Characterizing Constituents of Sediment Phosphorus Fractionation in a Freshwater Shallow Lake System

This study aimed to characterize constituents of phosphorus （P） fractionation as wel as reciprocities among factors in sediments of a freshwater shal ow lake. [Method] Surface sediment was discretely sampled at 24 sites through Van Veen grabs. Based on a modified sequential extraction scheme, P fractionation was determined as Fe/Al bound P （Fe/Al-P）, Ca bound P （Ca-P）, solute and re-ductive P （S/R-P） and organic P （OP）. Curve estimation and Pearson product-mo-ment correlation were employed for statistical analysis. [Result] Total P （TP） content ranged from 443 to 774 mg/kg. Inorganic P （IP） was the major component of TP, of which Ca-P was dominated with an average of 51%±9.7%. Average contents of P fractionation were in the fol owing order： Ca-P（51%） 〉 OP（29%） 〉 S/R-P（8%） 〉Fe/Al-P（7%）. The molar ratio of Fe to P was 11 - 20, close to the threshold value of P leaching. [Conclusion] In freshwater shal ow lakes, IP and Ca-P were prone to be relatively high, whereas Fe/Al-P was low compared with deep lakes. Occurrence of spatial y monotonic gradient indicated the primary causation of anthropogenic sources. Imminent sediment P liberation was also expected. Close associations a-mong TP, Fe/Al-P and Ca-P, implying that anthropogenic P was mainly bound to metals in particulates. Significant correlations of TOC and P fractionation highlighted endogenous mechanism and authigenic origin in sediments.

Phosphorus fractionation and bio-availability in Taihu Lake(China) sediments

Typical sediments from Taihu Lake, a meso-to-hypereutrophic lake, were collected and examined on the basis of P-fractionation by sequential extraction scheme. Sedimentary inorganic phosphorus were fractioned into four forms and the rank order according to the mean concentration of P-fractions in Taihu Lake was NaOH-P>BD-P>HCl-P>NH_4Cl-P. The concentrations of BD-P were linearly correlated with the content of active Fe(R2=0.96). Also, the linear relationship between the sum of BD-P and NaOH-P and the sum of active Fe and active Al content was observed within the six sediments investigated(R2=0.96). Moreover, the bio-available phosphorus(BAP) content was estimated by the sum of NH_4Cl-P, BD-P, and NaOH-P, viz. BAP=NH_4Cl-P+NaOH-P+BD-P. In Taihu Lake, the BAP contents are ranging from 0.10 mg/g dw to 1.25 mg/g dw, and average 0.40 mg/g dw for all sediment samples. The relative contributions of BAP to total sedimentary phosphorus(TP) and inorganic sedimentary phosphorus(IP) range from 18.67% to 50.79%(33.61% on average) and from 52.82% to 82.09%(67.81% on average), respectively.

Organic Phosphorus in Shallow Lake Sediments in Middle and Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River Area in China

Thirteen sediment core samples(0-10 cm) were taken from the seven lakes in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River to determine the contents and distributions of organic phosphorus(P) fractions in the sediments of the shallow lakes in the area.The organic P fractions in the sediments were in the order of moderately labile organic P(MLOP) > moderately resistant organic P(MROP) > highly resistant organic P(HROP) > labile organic P(LOP),with average proportional ratios of 13.2:2.8:1.3:1.0.LOP,MLOP,and MROP were significantly related to the contents of total organic carbon(TOC),water-soluble P(WSP),algal-available P(AAP),NaHCO3-extractable P(Olsen-P),total P(TP),organic P(OP),and inorganic P(IP).However,HROP was significantly related to OP and weakly correlated with TOC,WSP,AAP,Olsen-P,TP or IP.This suggested that organic P,especially LOP and MLOP in sediments,deserved even greater attention than IP in regards to lake eutrophication.In terms of organic P,sediments were more hazardous than soils in lake eutrophication.Although OP concentrations were higher in moderately polluted sediment than those in heavily polluted sediment,LOP and MLOP were higher in the heavily polluted sediment,which indicated that heavily polluted sediment was more hazardous than moderately polluted sediment in lake eutrophication.

