Accelerating Effect of Wetting-Drying Cycles on Steel Bar Corrosion in Concrete

Raining and sun-shining processes in natural climate were simulated by water spraying and infrared lightshining alternately as wetting-drying cycles in accelerated durability test. The accelerating effects of the wet-ting-drying cycles and the variation of corrosion current density and corrosion potential of steel bar in concrete undersuch conditions were studied. The result shows that the main reason leading to accelerating corrosion of steel bar inconcrete is the wetting-drying cycles, which can cause the increase of corrosion potential difference between the an-ode and cathode of steel bar corrosion cell and the decrease of concrete resistance. Corrosion rate of the steel bar inconcrete under four typical conditions, including wetting-drying cycle, long time submerging in water, long time ex-posure to indoor and outdoor environment were measured and compared. The test results indicate that the corrosionrates under the four typical conditions are in the order of spraying and infrared light shining cycles, outdoor environ-ment, indoor environment, and submerging in water, respectively.

Initial corrosion behavior of AZ91 magnesium alloy in simulating acid rain under wet-dry cyclic condition

Corrosion behavior of AZ91 magnesium alloy in simulating acid rain under wet-dry cyclic condition was investigated.The results show that corrosion potential shifts positively and the corrosion current density decreases at low wet-dry cyclic time.Further increase of the cyclic time results in the negative movement of corrosion potential and the increase of current density.SEM observation indicates that corrosion occurs only inαphase,βphase is inert in corrosive medium,and the corrosion of AZ91 magnesium appears in uniform characteristic.XPS analysis suggests that the corrosion product is mainly composed of oxide and hydroxide of magnesium and aluminum,and a small amount of sulfate is also contained in the film.

Effect of SAP on Properties of High Performance Concrete under Marine Wetting and Drying Cycles

The internal curing effect of superabsorbent polymer(SAP) on the properties of high performance concrete(HPC) under marine wetting and drying cycles(WD cycles) was investigated. Compressive strength, hydration and chloride migration were experimentally investigated and the results were evaluated by compasison with those under fresh water curing(FW). Water absorption and porosity were also evaluated only under WD cycles. The results showed the important influence of wetting and drying cycles on the properties of SAP modified HPC properties. Carefully designed, SAP minimized the long-term compressive strength of HPC under marine WD cycles. The hydration rate was faster in the initial curing, but became lower as compared with that cured in FW. In addition, SAP improved the long-term water absorption resistance and chloride migration resistance of HPC under marine WD cycles. The examination of the porosity showed a lower increase of the volume of capillary pores in SAP modified HPC under long term WD cycles compared with that without SAP. Therefore, internal curing by SAP could improve the durability properties of HPC under marine WD cycles.

Influences of different modifiers on the disintegration of improved granite residual soil under wet and dry cycles

The disintegration of granite residual soil is especially affected by variations in physical and chemical properties. Serious geologic hazards or engineering problems are closely related to the disintegration of granite residual soil in certain areas. Research on the mechanical properties and controlling mechanisms of disintegration has become a hot issue in practical engineering. In this paper, the disintegration characteristics of improved granite residual soil are studied by using a wet and dry cycle disintegration instrument, and the improvement mechanism is analyzed. The results show that the disintegration amounts and disintegration ratios of soil samples treated with different curing agents are obviously different. The disintegration process of improved granite residual soil can be roughly divided into 5 stages:the forcible water intrusion stage, microcrack and fissure development stage, curing and strengthening stage, stable stage, and sudden disintegration stage. The disintegration of granite residual soil is caused by the weakening of the cementation between soil particles under the action of water. When the disintegration force is greater than the anti-disintegration force of soil, the soil will disintegrate. Cement and lime mainly rely on ion exchange agglomeration, the inclusion effect of curing agents on soil particles, the hard coagulation reaction and carbonation to strengthen granite residual soil. Kaolinite mainly depends on the reversibility of its own cementation to improve and strengthen granite residual soil. The reversibility of kaolinite cementation is verified by investigating pure kaolinite with a tensile, soaking, drying and tensile test cycle. Research on the disintegration characteristics and disintegration mechanism of improved granite residual soil is of certain reference value for soil modification.

