M agmatic Gold Mineralization in the Western Qinling Orogenic Belt: Geology and Metallogenesis of the Baguamiao,Liba and Xiaogouli Gold Deposits

The superlarge Baguamiao, large Liba and Xiaogouli gold deposits represent three typical gold deposits different from the Carlin type in the western Qinling Orogenic Belt. Based on Ar-Ar dating of quartz from ores, U-Pb dating of single zircon from granite, tracing of H and O isotopes and studies on the mineralogy and texture of spots and bleached alteration developed in wall rocks, this paper focuses the relations between gold deposits and granite to clarify the origin of gold deposits and the metallogenesis in the tectonic evolution of the Qinling Orogenic Belt. The comprehensive studies show that the age of the granite (148.1-244 Ma) is identical with that of the gold deposits (131.91-232.56 Ma). It is suggested that the granite has close temporal, spatial and genetic relationship with the gold deposits. The granite provides a heat source, water source and considerable amount of ore-forming material. Finally, it is concluded that the orogeny by collision, emplacement of the granite and positioning of the gold deposits represent a successive process. Both the granite and gold deposits resulted from the syn-orogeny and post-orogeny tectonic evolution.

Fluid Inclusions of Orogenic Gold Deposits in the Zhongchuan Area,Western Qinling and Their Geological Significance

Orogenically-derived gold deposits of the Zhongchuan area in the western Qinling are distributed in the exo-contact thermal metamorphic zone. The country rocks hosting the deposits are predominantly of Devonian age with low-grade metamorphism and strong deformation with the ore deposits directly controlled by multi-level tectonic systems. Three types of inclusions from these deposits have been recognized: CO2-H2O, CO2-rich, and aqueous. The ore-forming fluids were mainly CO2-NaCl-H2O type characterized by rich CO2, low salinity, high temperature and immiscibility. Incorporated with earlier isotopic data, the regional geological setting and features of diagenesis and metallogeny, it can be concluded that the ore-forming fluids were derived from deep magma and mixed with meteoric and metamorphic water. The deposits formed during an intra-continent collisional orogeny, and some of the materials derived from the deep might have been involved in the ore-forming process.

Petrogenesis and tectonic implications of Early Cretaceous andesitic-dacitic rocks,western Qinling(Central China):Geochronological and geochemical constraints

40Ar/39Ar and zircon U-Pb geochronological and whole-rock geochemical analyses for the Laozanggou intermediate-acidic volcanic rocks from the western Qinling orogenic belt,Central China,constrain their petrogenesis and the nature of the Late Mesozoic lithospheric mantle.These volcanic rocks yield hornblende or whole-rock 40Ar/39Ar plateau ages of 128.3-129.7 Ma and zircon U-Pb age of131.3±1.3 Ma.They exhibit SiO2 of 56.86-66.86 wt.%,K2 O of 0.99-2.46 wt.%and MgO of 1.03-4.47 wt.%,with Mg#of 42-56.They are characterized by arc-like geochemical signatures with significant enrichment in LILE and LREE and depletion in HFSE.All the samples have enriched Sr-Nd isotopic compositions with initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios ranging from 0.7112 to 0.7149 andεNd(t)values from 10.2 to 6.3.Such geochemical signatures suggest that these volcanic rocks were derived from enriched lithospherederived magma followed by the assimilation and fractional crystallization(AFC)process.The generation of the enriched lithospheric mantle is likely related to the modification of sediment-derived fluid in response to the Triassic subduction/collision event in Qinling orogenic belt.The early Cretaceous detachment of the lithospheric root provides a reasonable mechanism for understanding the petrogenesis of the Laozanggou volcanic sequence in the western Qinling orogenic belt.

