The Uplift of the Longmenshan Thrust Belt and Subsidence of the West Sichuan Foreland Basin

Based on fission track dating of apatite, and measurement of vitrinite reflectance of rock samples from the Longmenshan (Longmen Mountain)area and the West Sichuan foreland basin and computer modelling it is concluded that (l)the Songpan-Garze fold belt has uplifted at least by 3-4 km with an uplift rate of no less than 0.3-0.4 mm/a since 10 Ma B.P.; (2) the Longmenshan thrust nappe belt has uplifted at least by 5-6 km with an uplift rate of more than 0.5- 0.6 mm /a since 10 Ma B.P.; (3) the Longmenshan detachment belt has uplifted by 1 - 2 km at a rate of 0.016-0.032 mm/a since 60 Ma B.P.; (4) the West Sichuan foreland basin has uplifted by 1.7-3 km at a rate of 0.028-0.05 mm/a since 60 Ma B.P.; (5) the uplift rate of the area on the west side of the Beichuan-Yingxiu-Xiaoguanzi fault for the last 10 Ma is 40 times as much as that on its east side; (6) the uplifting of the the Songpan - Garze fold belt and the subsidence of the West Sichuan foreland basin 60 Ma ago exhibit a mirro-image correlation, i.e. the rapid uplifting of the the Songpan-Garze fold belt was corresponding to the rapid subsidence of the basin;the Songpan-Garze fold belt has uplifted at a much greater rate than the West Sichuan foeland basin in the last 60 Ma;and (7) the palaeogeothermal gradient was 25℃ /km in the West Sichuan foreland basin.

Reconstruction of summer temperature variation from maximum density of alpine pine during 1917-2002 for west Sichuan Plateau, China

Having analyzed the tree ring width and maximum latewood density of Pinus densata from west Sichuan, we obtained different climate information from tree-ring width and maximum latewood density chronology. The growth of tree ring width was responded princi- pally to the precipitation in current May, which might be influenced by the activity of southwest monsoon, whereas the maximum latewood density reflected summer temperature （June-September）. According to the correlation relationship, a transfer function had been used to reconstruct summer temperature for the study area. The explained variance of reconstruction is 51% （F=52.099, p〈0.0001）. In the reconstruction series： before the 1930s, the climate was relatively cold, and relatively warm from 1930 to 1960, this trend was in accordance with the cold-warm period of the last 100 years, west Sichuan. Compared with Chengdu, the warming break point in west Sichuan is 3 years ahead of time, indicating that the Tibetan Plateau was more sensitive to temperature change. There was an evident summer warming signal after 1983. Although the last 100-year running average of summer temperature in the 1990s was the maximum, the running average of the early 1990s was below the average line and it was cold summer, but summer drought occurred in the late 1990s.

Geologic Characteristics of Gas Reservoirs in West Sichuan Foreland Basin

The foreland basin in West Sichuan is a tectonic unit that has undergone multi-periods tectonic movements of Indosinian-Yanshanian-Himalayan. Since late Triassic, it has been in a passive subsidence environment controlled by basin margin mountain systems and by the compression with abundant sediment sources. With the complex geologic setting, the main geologic characteristics of natural gas reservoir are listed as following： （1） Source rocks are coal-bearing mud and shale series with high to over maturity, and long and progressive hydrocarbon generation-displacement period. The key accumulation period is middle-late Yanshanian epoch. （2） There are three gas-bearing systems vertically, each of which has different reservoir mechanism, main-controlled factors and distribution law, so the exploration thoughts and techniques are also different. （3） Undergoing multi-period generation-migration-accumulation, oil and gas have encountered multi-period modification or destruction, and gas accumulation overpass multiple tectonic periods. So the trap type is complicated and dominated by combination traps. Because the main accumulation period of natural gas is early and the reservoir encountered the modification of strong Himalayan movement, there is great difference in the fullness degree of gas reservoirs and complicated gas-water relation. （4） Reservoir is tight to very tight, but reservoirs of relatively high quality developed under the super tight setting. （5） The key techniques for oil and gas exploration in west Sichuan foreland basin are the prediction of relatively favorable reservoirs, fractures and gas bearing; and the key techniques for oil and gas development are how to improve the penetration rate, reservoir protection and modification.