Temporal Microbial Response to Wetting-Drying Cycles in Soils within and Outside the Influence of a Shrub in the Sahel

Piliostigma reticulatum is a native woody shrub found in cropped fields in the Sahel and has been shown to increase crop productivity and soil quality. Frequently occurring drying and rewetting cycles (DRW) may alter the soil quality beneath these shrubs. We investigated the effect of DRW cycles on microbial community in soil beneath and outside the P. reticulatum canopy and the roles of this shrub in the adaptation of the microbial community to abiotic stress. Soils were incubated in a climate controlled chamber for 45 days, after exposure to 10 consecutive days of DRW cycles at 75% of water holding capacity (WHC). Basal respiration, β-glucosidase activity, microbial biomass carbon (MBC), and available nitrogen (;) were measured at 2, 30, and 45 days after soil exposed to the DRW cycles. MBC increased significantly two days after the DRW cycles and was greater for soil beneath the shrub canopy compared with soil outside the shrub canopy. PCA analysis based on basal respiration, microbial biomass carbon, available nitrogen, and β-Glucosidase activity resulted in a tight clustering in the beneath shrub soil samples. Soils incubated for more than 30 days after DRW cycles had higher available nitrogen content than soils incubated for less than 30 days. Soil from beneath the shrub canopy significantly improved soil resilience based on β-glucosidase activity. Soil from beneath the shrub canopy also had higher nutrient levels and greater microbial activity even when subjected to DRW cycles, potentially improving the ability of crops to withstand in-season drought when they are adjacent to shrubs. The work should bring our scientific community into a more comprehensive assessment of potential effects of a crop-shrub intercropping that may allow for increased crop yields in semi-arid ecosystems under drought conditions.

Investigation on microstructure evolution of clayey soils: A review focusing on wetting/drying process

Variability in moisture content is a common condition in natural soils.It influences soil properties significantly.A comprehensive understanding of the evolution of soil microstructure in wetting/drying process is of great significance for interpretation of soil macro hydro-mechanical behavior.In this review paper,methods that are commonly used to study soil microstructure are summarized.Among them are scanning electron microscope(SEM),environmental SEM(ESEM),mercury intrusion porosimetry(MIP)and computed tomography(CT)technology.Moreover,progress in research on the soil microstructure evolution during drying,wetting and wetting/drying cycles is summarized based on reviews of a large body of research papers published in the past several decades.Soils compacted on the wet side of op-timum water content generally have a matrix-type structure with a monomodal pore size distribution(PSD),whereas soils compacted on the dry side of optimum water content display an aggregate structure that exhibits bimodal PSD.During drying,decrease in soil volume is mainly caused by the shrinkage of inter-aggregate pores.During wetting,both the intra-and inter-aggregate pores increase gradually in number and sizes.Changes in the characteristics of the soil pore structure significantly depend on stress state as the soil is subjected to wetting.During wetting/drying cycles,soil structural change is not completely reversible,and the generated cumulative swelling/shrinkage deformation mainly derives from macro-pores.Furthermore,based on this analysis and identified research needs,some important areas of research focus are proposed for future work.These areas include innovative methods of sample preparation,new observation techniques,fast quantitative analysis of soil structure,integration of microstructural parameters into macro-mechanical models,and soil microstructure evolution charac-teristics under multi-field coupled conditions.

In-Situ Corrosion Monitoring of Scratched Epoxy Coated Carbon Steel in Saturated Ca(OH)2 with or without 3% NaCl by Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy

The present work is investigated the in-situ monitoring of local corrosion process of scratched epoxy coated carbon steel in saturated Ca(OH)2 with and without 3% NaCl using SECM and correlated with EIS. The results obtained from EIS analysis showed that the corrosion resistance of scratched epoxy coated carbon steel decreases in Cl- containing solution as the increase in wet/ dry corrosion cycles. This was indicated by decrease in film resistance (Rf) and charge transfer resistance (Rct), while the coated steel maintain the resistance values in saturated Ca(OH)2, most of which recovered after drying. The corrosion process was monitored using SECM by setting the tip potential at -0.70 V vs Ag/AgCl, where the consumption of dissolved oxygen occurred at the surface of test sample. The consumption of dissolved oxygen current (I’oxy-c) values was increased during the immersion in a solution with 3% NaCl. However, in wet/dry corrosion cycles, I’oxy-c was decreased due to the coverage of hydroxides/oxides at scratch area which suppressed the consumption of dissolved O2. It was found that the continuous decrease in corrosion was mainly attributed to continuous formation of corrosion products at anodic spots.