Selenium Enrichment in Cambrian Stratabound Gold Deposits in the Western Qinling Mountains

Stratabound gold deposits in the western Qinling Mountains occur in Cambrian chert formation composed of carbonaceous chert and carbonaceous slate. The distinctive chert formation provides important grounds for the mineralization and controls on the formation of gold deposits. Study shows that Se is exceptionally higher in both host rocks and gold orebodies. It may be recovered as a valuable component in ores for total utilization, and in some localities even independent Se orebodies (which are mined exclusively for Se) may be delineated. In gold ore Se mainly occurs as independent minerals or in the isomorphous form in sulphides and there is a positive correlation between Se and Au.

Petrogenesis and tectonic implications of Indosinian granitoids from Western Qinling Orogen,China:Products of magma-mixing and fractionation

The Western Qinling Orogen(WQO) is characterized by voluminous distribution of Indosinian granitoids,the formation of which provides an important window to unravel the geochemical and geodynamic evolution and associated metallogeny.Here we investigate a group of intrusions termed "Five Golden Flowers" based on petrological,geochemical,zircon U-Pb geochronological and Lu-Hf isotopic studies on the granitoids and their mafic microgranular enclaves(MMEs).Our results show that these intrusions are genetically divided into two types,namely,magma-mixing and highly fractionated.The Jiaochangba,Lujing,Zhongchuan,and Luchuba granitoids are biotite monzogranites(220±0.8 Ma to 217±2.6 Ma) with abundant coeval MMEs(220±.1 Ma to 217±2.7 Ma).The rocks contain moderate to high SiO2,high MgO,Rb,Sr,Ba,and Th contents,but low TiO2,P2 O5,and Sc values,A/CNK of <1.1,and a range of εHf(t) values of-11.7 to +2.23 with corresponding TDM2values of 1967-1228 Ma.The MMEs possess K-feldspar megacrysts,abundant acicular apatites,and show lopsided textures.They have lower SiO2,Al2 O3,and Th contents,but higher MgO,TiO2,and Sc,with εHf(t) values of-18.0 to +3.18 and TDM1 of 849-720 Ma.The data indicate that the MMEs were derived from a magma sourced from the enriched lithospheric mantle.We suggest that these host granitoids were produced by partial melting of latePaleoproterozoic to early-Mesoproterozoic lower crust with the involvement of Neoproterozoic SCLM-derived mafic magmas.The Baijiazhuang pluton is dominantly composed of leucogranite(muscovite granite and twomica monzogranite,216±1.5 Ma) without MMEs.The rocks are peraluminous with high A/CNK(1.06-1.27).Compared with the other four granitoids,the Baijiazhuang leucogranite shows higher SiO2 content,markedly lower concentrations of TiO2,MgO,Al2 O3,CaO,and Fe2 O3T,and lower LREE/HREE and(La/Yb)N values.These leucogranites are also rich in Rb,Th,and U,and display marked depletions in Ba,Sr,Ti,and Eu,indicating that they experienced significant fractionation.Zircon εHf(t) values(-10.2 to-3.27) and TDM2(1868-1424 Ma),as well as the Nb/Ta and K2 O/Na2 O values are similar to the other four granitoids,indicating that they are likely to have been derived from a similar source;with sediments playing only a minor role in the magma generation.The low contents of Yb and Y suggest that their partial melting was controlled by garnets and micrographic texture of K-feldspar reflects high-temperature melting through undercooling.Based on the above features,we infer that the Baijiazhuang leucogranite likely represents the product of high degree fractionation of the I-type biotite monzogranite magma which generated the other four granitoids at relatively high temperatures,within magma chambers at mid-crust depths.We propose that the granitoid suite was formed in the transitional setting from synto post-collision during the collisional orogeny between the SCB and NCB,following break-off of the subducted South China Block lithosphere during 220-216 Ma.

LA-ICP-MS U-Pb Zircon Geochronology,Geochemistry and Kinetics of Wenquan Ore-Bearing Granites from Western Qinling,China

As we know there is a famous East Qinling-Dabie molybdenum belt in china,where many molybdenum deposits located such as super giant Jinduicheng,Sandaozhuang,Shangfanggou and Nannihu molybdenum deposits(Li,2008) ;The molybdenum mineralization in the East Qinling-Dabie belt clusters into three groups or mineralization pulses:233-221,148-138 and 131-112 Ma(Mao et al,2008).