Sequential fractionation of reactive phosphorus in the sediment of a shallow eutrophic lake——Donghu Lake, China

The bioavailability of phosphorus in lake sediment mainly depends on its forms. Therefore, reactive phosphorus (RP) pool of the sediment in a shallow eutrophic lake(Donghu Lake) was determined seasonally and spatially by sequential chemical extraction according to the scheme proposed by Psenner et al. (Psenner, 1985) and its modified version respectively. The ammonium chloride extracted 3%—7% of the total reactive phosphorus (Tot-RP), while the distilled water extracted less(<3%). These two forms of P were significantly higher at the most eutrophic stations(I and IV). The sum of BD-RP(reductant soluble P) and NaOH-RP extracted accounted for 57%—81% of Tot-RP, which could play significant roles in P cycling. The percentages of HCl-extractable RP in the sediments of station III, however, were usually much more than those of other stations, which could reflect the original geochemistrical characteristics and trophic status of the sediments. It was noted that the sediment RP in different fractions varied in different months studied.

Effects of pH and Eh on release of nitrogen and phosphorus from sediments of West Lake

The effects of pH and Eh on release of nitrogen and phosphorus from sediments of West Lake under different conditions were investigated by simulation test. Results showed that the net flux of NH4^+ -N re-lease from sediments increased with pH, but NO3^- -N showed negative-going release at all tested pH levels.The net flux of NH4^+ -N release from sediments was higher under anaerobic or aerobic condition of the overly-ing water, but only under aerobic condition would net release of NO3^- -N occur. It was also shown that phos-phorus released was mainly in its inorganic form, higher pH and anaerobic conditions of overlying water greatly stimulated release of phosphorus. In situ measurement at several West Lake locations indicated that sediment resuspension induced by boat propeller stimulated nutrients release from sediment into overlying water.

Phosphorus Fractions in Water and Sediment and Their Correlations in Hengshui Lake, China

Sediment is a principal reservoir which accumulates and releases the pollutants. It is an important way of nutrients releasing from pore water of sediments to overlying water across the sediment-water interface. Five sampling sites were selected in the Hengshui Lake. Overlying water and sediments were collected in each of them. The phosphorus fractions and their relationships were analyzed. The results showed that the change of the total phosphorus （TP） in sediment was similar to that of the total dissolved phosphorus （TDP） and soluble orthophosphate （PO4^3-） in pore water. The concentrations of PO4^3- in pore water were higher than those in overlying water, reflecting a possible diffuse trend for PO4^3-P in the five zones of Hengshui Lake. It is indicated that phosphorus and other nutrients will be transferred from sediment to pore water and then to overlying water, which can lead to lake eutrophication.

Speciation of organic phosphorus in a sediment profile of Lake Taihu I:Chemical forms and their transformation

Organic phosphorus （nonreactive E NRP） is a major component of P in sediments, but information about its chemical forms and dynamic transformation is limited. The chemical forms and dynamic behaviors of NRP in a sediment profile from Lake Talhu, a freshwater and eutrophic lake in China, were investigated. Five forms of NRP in the sediments were extracted based on a chemical fractionation technique, including easily labile NRP （NaHCO3-NRP）, reactive metal oxide-bound NRP （HCl-NRP）, humic acid-associated NRP （NaOH-NRPnA）, fulvic acid-associated NRP （NaOH-NRPFA） and residual NRP （Res-TP）. There were notable transformations with increasing sediment depth from the labile NaHCOa-NRP and NaOH-NRP pools to the recalcitrant HCl-NRP and Res-TP pools, which caused the NRP to become increasingly recalcitrant as the early diagenetic processes proceeded. Further analyses showed that the relative changes in contents of organic matter and reactive Fe oxides in the sediment profile triggered a competition for binding NRP fractions and led to the transformation of NRP. The results highlighted the importance of abiotic processes in regulating the diagenesis of organic P and its stability in sediments.

Characterization of phosphorus species and modeling for its organic forms in eutrophic shallow lake sediments, North China

Variations of phosphorus （P） and its species in surface sediment of Baiyangdian Lake, a eutrophic shallow lake located in North China, were investigated through combination of field survey and numerical calculation based on cluster analysis. P fractionation was performed by a sequential extraction scheme, categorized as loosely bound P （NH4Cl-P）, reductant soluble P （BD-P）, metallic oxide bound P （NaOH-P）, calcium bound P （HCl-P） and organic P （Org-P）. P concentrations exhibited regional similarities and a total of four sub-areas were identified in which the same rank was HCl-P 〉 Org-P 〉 BD-P ,=NaOH-P 〉NH4Cl-E NH4Cl-P, BD-P and Org-P were found to contribute to P enrichment in overlying water column. Specifically, labile Org-P acted as a potential pool with a greater contribution in aerobic layer compared to anaerobic layer. A hysteresis （lag = 4 months） existed when labile Org-P concentration was negatively correlated with aerobic layer thickness. In view of magnitude of identified P contributors in sub-areas, higher potential of P release was present in Fuhe River and Tang River estuary areas. On the basis of calibration and verification, the mathematical model with parameter settings applied in this study was improved to serve as a tool for limnology management and eutrophic control.