Three-Dimensional In Situ Stress-Field Simulations of Shale Gas Formations:A Case Study of the 5th Member of the Xujiahe Formation in the Xinchang Gas Field,West Sichuan Depression

This work established a geological model for the 5th member of the Xujiahe Formation（X5 member） in the Xinchang gas field of the West Sichuan Depression based on the lithological, structural and depositional properties, as well as logging and well completion data and drill-core observations. Rock mechanical parameters were calculated according to rock mechanic experiments and rock mechanic interpretations from logging data. We also calculated the magnitudes and orientations of the in situ stresses based on acoustic emission tests, differential strain tests, fracturing behaviour and logging interpretations as well as anisotropy logging tests, borehole-breakout measurements and well-log data. Additionally, the present stress field of the X5 member was simulated using finite element numerical（FEM） simulation methods. The numerical simulation results indicate that the distributions of lithology and fractures are key factors that influence the present stress field. The stress field in the study area is discontinuous as a result of fractures and faults in the central and eastern areas. Stress is concentrated at the end sections and bends of faults, but dissipates with distance away from both sides of the faults. A longitudinal profile clearly demonstrates the zonality and continuity of the stress field and an increase with depth. The differential stress distribution is relatively uniform; however, large deviations occur in fracture zones.

New Re-Os Dating of Auriferous Pyrite from the Suoluogou Large Gold Deposit in Muli County, West Sichuan Province

Objective The Suoluogou gold depositin Muli County of Sichuan Province is located in the southern section of the GanziLitang suture zone(Fig.la),which is the largest gold deposit discovered in this suture zone in recent years.At present,the exploration of the Suoluogou gold deposit is still in progress,and the amount of resource is increasing.

Study on Active Faults and Seismogenic Structure for the 1989 Batang M6.2～6.7 Earthquake Swarm in the Litang-Batang Region of West Sichuan,China

Fault structures in the Litang-Batang region of West Sichuan are mainly sub-longitudinal and a set of NNE- and NW-trending conjugate shear fracture zones is developed. In this paper, emphasis is put on explaining the movement patterns along the fault structures in the region since the late Pleistocene-Holocene on the basis of detailed interpretation of TM satellite images and aero-photos in geomorphologic aspect of active structures. The sub-latitudinal shortening rate along the sub-longitudinal Jinshajiang fault zone is determined to be 2～3mm/a since the late Quaternary, the horizontal dextral slip movement rate along the NNE-trending Batang fault is 1.3～2.7mm/a on average, and the horizontal sinistral slip movement rate along the NW-trending Litang fault is 2.6～4.4 mm/a on average. The general status of the recent crustal movement in the region and the regularities of block motion caused by it are analyzed in combination with data of geophysical fields, focal mechanism solutions and GPS measurements. The occurrence of the 1989 Batang M6.2～6.7 earthquake swarm is suggested to be the result of tensional rupture along the sub-latitudinal normal fault derived from the conjugate shearing along the NNE-trending Batang and the NW-trending Litang faults. It reveals a typical seismic case produced by normal faulting in a compressional tectonic environment.

Big Gas Field Found in West Sichuan Depression

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Application of New West-Sichuan Architectural Characteristics in Tourist Town Design——A Case Study of Conceptual Planning of Chuanzhu Township as a Town of Farming and Sericulture in E' meishan City of China

Evolution history of the new west-Sichuan dwellings was analyzed,and its characteristics were summarized as "properly-arranged layouts,unification with neighboring environment;plain facade,excellent ventilation and sun-shading;free layout of single building,definite axes and orderly changes;application of local materials,showing local cultural characteristics;valuing continuity of local cultures and human relationship".Conceptual planning of Zhuanzhu Township as a town of farming and sericulture in E'meishan City was taken for example to propose the overall planning concepts on the basis of its current conditions.And the planning concepts cover functional division,road system,landscape system and overall image,and aim to integrate regional cultural characteristics into the town planning.

