Surveillance of Hand,Foot,and Mouth Disease in China's Mainland (2008-2009)

Objective Since HFMD was designated as a class C communicable disease in May 2008,18 months surveillance data have been accumulated to December 2009.This article was to describe the distribution of HFMD for age,sex,area,and time between 2008 and 2009,to reveal the characteristics of the epidemic.Methods We analyzed weekly reported cases of HFMD from May 2008 to December 2009,and presented data on the distribution of age,sex,area and time.A discrete Poisson model was used to detect spatial-temporal clusters of HFMD.Results More than 1 065 000 cases of HFMD were reported in China's Mainland from May 2008 to December 2009 （total incidence：12.47 per 10 000）.Male incidence was higher than female for all ages and 91.9% of patients were 5 years old.The incidence was highest in Beijing,Shanghai,Zhejiang and Hainan.The highest peak of HFMD cases was in April and the number of cases remained high from April to August.The spatial-temporal distribution detected four clusters.Conclusion Children 5 years old were susceptible to HFMD and we should be aware of their vulnerability.The incidence was higher in urban than rural areas,and an annual pandemic usually starts in April.

INFLUENCE OF SERIES OF SQUARE GRIDS ON FRACTAL DIMENSIONS-A Case Study of Mountains of China's Mainland

MANDELBROT enunciated the uncertainty of the length of a coastline in his paper "How long is the coastline of Britain?" published in Science in 1967. The fractal concept was presented for the first time in that paper and has been applied to many fields ever since. Although fractal dimensions of lots of phenomena were calculated by the box-counting method,the quantitative influence of series of square grids on them is ignored. The issue is systematically discussed as a case study of the mountains of China′s Mainland in this paper. And some significant conclusions are drawn as follows: 1) Although the fractal character objectively exists in the mountains of China′s Mainland,and it does not vary with the changes of series of square grids,the fractal dimensions of the mountains of China′s Mainland are different with these changes. 2) The fractal dimensions of the mountains of China′s Mainland vary with the average lengths of sides of series of square grids. The fractal dimension of the mountains of China′s Mainland is the function of the average length of side of square grid. They conform to the formula D=f(r) (where D is the fractal dimension,and r is the average length of side of square grid). 3) Different dots of data collection can affect the fractal dimension of the mountains of China′s Mainland. 4) The same range of length of side of square grid and dots of data collection can ensure the comparison of fractal dimensions of the mountains of China′s Mainland. The research is helpful to get the more understanding of fractal and fractal dimension,and ensure that the fractal studies would be scientific.

LONG-TERM VARIATIONS OF FOG AND MIST IN China's Mainland DURING 1951-2005

Fog is an important indicator of weather. Long-term variations of fog and mist were studied byanalyzing the meteorological data from 743 surface weather stations in China's Mainland during 1951-2005.In climatology, there are more foggy days in the southeast than in the northwest China and more in thewinter half of the year than in the summer half. The decadal change of foggy days shows regional variation.Southwest China is the region with the most foggy days, and more than 20 foggy days occur in SichuanBasin in one year. Persistent heavy fog usually appears in winter and spring over the North China Plain andNortheast China Plain. Misty days are much more frequent in the provinces south of the Yangtze River thanin the regions north of it, and there is an obvious increase of misty days after the 1980s. Southwest China isthe area with the most number of misty days, and more than 100 misty days occur in Sichuan Basin in ayear.

Clinical application of traditional herbal medicine in five countries and regions: Japan;South Korea;China's Mainland;Hong Kong, China;Taiwan, China

Objective:To study the characteristics of the clinical application of traditional herbal medicine in five countries and regions where traditional medicine(TM)is widely used:Japan;South Korea;China's Mainland;Hong Kong,China;Taiwan,China.And to analyze,from multiple angles,the variations in the methods of TM used in each countries and regions.Methods:Fifty commonly used traditional herbs(TOP50)from classical formulae were selected,and descriptive statistics,correlation analyses,and Friedman test were used to compare methods of clinical application and dosages in the countries and regions of interest based on a retrospective review of randomly-selected medical records.Results:There were significant differences in sequencing TOP50 among the five countries and regions(P<.01).The adherence to the classical formulae,from strong to weak was Japan;China's Mainland;Taiwan,China;Hong Kong,China;South Korea.There were also significant differences in TOP50 dosing regimens(P<.01).Overall dosages of TOP50 from high to low were:China's Mainland;Hong Kong,China;Taiwan,China;South Korea;Japan.Finally,there were significant differences in the dosage intervals(P<.01),with dosage intervals from maximum to minimum as follows:China's Mainland;Taiwan,China;Hong Kong,China;South Korea;Japan.Conclusions:The clinical dosages of traditional herbal medicine used in the China's Mainland are relatively large compared with those prescribed in the other four countries and regions,and the range of dosages in China's Mainland is more flexible.On the other hand,clinical dosages of TOP50 are the lowest in Japan,where the dosage range is also the narrowest,supporting the idea that Doctors of Kampo medicine are highly cautious and are likely to adhere strictly to classical formulae,while Hong Kong,China and Taiwan,China are in the middle.The dosage of TOP50 in South Korea is significantly lower than that used in the China's Mainland;Hong Kong,China and Taiwan,China where the adherence to the classical formulae was the lowest,albeit slightly higher than that in Japan.The methods of clinical application of traditional herbal medicine in the five countries and regions were affected by multiple factors,including history,geography,climate,and culture.