Effects of dry/wet ratio and pre-immersion on stress corrosion cracking of 7050-T7451 aluminum alloy under wet-dry cyclic conditions

The stress corrosion cracking(SCC) behavior and mechanism of 7050-T7451 aluminum alloy under wet-dry cyclic conditions were investigated. Slow strain rate tests(SSRTs) and electrochemical tests were used to study the effects of dry/wet ratio(DWR) and pre-immersion on SCC.Fracture and side surface characterizations were observed by scanning electron microscopy(SEM).The results demonstrate that SCC susceptibility decreases with an increase of the DWR. With an increase of the pre-immersion time, both continuous pre-immersion(CP) and wet-dry cyclic preimmersion(WDP) samples are more sensitive to SCC, and the cracking mode in the SCC fracture region is intergranular. Furthermore, the effect of WDP on SCC is greater than that of CP when the total time immersed in solution before an SSRT is the same with each other. In fact, each single wetdry cycle can be divided into three processes with respect to the change of solution on samples’ surface. Volatilization of water on the surface results in an increase in solute concentration, thus accelerating corrosion.

Q420qENH钢及其焊接接头在模拟含PM_(2.5)的工业大气介质中干湿循环腐蚀行为研究

目的 研究桥梁耐候钢板材及其焊接接头在模拟含PM_(2.5)的西北工业大气环境中腐蚀行为的区别。方法 采用NaHSO_(3)+SiO_(2)的腐蚀介质进行干湿交替加速腐蚀实验,并采用腐蚀动力学、X射线衍射、扫描电镜+能谱、电化学测试等方法,分析了Q420qENH钢板材、焊缝及热影响区试样的腐蚀趋势、腐蚀类型及锈层的保护性,以及SiO_(2)对腐蚀的影响。结果 Q420qENH板材试样初期腐蚀速率大于焊接试样,中后期2种试样腐蚀速率逐渐下降并趋于一致。3种试样腐蚀类型均为不均匀的全面腐蚀,外锈层均疏松易脱落,但焊缝、热影响区内锈层比板材致密且与钢基体结合紧密,锈层中Cu、Ni元素含量明显高于板材试样。3种试样腐蚀30d的自腐蚀电流密度由大到小的顺序为板材>焊缝>热影响区,自腐蚀电位由大到小的顺序为热影响区>焊缝>板材,焊缝及热影响区试样的锈层电阻分别为板材试样的1.28倍、1.68倍。结论 PM_(2.5)中的主要成分SiO_(2)易在缺陷处沉积,成为腐蚀产物的形核基底,促进了腐蚀产物的非均匀形核,不利于锈层的致密性。热影响区和焊缝形成锈层的保护性、耐蚀性能优于板材试样。

干湿循环下盐渍压实黄土湿陷性劣化机理研究

近年来黄土高原地区土壤盐渍化问题愈发严重,深入了解盐渍压实黄土在干湿循环作用下的湿陷性演化规律对当地填方工程安全至关重要。本文通过对不同干湿循环次数和硫酸钠(Na_(2)SO_(4))含量的压实黄土试样进行电镜扫描试验和室内湿陷试验,研究了盐渍压实黄土在干湿循环过程中的湿陷性劣化规律及其微观机理。结果表明:干湿和盐蚀的耦合作用使黄土结构趋于松散,造成湿陷系数增大,然而湿陷系数的增速随干湿次数增加而逐渐减小,表现出减速劣化特性,随含盐量增大而逐渐增大,呈现出加速劣化特性,且当含盐量大于0.5%时,盐蚀对湿陷性的劣化作用比干湿劣化作用更显著。最后,构建了同时考虑干湿循环次数和含盐量的经验模型,能较好描述盐渍压实黄土在干湿循环作用下的湿陷性演化规律。

水泥加固淤泥土力学与抗海水腐蚀性能研究

为了分析水泥掺量和海水腐蚀对水泥加固淤泥土力学性能的影响规律,制备了水泥掺量为4%、8%、12%、16%和20%水泥加固淤泥土试件,分别经历了0、2、5、8、12、18次海水腐蚀干湿循环后,测试试件的单轴抗压强度、内聚力和内摩擦角,分析水泥掺量和海水腐蚀对水泥加固淤泥土力学性能的影响规律。研究结果表明,(1)随着水泥掺量的增大,水泥加固淤泥土的单轴抗压强度和内聚力呈线性增大,而内摩擦角呈指数衰减;(2)随着海水干湿循环次数的增加,水泥加固淤泥土的抗压强度、内聚力和内摩擦角均呈现不断变小的变化规律;(3)水泥掺量的增大能够有效提高加固淤泥土的抗海水腐蚀能力。