An Early Aged Ophiolite in the Western Kunlun Mts., NW Tibetan Plateau and Its Tectonic Implications

The early aged ophiolites have attracted attention of many geologists in recent decades, because the early aged ophiolites can provide the information about the ancient oceanic processes relevant to the evolution of plate tectonics in the early period of the earth, and also concern such problems as whether there existed a ＂Proto-Tethys＂ and the break-up and convergence of the Rodinian Supercontinent. This paper reveals a definite complete ophiolite of Neoproterozoic-Early Paleozoic, named Kuda ophiolite in the western Kunlun Mrs., NW Tibetan Plateau, and reports the recent reasonable SHRIMP zircon U-Pb ages of 510±4 Ma, and 502±13 Ma for the cumulates of the Kuda ophiolite, using the most powerful dating tool, the SHRIMP-Ⅱ. The geochemical and geochronology data integrating with the geological setting suggest that the Kuda ophiolite might have formed in an archipelago oceanic basin, not in a vast ocean, the so-called ＂Proto-Tethys＂, and was tectonically emplaced during the Early Paleozoic.

A New Chronological Report of the Hongshi Breccia-Host Gold Deposit in the Western Qinling Region,China

Objective The western Qinling belongs to the western part of the Qinling-Dabie-Sulu orogen between the North China Block and South China Block. Multiple orogenic events might be responsible for different types of gold mineralization, making the western Qinling gold region one of the most important gold metallogenic belts in China. This region has demonstrated a total gold resource of 〉500 t and more than ten gold deposits with gold resource of 〉20 t. Almost all gold deposits in the western Qinling gold region can be classified into two distinct genetic types as orogenic （such as the Shuangwang,

Study on Climate Change Characteristics in Western Qinling in the Past 41 Years

[Objective] The research aimed to examine climate change characteristics in western Qinling during 1967-2007. [Me^od] Based on the data of temperature, precipitation, sunshine duration, relative humidity and evaporation capacity derived from 17 weather stations, we analyzed the climatic change characteristics in western Qinling in the past 41 years, r Result] Increase magnitude of the annual mean temperature was 0.30 ℃/10 a in the past 41 years. Annual precipitation averaged 802 mm and varied non-significantly during the 41 years, while precipitation in spring significantly decreased by 13.68 mm/10 a. Besides, annual sunshine duration and annual mean relative humidity both decreased non-significantly, in contrast to annual evaporation capacity which showed an insignificantly increasing trend. Compared among southern, central and northern areas of the western Qinling, annual mean temperature, precipitation and relative humidity showed decreasing trends from south to north, while annual sunshine duration and annual evaporation capacity showed inversely increasing trends. [ Condusionl Thus, our research could provide reference basis for ecosystem stability and related research in western Qinling.

Petrological Study on the Ductile Shear Zones in the Core of the Eastern Qinling Orogenic Belt in Western Henan

A series of ductile shear zones of the overthrust and strike-slip-types and related ductile shear metamorphicrocks, including tectonic melange and mylonites. were formed in the core of the Qinling orogenic belt in thecourse of the Caledonian-Indosinian ductilc and brittle-ductile reworking. The study on their petrography. va-riations in composition and conditions of formation is conducive to revealing the metamorphism-deformationhistory of the core of the Qinling orogenic belt and further to understanding the dynamic mechanism of its evo-lution.