Self-organized ordering of earthquakes(M≥8) in China's Mainland

The paper presented a new regular pattern （network structure ） of great earthquakes occurred in China's Mainland during the past 700 years, which may be helpful to improve the understanding of great earthquakes and can serve as a base for the study of prediction of future great earthquakes. It can be done because there are quite complete and confident records of historical and recent earthquakes in a wide extent in China.

Evaluations on social network analysis (SNA) research in China's Mainland:A critical assessment of journal literatures

Social network analysis(SNA) has been introduced to China's Mainland since the end of last century. It is often stated that SNA research has experienced rapid growth in China over these years, but few studies have been conducted to prove the statement. This paper aims at exploring the research status and development of SNA in China by a critical assessment of journal articles. Our findings show that SNA is an evolving and diversified research area which has rich themes and topics, and can be applied to those studies on different levels, context and disciplines, and attract researchers and scholars from various fields and domains. In addition, the information community(Library & Information Science and Information Systems) plays a leading role in the SNA related researches. The paper also points out the research on SNA in China has some limitations, so it proposes several implications for the future development of SNA research from perspectives of information science.

A quality evaluation of nursing intervention studies in China's Mainland: From 1979 to 2012

Background:The number of papers published in the field of nursing practice has greatly increased in recent years in China's Mainland,yet the quality of these papers is highly variable.There has been no attempt to comprehensively estimate the overall quantity and quality of these papers.Objectives:To systematically retrieve nursing intervention studies published in simplified Chinese from 1979 to 2012,critically appraise their quality,and provide suggestions for future development.Methods:All of the papers were retrieved from China Biology Medicine disc database.The preliminary screening of retrieved publications was performed prior to conducting a rigorous quality evaluation of the remaining publications.10 characteristics would be included in consideration in quality evaluations.Results:69,150 papers were retrieved according to searching strategy.7391 of them were included after preliminary screening and appraised critically.Among the 10 characteristics considered in quality evaluations,the lowest ratings were observed for the factors of“utilisation of blind method”(13 articles),“description of loss of follow-up”(499 articles),“appropriate calculation of sample size”(511 articles)and“randomised assignment of patients to treatments”(652 articles).Conclusions:Chinese papers published in the field of nursing practice have increased over time,but improvements remain needed to ensure that thorough studies with high-quality research methodologies are being performed.Future nursing researchers should not only improve the design of their intervention studies but also clearly describe the methodology they used,especially in group randomisation,blinded research designs,and estimations of required sample sizes.

A CHINESE ECONOMIC CIRCLE IN REALITY——On Five Basic Features of the Economic Relations Between the China's Mainland and Hongkong/Macao

Generally speaking, "an economic circle" refers to a group of countriesand regions whose economic relations override the universally accepted in-ternational practice or norms and they have formulated new economic ruleswhich are applicable only to countries and regions inside the circle.

Wavelet Analysis of Earthquake Activity in the West of the Chinese Mainland and Its Adjacent Area1

Wavelets are a useful tool for analyzing the time-frequency of a non-stable series and are widely applied in many fields. The process of earthquake preparation and occurrence is a non-linear process. In the paper, the wavelet method is used to analyze the series of earthquake data for the time period from 1900 to 2003 in the west of the Chinese mainland and its adjacent area (WCMAA), and to obtain the characteristic information for different time scales. In the past 103 years, there were four primary periods of regional earthquake activity in the area with durations of 42, 22, 7 and 14 years, respectively and the intensity of earthquake activity changing with time. It doesn’t make sense to talk about active or quiet periods of earthquake activity unless it is based on a specific time scale. In addition, the tendency analysis of earthquake activity using the primary period of seismic activity and wavelet coefficients of varied time scales indicates that the earthquake activity in this region will be high in the forthcoming years.