Ladinian radiolarian fauna, siliceous rock from the Xianshuihe Belt, West Sichuan and their tectonic significance

Ladinian radiolarian fauna, including Muelleritortis, Baumgartneria, Oertlispongus, Paroertlispongus, Pseudoertlispongus, etc., was discovered from the siliceous rock of the Runiange Formation in the Xianshuihe belt, West Sichuan Province. Geochemical test on five samples from the siliceous rock indicates that SiO2 content varies in 71.16%-90.06% and Si/Al ratio, in 49-71, which shows that the siliceous rock contains more terrigenous mud sediments. The siliceous rock is characterized by the large ratios of Al2O3/(Al2O3+Fe2O3) (0.63-0.81) and Ti/V (>26), the low ratio of V/Y (<2.8), and low vanadium content (<23 μg/g), which are similar to the geochemical characteristics of continental margin siliceous rock. The Ce/Ce* ratios of the four samples vary in 1.02-1.47 and the LaN/CeN ratio, in 0.75-1.07, which imply that the siliceous rock was deposited in the continental margin basin. But only one sample is similar to the oceanic siliceous rock in REE. Turbidite-siliceous rock bearing radiolarian-basalt assemblage and the geochemical characteristics of the siliceous rock indicate that the Xianshuihe belt is in the strong rift stage in the Ladinian age.

川北—鄂西上二叠统富有机岩沉积与地球化学特征

【目的】随着非常规油气理论的发展,沉积有机质富集机理再次成为热点研究,其中有机质富集主控因素成为争论的焦点。以往的研究对沉积过程的分析较少,这可能是存在争论的原因之一。【方法】结合沉积学与地球化学研究方法,在分析层序地层学和沉积环境的基础上,详细开展元素地球化学研究,讨论富有机岩沉积有机质富集机理。【结果】四川盆地北部和鄂西盆地上二叠统吴家坪组自下而上分为吴一段、吴二段和吴三段,大隆组自下而上分为大一段和大二段。吴家坪组至大隆组自下而上总共分为五个三级层序SQ1~SQ5。由层序地层学分析将广利海槽和鄂西海槽的发展分为四个阶段,分别为初始、快速发展、高潮稳定和萎缩阶段。初始阶段主要发育SQ2时期斜坡相暗色硅质灰岩,快速发展阶段主要发育SQ3时期陆棚相钙质页岩,高潮稳定阶段主要发育SQ4时期盆地相黑色硅质岩,萎缩阶段主要发育SQ5时期斜坡相石灰岩。含异常高有机质的甜点段主要形成于SQ3高位域至SQ5海侵域沉积期,在该时期Fe、Cu、Ni和Zn营养元素周期性富集,Mo、V、Fe/Al和S等氧化还原敏感元素均表现为较高的水平,热液强度参数Al/(Al+Fe+Mn)和Al-Fe-Mn三角图均指示频繁的热液活动特征。【结论】在甜点段,高营养元素含量和初级生产力水平的出现早于强还原条件,说明沉积水体的氧化还原条件主要受控于沉积有机质沉降埋藏过程中对氧的消耗,有机质的富集主要受较高初级生产力的控制。营养物质P、Si、Fe、Zn的供应主要与裂陷槽形成过程中深部热液活动和周围火山活动有关,这些构造活动周期性带来大量营养物质提高了初级生产力水平。因此海洋表层高的初级生产力水平是甜点段异常高有机质富集的启动和基础条件,而海洋底部水体较强的还原环境是有机质埋藏和保存的关键因素。