干湿交替环境下材料腐蚀行为研究进展

随着海洋资源的开发与利用,干湿交替环境下材料的腐蚀与防护越来越受到关注。在浪花飞溅区、潮差区、含有腐蚀性介质的大气环境中、使用除冰盐/融雪剂的设施和建筑、干湿交替区域的钢筋混凝土结构以及干湿交替砂土环境中,材料长期经受含水腐蚀性介质随温度和湿度变化引起的干湿交替循环作用,其腐蚀行为与干燥及全浸环境中有所不同。本文综述了干湿交替环境下国内外研究现状与进展,包括多种材料在不同干湿交替环境下的腐蚀行为、腐蚀影响因素、腐蚀试验方法等,以期为材料的研究与应用提供一定的理论经验。

Corrosion Behavior of Weathering Test Steel for Bridge Under the Neutral Wet/Dry Alternate Condition

The corrosion behaviors of the high-performance weathering test steel for bridge and the reference (09CuPCrNi-A) were symmetrically studied under 3.5% NaCl neutral wet/dry alternate condition,revealing their dynamics line tendency of primary corrosion and the rusting flow in the simulative marine atmosphere environment.By observing the corrosion evolution of surface microstructures and composition by the scanning electronic microscope (SEM) and the energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) at the different stages,the corrosion mechanism was further discussed in details.

纵筋锈蚀对后张混凝土梁预应力筋应力的影响规律

为探究非预应力筋锈蚀对预应力筋应力的影响,记录了试验梁在不同锈蚀环境下180 d的应力值.通过通电-氯盐溶液干湿循环方式,加速预应力混凝土试验梁内非预应力纵筋锈蚀,并采用振弦式锚索测力计测试梁内预应力筋应力.试验结果发现:预应力筋应力变化值与环境温度密切相关;与大气环境中静置的试验梁相比,干湿循环会增大预应力筋应力,并且在研究期限内,预应力筋应力持续增长,变化值最大为42.6 MPa,这与混凝土湿胀和盐胀的特性相关;纵筋锈蚀及其引起的混凝土截面损伤会使混凝土轴心放置的预应力筋应力下降31.5%;所建立纵筋锈蚀率与预应力筋应力变化值之间的关系模型与试验测试结果较为吻合.因此,纵筋锈蚀对预应力混凝土梁内预应力筋应力产生显著影响,需要在设计和维护中予以考虑.

加速老化及腐蚀试验对混凝土涂层耐久性的影响研究

为模拟东海环境对混凝土涂层耐久性的影响,设计了单因素和多因素耦合等加速老化及腐蚀试验,从微观、宏观层面分析涂层的耐久性变化及劣化机理,定量评价涂层的防护效果。结果表明:涂层的劣化现象主要为失光、变色、剥落以及出现微孔和裂纹,但在不同试验中的腐蚀现象不同。环氧聚硅氧烷涂层抗光老化性及抗热振性较差,在多因素耦合和高低温交变试验中易产生微孔和裂纹,但在干湿循环试验中耐久性最好;丙烯酸聚氨酯涂层在干湿循环试验中因氨基酸基团等分子链降解较严重,在缺陷处涂层剥落,保色性最差;氟碳涂层各项性能较稳定,抗热振性最好,附着力最高。干湿循环试验70 d后,电通量为0,涂层对混凝土仍具有良好防护效果。

Strength weakening and its micromechanism in water–rock interaction,a short review in laboratory tests

Water–rock interaction(WRI)is a topic of interest in geology and geotechnical engineering.Many geological hazards and engineering safety problems are severe under the WRI.This study focuses on the water weakening of rock strength and its infuencing factors(water content,immersion time,and wetting–drying cycles).The strength of the rock mass decreases to varying degrees with water content,immersion time,and wetting–drying cycles depending on the rock mass type and mineral composition.The corresponding acoustic emission count and intensity and infrared radiation intensity also weaken accordingly.WRI enhances the plasticity of rock mass and reduces its brittleness.Various microscopic methods for studying the pore characterization and weakening mechanism of the WRI were compared and analyzed.Various methods should be adopted to study the pore evolution of WRI comprehensively.Microscopic methods are used to study the weakening mechanism of WRI.In future work,the mechanical parameters of rocks weakened under long-term water immersion(over years)should be considered,and more attention should be paid to how the laboratory scale is applied to the engineering scale.