杭州西湖底泥疏浚工程的生态效应

杭州西湖一直被富营养化问题所困扰.迄今为止,先后采用了多种工程措施进行治理.通过对杭州市政府1999-2002年对西湖实施的底泥疏浚工程前后沉积物中营养物质含量、水质以及水生生物群落各主要类群等方面的研究,评价了此次工程对减轻西湖的营养盐内负荷、控制湖泊富营养化的效果,探讨该工程的生态风险及对西湖水生生态系统重建的影响.研究结果表明:疏浚工程降低了西湖各层沉积物中的有机物、氮和磷含量,尤其是沉积物表层10cm中的有机质、总氮和有机磷含量均有明显的下降;疏浚后西湖水体与富营养化相关的主要指标均有不同程度的改善;水体中浮游植物密度、生物量有不同程度的降低,群落中蓝藻比例下降;浮游动物群落的种类有所增加;疏浚后底栖大型无脊椎动物群落快速恢复;疏浚后的水生生物群落指示水体富营养化程度有所减轻.

杭州西湖底泥释磷的初步研究

为了探讨杭州西湖底泥的释磷状况，通过对钱塘江引水前后西湖水体中总磷浓度的测定，根据物质平衡原则，求得西湖底泥平均释磷速率为３．４９ｍｇ／ｍ２·ｄ，全湖年释磷量达７．２２ｔ。此外用实验室模拟法对底泥释磷的影响因素进行研究，结果表明，温度、ｐＨ值和扰动均能不同程度地对底泥释磷产生作用，其中尤以ｐＨ值的改变和扰动影响较大；结果还显示，微生物在底泥释磷过程中具有重要的作用。

环境因子对杭州西湖沉积物各形态磷释放的影响

对西湖沉积物的磷形态、粒径组成、化学组成进行了分析,模拟研究了上覆水磷含量、光照、p H、温度、水动力条件等不同环境因子对西湖沉积物各形态磷释放的影响。结果表明,上覆水为蒸馏水时的最大释磷量约为底泥-湖水系统的1.15倍,且释放形态均以IP中的Fe/Al-P为主。在蔽光条件下的最大TP释放量约为光照条件下最大TP释放量的1.35倍。p H是影响磷释放的重要因素,在碱性条件下,促进Fe/Al-P的释放;在酸性条件下,促进Ca-P的释放。在高温条件下沉积物的释磷量会高于低温条件下的释磷量。沉积物各形态磷的释放量在15h后逐渐趋于平衡扰动状态达到平衡时TP释放量是静态释放平衡状态的1.61倍。研究结果旨在探讨不同环境因子对湖泊沉积物磷迁移转化的生态环境效应,预测西湖内源磷释放的发展趋势,为控制沉积物内源污染提供理论基础。

改性膨润土和沉水植物联合作用处理沉积物磷

首次将改性膨润土(modified bentonite,MB)作为原位吸附材料与沉水植物苦草(Vallisneria spiralis,V.spiralis)联合处理沉积物磷.研究结果表明,MB可以促进沉水植物V.spiralis的生长,V.spiralis可能通过根系分泌作用促进溶磷或是通过促进根际微生物群落的P代谢活性增加沉积物中的生物可利用性P含量.MB与沉水植物V.spiralis对沉积物P的联合作用效果优于MB和沉水植物V.spiralis单独作用之和.厚度5cm MB和V.spiralis联合作用对沉积物TP,IP,OP,Fe/Al-P和Ca-P的去除率可达59.8%,57.1%,67.8%,66.7%和44.7%.微生物试验结果表明,厚壁菌门Erysipelotrichaceae科的菌属PSB-M-3是联合组相比单一V.spiralis组或单一MB组微生物群落P代谢功能增强的主要贡献者.本研究还首次发现了Erysipelotrichaceae科微生物可作为沉积物中潜在的除磷菌.研究结果表明MB和沉水植物联合控制沉积物磷技术可进一步应用到富营养化湖泊沉积物控制工程.