川西新场须二段致密砂岩储层甜点类型及成因机制

川西新场地区上三叠统须家河组二段(须二段)天然气资源丰富,砂体大面积发育,储层孔渗较低,甜点成因复杂。为了阐明新场须二段甜点类型及成因,以岩芯观察、薄片分析、微米CT、阴极发光等多技术手段,在对储层岩石学、孔喉特征、有效裂缝特征等分析基础上,对甜点进行分类。新场须二段主要发育基质孔隙型、断缝型、层理缝型等3种甜点类型,不同类型甜点形成原因存在差异。强水动力条件下形成的高能分流河道、富石英砂岩是基质型甜点形成基础,在相对较弱的压实及胶结作用、较强的溶蚀作用下易形成基质型甜点;在靠近大型断层的基质孔渗较好部位易发育断缝型甜点;层理缝型甜点分布规模较小,不同类型层理界面处颗粒粒度、组分存在差异,发生差异成岩作用,形成力学薄弱面。新场须二段甜点发育受沉积、成岩及构造非均质性控制,对甜点类型的成因分析,有利于对甜点进行分类评价。

寓善于闲:公益组织对川西平原乡村的本土化适应

尊重地方特色,对乡村进行本土化适应,关乎公益组织在乡村的可持续运行。城乡交融背景下,川西平原乡村充满休闲底蕴的景观环境、民众心态和活动资源,为公益组织的本土化适应提供了文化基础。基于对川西平原Q村的调查研究,指出互惠型的公益理念、生活化的公益场景、商业式的公益资助,可成为公益组织与民众休闲生活相结合的本土化适应路径。充分发挥公益组织对村民自身成长和乡村有效治理的促进作用,成为其深度参与乡村全面振兴的新方向。

新世纪以来中国电影中川西地区的空间生产——基于乡村振兴战略的考察

基于对社会空间的整合性考察,列斐伏尔提出了空间实践、空间表象和表征性空间的空间三元辩证法。对于新世纪以来中国电影中的川西地区而言,这种三元辩证法是由形式范畴下的人造风景、话语建构式的乡土乌托邦、第三化活动中的旅行意象共同构成。川西影像的空间生产需要不断丰富现有的表征性空间,并动用身体的全部能量开发全新的表征性空间,这不但有助于确保该空间的生产活力,也有利于持续发挥川西影像在振兴乡村中的积极作用。

四川盆地德阳—安岳裂陷西侧大探1井震旦系灯影组天然气勘探重大突破及意义

近期,部署实施于四川盆地德阳—安岳裂陷西侧(以下简称裂陷西侧)的风险探井大探1井,在震旦系灯影组二段、灯影组四段(以下简称灯二段、灯四段)分别测试获天然气42×10^(4)m^(3)/d、81×10^(4)m^(3)/d,取得了裂陷西侧天然气勘探的重大战略突破。为了评价裂陷西侧灯影组沉积、储层和油气成藏地质条件,通过对野外露头、岩心、薄片及测试资料等进行分析,重新厘定了区内老井地层、沉积格局、有利区带展布特征,深化了裂陷西侧灯影组油气成藏地质认识,指导了下一步天然气勘探。研究结果表明:①裂陷西侧震旦系地层完整、序列齐全,灯影组地层广泛分布,灯四段与麦地坪组呈整合接触,桐湾Ⅱ幕位于麦地坪组顶部,因此灯影组未遭受到广泛剥蚀;②裂陷西侧灯二段、灯四段丘滩体面积分别约为3000 km^(2)、4000 km^(2),丘滩相储层特征与裂陷东侧基本一致,储集岩均以凝块白云岩和砂屑白云岩为主,差异主要体现在西侧灯影组渗透性更高,并发育大量晚期网状缝,此与该区受晚期强烈挤压密切相关;③川西南地区发育中元古界峨边群、震旦系陡山沱组、寒武系筇竹寺组3套烃源岩,受晚期构造挤压,通源断裂发育,3套烃源岩与灯影组形成下生上储、侧生旁储、上生下储高效天然气成藏组合;④大探1井所在的大兴场构造具备双层构造体系特征,保存条件好,而且关键成藏期位于古构造高部位,早期普遍成藏,晚期调整定型,具备规模成藏的含油气地质条件;⑤提出了非继承性构造演化区,在正向地质单元寻找规模化的滩带,在负向地质单元寻找烃源岩的勘探思路,并建立了“滩带—断层—烃源”跨时空配置成藏新模式。结论认为,大探1井在裂陷西侧灯影组天然气勘探取得的重大突破,进一步展示了该区巨大的天然气勘探潜力,且该区有可能成为继安岳气田之后一个重要的天然气开发主战场。

