度只是高频泥石流的必要条件。三大地形阶梯中,泥石流暴发时雨量随整体地势降低逐渐增加,高频泥石流受"气温+前期雨强"逐渐过渡到"前期降雨+实时降雨"以及高阈值条件。绝大部分高频率泥石流沟的10 min雨量都低于7 mm/10 min,汶川灾区的高频率泥石流雨量阈值与小江、白龙江典型高频率泥石流沟10 min雨量阈值相差不大,但前期降雨历时长,雨量也高。通过我国高、中、低不同频率泥石流的"前期雨量+10 min雨量"散点图得出我国高频率泥石流发生雨量区间。

汶川震区成兰铁路关键段多尺度滑坡危险性评估

以穿越汶川震区的成兰铁路龙门山关键段为例,探索提出了强震扰动背景下重大工程场区多尺度滑坡危险性评估方法。利用信息量模型反演评估了汶川地震诱发的同震滑坡空间分布特征,以此为前提开展了区域和局地两种空间尺度的滑坡危险性预测评估。在区域廊带尺度上,分别利用可能最大降雨量预测方法和信息量模型,进行了日超越概率10%的最大降雨量时空分布预测及其诱发滑坡的危险性评估;同时,结合地震危险性区划成果,开展了50年超越概率10%的基本地震动诱发滑坡的危险性评估。在局地场站尺度上,利用基于崩塌运动过程模拟的Rockfall Analyst软件,开展了柿子园大桥周边崩塌运动学特征(Runout)模拟和危险性评估。滑坡和崩塌危险性评估的结果分别为铁路规划选线和场站防护设计提供了不同尺度的地质安全依据。

汶川大地震中德阳地区液化特点分析

汶川大地震中八个主要地区均有液化现象出现,其中德阳地区液化现象及其震害最为显著。通过现场调查和工程地质资料分析,德阳地区的液化特点为:液化带主要集中在绵竹市、什邡市和德阳市,绵竹市最为严重;液化在烈度Ⅶ、Ⅷ、Ⅸ度区均有出现,但Ⅷ度区最为集中;液化喷水高度多在几公分到2 m之间,最高一处超过10 m;液化场地喷出物基本涵盖了所有土类,近50%为粉细砂,其次为卵砾石,占16%;80%的液化带伴随地裂缝,导致包括设有圈梁、构造柱的房屋整体倾斜、下沉和开裂,甚至直接倒塌;地层以较厚的砾石和卵石层为主,仅有零星薄砂层且含砾石,则虽地表喷出物多为粉细砂,但实际液化土类应为砂砾土。

汶川地震医学救援反思与区域性灾难医学救援体系建设

目的通过全面系统地总结和反思汶川地震医学救援中四川省应急救援的经验和启示,分析并探讨区域性灾难医学救援体系建设。方法收集、整理、分析各类统计数据、信息、专报资料和相关评估报告,采用描述性方法进行分析。结果①汶川地震灾区医疗卫生机构受到重创;②迅速紧急响应,各级、各类医疗救援队伍集结灾区;③震后72 h内为救治最高峰;④各级医院救治91 177例伤病员,跨省大规模伤员转移救治,强化危重伤病员集中收治策略。结论建立区域性灾难医学紧急救援基地和应急医学救援常态化运行管理机制;完善信息指挥调度平台;科学合理的配置医疗资源;建立不同层次、不同类型的应急医疗队伍和响应机制;参与其他区域灾难医学专业紧急医学救援。