The Monetary Reform of Hong Kong and Its Enlightenment for China's Mainland

The monetary system of Hong Kong has experienced several reforms, now it can effectively control the money supply and restrain inflation. The reform of monetary system is very meaningful for China's Mainland, as China's Mainland also wants to restrain inflation. The focus of this article is to analyze the process of monetary system＇s reform of Hong Kong, and the development of money supply system. The conclusion is that central bank of China's Mainland should learn from Hong Kong＇s experience and carry out more reasonable monetary reform.

Impact of Operating Conditions on the Productivity of Star-Rated Hotels in China's Mainland: Verification from Spatial Metrology

Room occupancy rate is a key indicator of star-rated hotel management quality. This paper takes Cobb-Douglas production function as the theoretical framework. Spatial Moran index of autocorrelation, Spatial Lag Model(SLM) and Spatial Error Model(SEM) are used to analyze the star-rated hotels labor productivity of 31 provincial regions in China's Mainland based on the star-rated hotels statistical data of year 2016. The spatial correlation and spatial difference of the star-rated hotels labor productivity is discussed. This paper studies the impact of three factors on spatial characteristics of star-rated hotels labor productivity in China's Mainland. The econometric estimation results show that:(1) Star-rated hotels labor productivity present significant spatial dependence and spatial difference in China's Mainland.(2) The estimation results of Ordinary least Squares(OLS) are reliable.(3) The reliability of the results obtained by the Spatial Error Model(SEM) analysis is the highest, and has a stronger explanatory power to the spatial relationship of star-rated hotels labor productivity in China's Mainland. The average room occupancy rate has more influence on the labor productivity of the provincial star-rated hotels than the impact of capital and labor.

Cooperation of Credit Investigation between China's Mainland and Taiwan under the New Situation

In the context of constant deepening of cooperation in economy and trade and social communication between China's Mainland and Taiwan,deepening the cooperation of credit investigation can effectively ensure deepening and stable development of trade exchanges and social communication between China's Mainland and Taiwan. This paper firstly elaborated significance of credit investigation cooperation,then compared current situation of establishment of credit investigation system,and finally put forward guiding principle and specific recommendations for credit investigation cooperation between China's Mainland and Taiwan.

A Pickup of IPOs in China's Mainland and Hong Kong Is Expected

According to the'EY Global IPO Trends:2016 Q2'report released in June,the IPO market in China's Mainland and Hong Kong saw a slow first half in 2016 with investors wary of the economic slowdown of China's Mainland’s growth rate and the possibility of a currency devaluation.As a result,the number of deals for the first six months of 2016

Hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy for gastric and colorectal cancer in China's Mainland

AIM:To investigate the current status of peritoneal carcinomatosis(PC) management,as well as the usage of cytoreductive surgery(CRS) and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy(HIPEC) in China's Mainland.METHODS:A potentially curative therapeutic strategy for selecting patients with PC,known as "Techniques",consists of CRS in combination with HIPEC.A systemic search of published works and clinical trials was performed.Additional papers were retrieved by crosschecking references and obtaining information from Chinese oncologists and relevant conferences.One hundred and one papers and one registered clinical trial on HIPEC were included.RESULTS:A literature review identified 86 hospitals in 25 out of all 31 areas of China's Mainland that perform HIPEC.The earliest report included in our survey was published in 1993.Different approaches to HIPEC have been utilized,i.e.palliative,prophylactic,and possiblycurative treatment.Only one center has consistently performed HIPEC according to the "Sugarbaker Protocol",which involves evaluating the extent of PC with peritoneal cancer index and the results of CRS with the completeness of cytoreduction.Positive preliminary results were reported:7 of 21 patients with PC survived,free of tumors,during an 8-43-mo follow-up period.Hyperthermic strategies that include HIPEC have been practiced for a long time in China's Mainland,whereas the "Sugarbaker Protocol/Techniques" has been only rarely implemented in China.The Peritoneal Surface Oncology Group International hosts a biannual workshop with the intent to train more specialists in this field and provide support for the construction of quality treatment centers,especially in developing countries like China,whose population is huge and has a dramatically increased incidence of cancer.CONCLUSION:To popularize Sugarbaker Protocol/Techniques in China's Mainland in PC management arising from gastric cancer or colorectal cancer will be the responsibility of the upcoming Chinese Peritoneal Surface Oncology Group.