川西气田长水平段井壁失稳机理及对策

四川盆地川西气田中三叠统雷口坡组气藏为潮坪相沉积,埋藏深、储层薄、井壁稳定性差,前期完钻11口水平井井壁失稳频发,影响开发效益。为了确保川西气田后续长水平井打成、打好、打快,有效降低井壁失稳复杂率,以川西海相水平段为研究对象,分析其井壁失稳机理,以及裂缝渗流对井壁稳定性的影响,制定对策措施。研究结果表明:井区井壁失稳主控因素为应力、裂缝、岩性;易塌层分布在最小水平应力钻进方向、裂缝发育区,掉块岩性为石灰岩或灰质白云岩;水基钻井液条件下,岩石强度下降了11.4%~17.5%,坍塌压力增加0.11MPa/100 m;油基钻井液条件下,不考虑裂缝渗流,岩石强度不会因油基钻井液浸泡及其浸泡时间而降低,考虑裂缝渗流,裂缝摩擦系数因油基钻井液浸泡下降12.8%,坍塌压力增加0.05~0.08 MPa/100 m。结论认为,按研究成果精细预测的钻井液密度窗口、水平段轨迹优化,确保了6口长水平井顺利完钻,井壁失稳复杂率降低43%,完井测试获天然气产量172×10^(4)~325×10^(4)m^(3)/d。

川西全强风化卵石土边坡稳定性影响因素分析

研究目的:四川西部地区分布大量的全强风化卵石土(Q_(2)、Q_(3))地层,该类边坡遇水易软化失稳,出现垮塌、溜坍等灾害。以川西铁路典型边坡工程为依托,利用颗粒流数值模拟分析该类边坡破坏及发展的全过程动态问题,研究坡率、坡高、含水率三种因素对边坡稳定性的影响,获得敏感性顺序,提出边坡设计时坡率、坡高的控制建议,为风化卵石土地层的边坡工程建设提供技术支撑。研究结论:(1)全强风化卵石土边坡整体失稳时符合牵引式滑动特征,滑体呈现散体状;(2)该类边坡稳定性因素敏感性顺序为:坡率>坡高>含水率,当坡率由1∶1.5增加至1∶0.75时,边坡稳定性系数降幅达1.9,含水率由14%增加到16%时,软化作用明显,坡高较小时边坡更稳定;(3)建议边坡设计时,坡率小于1∶1.25,坡高控制在8 m以下,并做好防排水措施,使边坡含水率控制在14%以下;(4)本研究可为川西地区全强风化卵石土边坡稳定性分析和防护设计提供依据。

川西坳陷中江气田沙溪庙组致密砂岩次生孔隙形成机制

利用铸体薄片、电子探针、扫描电镜、阴极发光、X射线衍射等分析测试手段,对中江气田上、下沙溪庙组储层的岩石学特征、孔隙结构特征、成岩作用类型进行研究,分析次生孔隙的形成机制及分布规律.结果表明:上、下沙溪庙组均以富长石类砂岩为主,储层中溶蚀孔隙的比例以及自生高岭石的含量较高.相较于上沙溪庙组,下沙溪庙组次生孔隙更为发育.次生孔隙的形成主要与有机酸对钠长石的溶解有关.下伏须五段烃源岩在晚侏罗世末期—早白垩世早期进入低熟—成熟阶段,有机质热解脱羧作用形成大量具有较强溶蚀能力的有机酸和碳酸溶液.这些高温酸性流体沿着燕山中晚期形成的断层向上运移至侏罗系储层中,造成大量易溶组分的溶解以及次生孔隙的形成.