Element-Assemblage Zoning Features of Gold Deposits in the Cambrian Silicalite Formation,Western Qinling

The gold deposits, occurring in the south subzone of western Qinling, are the onlytypical and important strata-bound gold deposits, which are associated with submarine exhala-tive sedimentation. The god deposits include the La, erma ore deposit, the Qiongmo ore de-posit and the Yaxiang ore occurrence. They are hosted in the Cambrian silicalite formationcomposed of black chert and slate. The presence of typical chert offers important evidence to e-valuate the Possib1e submarine exhalative system and its role in the formation of the gold de-posits, which are closely associated with percolation and diffusion in the horizontal, vertical andaxial directions. Element-assemblage zonation is clearly seen due to differences in element con-centrations in different directions. Such a zonation makes gold, selenium, uranium, copper,stibium, molybdenum, mercury, etc. precipitate in the form of simple 0r composite orebodies.The establishment of the element-assemblage zonation is highly helpful for evaluating directlythe metallogenesis of gold deposits.

TECTONIC EVOLUTION OF THE WESTERN KUNLUN AND KARAKORAM MOUNTAINS—SOME NEW OBSERVATIONS FROM A MULTI-DISCIPLINARY GEOSCIENTIFIC TRANSECT (MGT) IN NW TIBET

New results from deep seismic sounding reveal that the Tarim block (basin) was subducted, with gently dipping, to the W.Kunlun Mts. The depths of Moho from north to south are 50km in S.Tarim to 65km in the W. Kunlun Mts. A low velocity and low resistivity layer occurs at the depth of 15～30km, which may be the decollement in the upper crust. A “delamination Crack" might have been formed in the lower crust\|mantle lid, causing the intrusion of alkaline magma along the southern margin of the W. Kunlun Mts. A detailed research for forming and evolving of the Kudi ophiolite in the central part of the W. Kunlun Mts.,which has been given the age of 700～450Ma by using the Re\|Os isotopic dating, and the Radiolarits in chert intercalated with pillow lava are determined to be the late Ordovician to Silurian. Until now we did not find any complete ophiolite suite except Kudi ophiolite. So we suggest that there was no “vast protero\|ocean", and a “limited oceanic basin" exists only during the late Proterozoic to Early Paleozoic, which might have been subducted in Silurian\|Devonian and formed the oldest suture in the north of the Tibet plateau.A suture zone consisting of H. P/T metamorphic blueschist, ophiolitic melange and olistostrome in the north\|western Tibet has been revealed recently, which may extend to NW. connecting with MKT in N. Pakistan.A study of the Fission track thermochronology indicates that the W.Kunlun Mts. has been undergone a pulsatory uplift since 20～18Ma,and a rapid uplift after 3Ma.A model of collision between the Indo\|Pakistan subcontinent\|N.Tibet and the Eurasian blocks of Tarim has been illustrated.

THE CHARACTERISTICS OF TECTONIC FACIES IN THE WESTERN TIANSHAN MT. AND ITS ADJACENT AREA,NORTHWESTERN CHINA

Based on the theory of plate tectonics, the authors combined the concept and analytic methods of tectonic facies, and divided the western Tianshan Mt. and its adjacent area into eight tectonic facies. i. e.① Kuluktage rejuvenational foreland basement fold-thrust facie, ②Kalpin rejuvenational foreland basement fold-thrust facie,③ Kuqa rejuvenational foreland fold-thrust facie. ④ Southern Tianshan backarc foreland mollasse facie. ⑤ Southern Tianshan Late Paleozoic magmatic arc facie. ⑥ Southern Tianshan backarc melange facie. ⑦ Central Tianshan composite magmatic are facie, and ⑧ Northern Tianshan foreare melange facie. F1nally. we reconstructed the history of the western Tianshan Paleozoic tectonic evolution.

Carlin-Type Gold Deposits in Qinling and Some Related Problems

The sediment hosted disseminated gold deposits in the Qinling region are of sedimentation slight metamorphic origin superimposed by hydrothermal reworking at moderate low temperatures and are well comparable with the typical Carlin gold deposits in the United States. In view of the confusing concept concerning the \!sediment hosted" and \!Carlin type" gold deposits, the authors propose that the term \!sediment hosted gold deposit" should be used in a broad sense which encompasses at least the four subtypes, i.e., the Carlin type, the metamorphic fine clastic type, the hydrothermal sedimentary type and the vein type. In other words, the \!Carlin type" should not be used as a synonym for \!sediment hosted" but is recommended as a subtype under the general category of \!sediment hosted gold deposits".