杭州西湖与运河沉积物铅同位素组成及其示踪意义

西湖底部表层沉积淤泥与沉积柱中沉积物的铅同位素组成存在明显的差异。沉积柱中206Pb/207Pb=1.1906±0.0029(2σ),208Pb/206Pb=2.0858±0.0074(2σ),而表层沉积淤泥的206Pb/207Pb=1.1705～1.1726,208Pb/206Pb=2.1052～2.1069,存在明显的异常。沉积柱中铅同位素组成演变特征表明,西湖沉积柱的上部受到了现代人为的铅污染,污染物厚度35cm左右,其中顶部10cm污染较为严重。与杭州市有关环境样品的铅同位素背景对比表明,西湖的铅污染主要来源于汽车尾气排放铅。运河(杭州段)0～30cm的沉积柱中除个别样品外,206Pb/207Pb=1.1543～1.1705,208Pb/206Pb=2.1011～2.1540,与西湖沉积柱下部沉积物中的铅同位素组成明显不同,而与西湖表层沉积淤泥的铅同位素组成一致,这表明运河沉积物存在显著的铅污染。对比表明,运河铅污染也主要来自汽车尾气,同时煤铅可能也有一定的贡献。根据西湖沉积柱中铅污染的深度与平均沉积速率估计,杭州地区的铅污染开始于1910年代,但到1970年代铅污染明显加剧。

杭州西湖沉积物的若干物理和化学性状

于1995年4月—1996年1月对杭州西湖沉积物的若干物理、化学性状作了研究沉降试验表明，沉积物中粒径在0．067－0．0029mm之间的颗粒占沉积物总量的80．8％，0．0029mm以下的占4．3％．基本属于粉砂级范围，沉积物受扰动后再悬浮会明显影响水体的透明度，沉积物处于中性（pH＝6．60－7．40）和低厌氧状态（Eh＝－3mV至167mV）．界面溶解氧含量在1mg／L，左右，沉积物生物产量数（BPN＝0．4836）和烧失量与全氮量之比（IG／TN＝22．54－30．71）表明西湖是富营养的腐殖型湖泊。沉积物参数的主成分分析证实了西湖沉积物的沼泽来源，并表明引水后小南湖沉积物特征与其它湖区相比已有较大差异。

杭州西湖底泥反硝化作用初探

反硝化作用作为水体彻底去除硝态氮的主要途径之一,主要发生在沉积物中。为了调查杭州西湖高硝态氮水体中底泥反硝化作用及其影响因子,2013年12月（冬季）和2014年6月（夏季）在西湖5个子湖区和3个湖湾的13个点位（X1-X13）进行样品采集,以底泥中硝酸盐还原酶活性和反硝化强度代表反硝化作用。结果表明,西湖水体冬夏两季TN浓度分别为1.568-2.613 mg/L和1.117-2.848 mg/L,硝态氮在TN中占比平均值分别为76%和72%。冬夏两季的底泥反硝化强度分别为0.132-1.350 mg/g和0.643-1.286 mg/g,硝酸盐还原酶活性分别为0.015-5.092μg/g和0.665-19.123μg/g;其中,硝酸盐还原酶活性冬季与夏季差异极显著（P〈0.01）,而冬季和夏季的反硝化强度没有显著性差异（P〉0.05）。夏季底泥反硝化强度与水温和泥温极显著正相关（P〈0.01）,与水体氨氮呈显著负相关（P〈0.05）,底泥硝酸盐还原酶活性与底泥总有机碳（TOC）呈显著正相关（P〈0.05）。冬季底泥反硝化强度与硝酸盐还原酶活性呈极显著正相关（P〈0.01）,与表层水体溶解氧（DO）呈显著正相关（P〈0.05）。在沉水植物盖度对反硝化作用影响的调查中发现,一定盖度的沉水植物可以促进反硝化作用,但过多的沉水植物也会抑制反硝化作用。

“ACP-1”声学泥沙浓度剖面测绘仪在西湖淤泥探测中的应用

“ＡＣＰ－１”声学泥沙浓度剖面测绘仪在杭州西湖淤泥探测中得到成功应用。在声学剖面图上以不同色彩清楚地显示出西湖中沉积分成三层：流动层、软泥层和硬底层。由声学探测得出的分层结构和每层厚度与应用传统的柱状样探测结果一致。