川西坳陷三叠系须家河组油气富集与地层压力关系

川西坳陷新场构造带的上三叠统须家河组是四川盆地重要的致密砂岩油气勘探开发目的层。为提升勘探开发成效,提出以流体动力学为切入点,从动态角度研究油气运动特征,并结合静态研究成果确定油气分布特征的方法,开展油气富集与地层压力关系研究。该区域发育超压,须三段超压发育程度最高,主要产气层须二段地层压力普遍在60~80 MPa之间;剩余压力最高可达40 MPa,大部分区域的剩余压力梯度在0~3 MPa/km之间,最高可达10 MPa/km。通过动态法油气富集理论和对剩余压力、剩余压力梯度等的相关研究,认为其与断层、流体、油气分布具有重要的关系:剩余压力梯度较高(1~2 MPa/km)的区域能兼顾断层改善流体运移能力和较好储层的优势,有利于长期高产稳产。

四川盆地西-南部沿山短时强降水环境特征对比分析

利用实况监测、再分析资料和模式分析场资料,分析了盆地西-南部强降水发展特征、天气配置、环境要素、对流触发机制等。结果表明:盆地西-南部强降水有三个发生源地,分别为峨眉山东坡沿山地区、四川盆地南部山区和盆地西北部沿龙门山脉。盆地西-南部的强降水生消发展主要表现为两种分布形势,一是发展型强降水,二是未发展型强降水。在中低层为强降水提供的能量和水汽条件相似情况下,500 hPa的影响系统是决定盆地西-南部强降水天气过程发展与否的关键因素。在中低层不显著的环流差异下,850 hPa风速的微弱变化是造成对流是否维持更长时间的关键,850 hPa风速越大越有利于对流进一步发展形成发展型强降水。影响盆地西-南部强降水发生发展的环境要素中,水汽因子尤为重要。首先,环境水汽含量不仅是深厚湿对流发生的水汽条件,亦在不稳定能量条件中扮演重要角色;其次,充沛的盆地水汽含量足以引发强降水出现,但水汽含量差异是对流性降水发展升尺度的关键因素;最后,水汽含量的差异导致了强降水发展趋势,反过来强降水发展也影响水汽含量阈值,两者相互反馈。盆地西-南部强降水对流触发配置模型可分为低压扰动型和地形辐合型,小尺度冷池、地形辐合和地面辐合线在其触发条件中尤为重要。

基于成分数据分析及S—A分形的地电提取法在川西容须卡地区寻找隐伏锂矿预测研究

川西容须卡地区以高寒地貌景观为主,由于自然条件恶劣给找矿工作带来较大困难。为实现该区的找矿突破,开展地电提取法测量、分析与锂成矿密切相关的Li、Be、Rb、Cs、U、Th等6种元素。其结果表明原始数据存在明显的闭合效应,给地球化学异常圈定带来一定的干扰;同时,研究区地球化学背景存在较大差异,可能会漏掉有意义的弱异常。为进一步确定各元素之间的关系,明确找矿指示意义,采用成分数据分析方法打开数据之间的闭合效应,对原始数据、对数变换、ilr变换等3种不同数据处理结果进行对比,得出3点结论:①经过对数及ilr变换后的数据比原始数据更接近正态分布;②ilr变换明显消除数据的闭合效应,其中Li、Rb、Cs、U、Th等成矿元素组合对第一主因子PC1正载荷存在较大贡献;③通过S—A异常分解,有效消除研究区背景值的差异,强化低背景区的弱异常,为矿区找矿提供新线索。最后,结合研究区地质成矿规律、元素组合及异常空间分布特征,圈定出4个找矿靶区。