陕西秦岭西段典型森林群落数量分类与排序及多样性特征

为探究陕西秦岭西段典型森林群落的空间分布格局及其与环境因子的关系,为研究区域森林群落物种多样性保护提供理论依据。分别对摩天岭自然保护区和紫柏山自然保护区进行全面踏查,共选取了20个具有典型植被特征的群落作为样地,通过多元回归树(multivariate regression trees,MRT)对20个样地进行数量分类,使用典范对应分析(canonical correspondence analysis,CCA)进行排序,并对分类得到的森林群落总体多样性进行分析。结果表明,1)对20个样地进行MRT分类,得出陕西秦岭西段典型森林群落可以分为3类,分别为油松-白刺花-野棉花群落、辽东栎-覆盆子-蛇莓群落和华山松-巴山木竹-野青茅群落。2)CCA排序揭示了陕西秦岭西段典型森林群落分布与环境因子的关系,表明海拔是影响研究区域森林群落分布最主要的环境因子,其次是坡向和坡度。3)研究区域森林群落各层次的物种丰富度和Shannon-Wiener多样性指数以及乔木层的Pielou均匀度指数总体上呈沿海拔梯度上升的趋势,而灌木层和草本层的Pielou均匀度指数随海拔梯度波动不大。综上,海拔是影响陕西秦岭西段森林群落组成和分布的主要环境因子,研究结果可为深入探究陕西秦岭西段森林群落的空间分布格局及其物种多样性的保护提供了理论依据。

西秦岭北缘漳县含盐盆地成盐阶段构造演化及找矿意义

西秦岭北缘漳县含盐盆地是研究青藏高原隆升及演化的重要部位。该盆地的形成是喜山期以来青藏高原隆升在远端构造运动响应的结果,属内陆湖泊伸展断陷盆地。前人对盆山演化与成矿的关系研究欠缺,本次结合最新盐矿勘查成果资料,遵循盆山耦合的研究思路,对该盆地结构特征进行分解,建立盆地构造格架,重塑盆地构造演化过程及盐矿沉积阶段。研究表明:白垩系及更老地层构成了盆地的老基底,盆地成盐阶段构造演化总体分3个阶段:①初始断陷阶段。古近纪始新世至渐新世末期,漳县一带发生近NS向张裂作用,在漳县北部沉积大面积古近系粗-细碎屑岩,奠定了盆地新基底;②强烈断陷阶段。中新世,伸展活动不断增强,在盆地内沉积了一套厚度超过1600 m的含盐泥岩地层;③走滑闭合阶段。上新世早期,伸展活动明显减弱,盆地主要受NS向挤压,老构造断裂发生由张性到压扭、走滑性质的转变,漳县含盐盆地持续演化就位形成现今构造样式。

南秦岭镇安西部钨钼矿集区成矿物质来源研究

为了查明南秦岭镇安西部大型钨钼多金属矿集区成矿物质来源,在矿床基础地质研究的基础上,运用岩石地球化学、硫化物单矿物硫同位素地球化学和锆石U-Pb同位素、辉钼矿Re-Os同位素地球化学等方法,对复式中酸性侵入体与钨钼成矿的时空关系和成因联系进行深入研究。结果表明:懒板凳岩体田湾单元、王家坪隐伏岩体和花岗细晶岩脉富集Si元素,且Mg#值和稀土总量较低,稀土元素配分曲线呈明显的四分组效应并具有强负Eu异常,岩浆分异结晶程度高;懒板凳岩体九间屋单元和王家坪隐伏岩体锆石U-Pb同位素年龄分别为(222.7±2.6)Ma和(201.6±4.7)Ma,棋盘沟钨矿床和江口钼矿床中辉钼矿Re-Os同位素模式年龄分别为(199.7±3.9)Ma和(198.7±3.9)Ma;钨钼矿床中硫化物单矿物δ34S值为3.6‰~10.2‰,推测成矿物质来源于复式岩体晚阶段形成于190~200Ma之间的高分异演化酸性侵入体。