Fansubbing Humor： A China's Mainland Case Study

Fansubbing, short for fan subtitling, is a new form of subtitling done by fans for fans voluntarily and collaboratively to distribute free fansubbed programs. Fansub is a virtual community where fansubbers communicate only through chatting rooms, forums, MSN or QQ. With the popularity of audiovisual programs on the Intemet, fansubs become well-known for their voluntary fansubbed programs and interesting fansubbing. However, little is known about the operating of this virtual community and the strategies of fansubbing humor. Thus, this dissertation explores the modus operandi of fansubs in China's Mainland, and discusses fansubbing strategies compared with that of mainstream subtitling, with particular emphasis on fansubbed humor in American TV series which are popular with Chinese audiences. Different from the mainstream subtitling which often domesticates the otherness in the foreign culture, fansubbing tends to rewrite and manipulate the translation in a more idiosyncratic and creative way. Fansubbers recreate the humor in an ＂abusive＂ way to explain the cultural difficulties. And their ＂abusive＂ manipulation of translation, especially in humor translation, which helps the audience to overcome the culture barriers, experience the cultural ＂otherness＂ while entertain the humor, has great potential to be adopted by other translators in dealing with translating cultural difficulties.

Changes in Cultivated Land Resources and Grain Potential in China's Mainland between 1996 and 2007

Analysis of recent changes in the amount and nature of cultivated land and grain potential, and the impacts of these changes on grain security in China's Mainland provides vital information for revising and developing strategies regarding protection of cultivated land and national grain security. This study examined changes in the area of cultivated land and in grain potential in agro-ecological zones using the "change rate" method. Agro-ecological subzones were used as the basic units and agro-ecological zones as the research units. We then studied changes for all of China's Mainland using the "gravity centre model" and analyzed the structural change of cultivated lands in each agro-ecological zone to investigate the changes in detail. The results show that both cultivated land and grain potential in China's Mainland decreased from 1996 to 2007. The structural and quantitative changes in each zone have caused the shift of the gravity centres of cultivated land and grain potential in China's Mainland to the northeast. Unfortunately, it is unlikely that natural and economic resources can keep up with this change. Although a large gap remains between the grain potential and the actual grain yield, the rapid loss of grain potential and the direction of change pose great threats to grain security. To ensure comprehensive grain security in China, it is vital to rethink the regional patterns of grain production according to natural conditions without jeopardising cultivated land protection(quantitative and qualitative), and consider the direction of cultivated land use and reconstruction according to local natural conditions, water and soil resources, and the level of economic development, and then work steadily to improve the grain potential.

Gravity gradient distribution in China's Mainland from GOCE satellite gravity gradiometry data

At present, gravity field and steady-state ocean circulation explorer（GOCE） gravity data are always used to compute regional gravity anomaly and geoid height. In this study, the latest GOCE gravity field model data（from Oct. 2009 to Jul. 2010） are used to compute the gravity gradient of China's Mainland according to a rigorous recursion formula（in all the six directions）. The results show that the numerical values of the gravity gradients are larger in the T rr direction than those in the other directions. They reflect the terrain characteristics in detail and correlate with the regional tectonics; however, in the T ql and T r l directions,the numerical values are relatively smaller and the gravity gradients in the T r l direction do not reflect the terrain characteristics in detail.

Legal Protection of the Right to Housing : A Comparative Study of the Mainland and Taiwan

Protection of the right to housing is necessary for housing justice and satisfies the demand for adequate housing under international human rights conventions. This paper compares legal protections of the housing right in Taiwan and China's Mainland, highlighting basic principles in Taiwan's 'Housing Act' and its problems. Taiwan's legislation may shed light on relevant legislation of China's Mainland.

Dongtai Group——Active Investment in China's Mainland

The Dongtai Group,a paper maker for40 years,is now an international trans-industrial group,comprising the paperindustry,plastics processing industry,machinemanufacture,hotels,and also securitiescompanies,real estate companies,investmentcompanies and high-tech industry.It hasestablished more than 20 companies in theUSA,Australia,Japan,Hongkong,Taiwanand China's Mainland. The group opened its first enterpriseon China's Mainland--the Fuda Industry Co.Ltd.in 1989 in Xiamen,with an investmentofUS＄ 6 million.The Fuda Company appliesadvanced international techniques andprocesses to design and produce completesets of equipment for making plastic bags,which are paralleled with those made inEurope,the USA and Japan in quality

A Probe Into CLT Pedagogical Implications for English Majors in China's Mainland： A Holistic Educational Paradigm

Notwithstanding the tremendous progress of foreign language teaching （FLT） and foreign language education （FLE） in China's Mainland, there still remain large-scale margins as reflective argumentation on the issue of methodology, pedagogy, and educational paradigm to probe into. Among each respective margin concerning this FLT and FLE, this paper deepens the aspects of methodological approach of communicative language teaching （CLT） and holistic educational paradigm. Furthermore, this paper elaborates the current dominant teaching status and makes discussion on the topic of harmony between English teaching and using, taking Basic English course for English majors in China's Mainland as the case study.