杭州西湖沉积物磷分析及释放风险

本研究以杭州西湖的茅家埠、小南湖以及乌龟潭等3个子湖中的沉积物为研究对象,研究其中沉积物磷赋存形态,通过对沉积物磷吸附指数(phosphorus sorption index, PSI)与磷吸附饱和度(phosphorus saturation, DPS)进行测定与计算并根据两者对西湖沉积物磷的释放风险进行了客观评估.对沉积物风险分析表明:杭州西湖沉积物呈还原态,表现出强氧化性;沉水植物的生长会对沉积物的氧化还原电位产生影响,沉水植物盖度越大,沉积物氧化还原电位越高,氧化性越强;沉积物磷污染状况严重,沉积物中磷的吸附容量主要与其中活性铁铝氧化物的含量有关;杭州西湖不同区域的沉积物磷的吸附指数有较大的不同,主要与区域的生态化逆境相关;受各种相关因素影响,杭州西湖沉积物磷的释放处于中度偏轻的风险状态.

杭州西湖底泥磷分级分布

采用磷分级分离法对在杭州西湖采集的柱状泥样进行了磷分级提取 .结果发现 :HCl-rP即钙矿磷占据了西湖底泥总磷含量的 30 %- 70 %,其余依次为NaOH -rP(16%- 40 %)和NH4 Cl-rP(0 .6%- 10 %) ;活性磷由NaOH -rP和NH4 Cl -rP构成 ,占总沉积磷的 2 0 %-40 %.各磷分级组分和活性磷的垂直分布与总磷基本一致 ,含量随泥层深度的降低逐级增加 ,在 10- 30cm处形成峰值 ,但表层的蓄积量又出现逐层下降的趋势 .

改性膨润土对杭州西湖沉积物各形态磷的吸附性能

通过盐酸、碳酸钠、高温焙烧及复合改性等多种改性方法对膨润土进行改性,并借助扫描电子显微镜、傅里叶红外光谱仪及X射线衍射仪等仪器对其进行表征,探讨最佳的改性方法.结果表明,10%碳酸钠+450℃高温焙烧复合改性膨润土(Modified bentonite,MB)为最佳改性用土.对比改性前后膨润土颗粒对沉积物各形态磷吸附性能,发现MB颗粒对沉积物磷吸附性能优于膨润土原土(raw bentonite,RB)颗粒.在最佳动态吸附条件下,RB对沉积物TP、OP、IP、Fe/Al-P和Ca-P的吸附率分别为32.5%、25.4%、52.6%、34.6%和12.4%;MB对沉积物TP、OP、IP、Fe/Al-P和Ca-P的吸附率分别为35.5%、29.1%、54.5%、44.6%和10.7%.静态吸附实验结果表明:RB颗粒和MB颗粒在静态吸附时间为28 d时,对沉积物TP的吸附量分别为828.2 mg·kg^(-1)和977.2 mg·kg^(-1),相应的吸附率分别为58.2%和68.6%.MB对沉积物磷的吸附性能较好,可进一步用于富营养化湖泊沉积物磷控制.

多孔陶瓷滤球与沉水植物联合作用处理杭州西湖沉积物中的磷

首次将新型环保陶瓷滤球(red mud-based porous ceramic filter material,PCFM)作为吸附材料,与沉水植物处理沉积物磷技术相结合,通过测定沉积物各形态磷含量的变化,以期研究该吸附-生物联合修复技术对沉积物磷的修复效果。结果表明,苦草组对沉积物各形态磷去除量随时间的变化逐渐增大,苦草在150 d时对沉积物TP、IP、OP、Fe/Al-P和Ca-P的去除量分别为51.60、16.32、34.74、46.37和-14.99 mg·kg^(-1)。研究不同PCFM厚度与沉水植物苦草联合对沉积物磷的去除效果,发现厚度5 cm PCFM+苦草对对沉积物各形态磷的去除效果最好。在150 d时,对沉积物TP、IP、OP、Fe/Al-P和Ca-P在的去除量分别达到652.61、249.12、396.40、314.38和72.11 mg·kg^(-1),苦草与陶瓷滤球在对沉积物磷的去除过程中,可能存在有益于去除沉积物磷的相互促进的作用。可见PCFM和苦草联合作用处理沉积物磷的效果较好,可进一步应用于富营养化湖泊沉积物磷控制工程。