钢筋石笼筋材在干湿循环盐环境中的腐蚀行为研究

为了探究钢筋石笼筋材在干湿循环盐环境中的抗腐蚀性能,采用干湿循环加速腐蚀试验,研究了HPB300普通钢、NH400耐候钢及NS142、NS3362种耐蚀钢在干湿循环盐雾[5%(质量分数)NaCl溶液]腐蚀环境下的失效行为。通过腐蚀失重法、XRD、SEM和电化学测试等方法研究了4种钢在干湿循环盐溶液介质中的腐蚀速率变化规律、物相、形貌结构及其电化学特性,对比分析了4种钢在模拟加速环境中的耐蚀性能及力学性能变化。结果表明:在5%NaCl溶液腐蚀介质中加速循环105周期后,HPB300钢和NH400钢的腐蚀速率显著高于NS142和NS336,且自腐蚀电位更负;经加速腐蚀试验后,HPB300钢的抗拉强度已经无法满足钢筋石笼筋材的应用要求,但NH400、NS142、NS336的抗拉强度仍满足服役条件。因此,NS142及NS3362种耐蚀钢更适合应用于盐雾腐蚀环境下钢筋石笼的筋材。

盐雾环境下基于Weibull分布的钢筋混凝土腐蚀劣化行为

针对西部地区大气环境下钢筋混凝土病害严重问题,模拟当地腐蚀环境,设计盐雾与烘干相结合的室内加速腐蚀试验,采用电化学参数和混凝土损伤度表征钢筋混凝土的腐蚀劣化规律;基于Weibull分布函数建立钢筋混凝土在盐雾环境下的劣化模型,并进行竞争失效分析.结果表明:在盐雾干湿循环作用下,钢筋混凝土保护层及内部钢筋的耐腐蚀性均呈现出先强化后劣化的变化趋势;Weibull分布函数可以有效地描述钢筋混凝土在盐雾环境下的性能劣化过程;在盐雾干湿循环前期,混凝土损伤度比腐蚀电流密度更为敏感,而在后期,腐蚀电流密度为钢筋混凝土劣化的主导因素.

腐蚀环境下带裂缝钢筋混凝土研究

文中在氯化物对钢筋混凝土的腐蚀机理的基础上,阐述腐蚀环境对带裂缝钢筋混凝土影响的相关要素,分析干湿交替对钢筋混凝土的影响因素,研究干湿循环条件下,Cl^(-)对钢筋混凝土试件的影响,探究试验材料、试验方式以及试验结果,以期为类似工程提供参考。

The Effect of Basalt Fiber on Concrete Performance under a Sulfate Attack Environment

To enhance the sulfate attack resistance performance of concrete,Sulfate erosion test was carried out on basalt fiber concrete with different contents,selecting a concentration of 5%sulfate solution and using a dry−wet cycle mechanism attack of basalt fiber-reinforced concrete(BFRC).Every 15 dry−wet cycles,the mass,compressive strength,splitting tensile strength,and relative dynamic elastic modulus of BFRC were tested,and the SO_(4)^(2−)con-centration was measured.This work demonstrates that the mass,relative dynamic elastic modulus,compressive and splitting tensile strength of BFRC reveal a trend of climb up and then decline with the process of the dry−wet cycle.Basalt fiber can enhance the sulfate corrosion resistance of concrete by delaying the erosion of concrete induced by SO_(4)^(2−)and increasing the bearing and anti-deformation capacities of concrete by improving its inter-nal structure.Additionally,when mixing 0.2%basalt fiber into concrete,the strength deterioration rate will be reduced when the peak values of splitting tensile and compressive strength appear at 60 and 75 times the alter-nating dry−wet cycles,respectively.Adverse effects will occur when the fiber volume fraction exceeds 0.2%.The research in this paper can provide a foundation for the engineering applications of basalt fiber concrete.