秦岭松科常绿种叶燃烧性排序

研究测定了秦岭 8种松科乔木种叶含水率、可燃性气体逸出率、燃点、热值、灰分含量和抽出物含量等 7个燃烧性相关因子 ,并采用层次分析法分析认为 ,8种松科乔木的燃烧性由强到弱的排序依次为 :油松、马尾松、白皮松、华山松、青杆、冷杉。

早古生代北秦岭—北祁连结合部构造格局的地层及构造岩浆事件约束

通过对位于华北、北秦岭、北祁连交界部位的武威—贺兰山—礼泉地区奥陶纪地层格架进行对比分析,初步认为奥陶纪时,北祁连洋、北秦岭洋和华北西南海盆相通。早—中奥陶世,自鄂尔多斯碳酸盐台地—鄂尔多斯西南缘—北祁连走廊台地边缘—北祁连火山沉积盆地,存在一个基本连续,由陆缘相至盆地相的沉积格架。对构造岩浆事件的对比研究表明,北秦岭西段的关子镇蛇绿岩中的火山岩具N-MORB特点,武山高家河蛇绿岩中火山岩具E-MORB特征,它们均形成于洋中脊环境,是早古生代商丹洋盆西延的证据。对北祁连东端的早古生代地质体初步确认有：具有N-MORB特征的赤沙火山岩系;形成于弧后环境的红土堡基性火山岩系和形成于岛弧环境的陈家河酸性火山岩系,显示了北祁连东端保存有早古生代洋盆及俯冲构造演化的地质记录。岩石学、地球化学及同位素年代学数据揭示北秦岭西端和北祁连东端均发育450~391Ma俯冲碰撞型花岗质岩浆侵入事件及408~415Ma碰撞变质事件,表明北秦岭和北祁连经历了相似的洋陆转化过程。因此,北秦岭和北祁连造山带在新元古代末—早古生代可能为同一洋盆演化的产物,经历了大体相当的构造-热事件的改造,两者可能在统一的构造动力学机制下经历了相似的构造演化,形成了大体相当的古构造格局。对比研究认为,东秦岭商丹断裂带向西可能与武山-唐藏断裂带相对应;北秦岭的二郎坪群向西可能与北祁连的葫芦河群相对应;北秦岭的秦岭群可能与北祁连的陇山群相对应。

利用岩石地球化学特征判断西秦岭寒武系含矿硅岩建造的沉积环境

西秦岭寒武系硅岩建造是拉尔玛、邛莫金矿床和牙相金矿点的赋矿岩系。其主要由炭质硅岩和炭质板岩组成。其中的含矿硅岩构造十分丰富，有块状、条带状、层纹状、多孔状和同生角砾状等。硅岩单层厚度一般为３０～２００ｍ。其主要成分除ＳｉＯ２（平均含量９５３０％）外，其它氧化物含量能达１％者仅有ＦｅＯ、Ｆｅ２Ｏ３和Ｐ２Ｏ５，且ＦｅＯ／Ｆｅ２Ｏ３比值大于１，而Ｓｒ／Ｂａ比值小于１。硅岩建造中有机炭含量相当高，一般为（０１２～８１４）％，高者达２２％。硅岩中稀土以总量低（３２９×１０－６～１００×１０－６）、铈亏损为特征。硅岩建造中沉积黄铁矿的δ３４Ｓ值变化在１０‰～＋４６．９‰之间。硅岩的δ３０Ｓｉ值主要变化在＋０４‰～＋０．８‰之间。硅岩建造的上述特点反映其主要是在深海—半深海环境下形成的。