Applicability of Temperature Discrete Equation to NMRF Boundary Layer Scheme in GRAPES Model

By deriving the discrete equation of the parameterized equation for the New Medium-Range Forecast(NMRF)boundary layer scheme in the GRAPES model,the adjusted discrete equation for temperature is obviously different from the original equation under the background of hydrostatic equilibrium and adiabatic hypothesis.In the present research,three discrete equations for temperature in the NMRF boundary layer scheme are applied,namely the original(hereafter NMRF),the adjustment(hereafter NMRF-gocp),and the one in the YSU boundary-layer scheme(hereafter NMRF-TZ).The results show that the deviations of height,temperature,U and V wind in the boundary layer in the NMRF-gocp and NMRF-TZ experiments are smaller than those in the NMRF experiment and the deviations in the NMRF-gocp experiment are the smallest.The deviations of humidity are complex for the different forecasting lead time in the three experiments.Moreover,there are obvious diurnal variations of deviations from these variables,where the diurnal variations of deviations from height and temperature are similar and those from U and V wind are also similar.However,the diurnal variation of humidity is relatively complicated.The root means square errors of 2m temperature(T2m)and 10m speed(V10m)from the three experiments show that the error of NMRF-gocp is the smallest and that of NMRF is the biggest.There is also a diurnal variation of T2m and V10m,where T2m has double peaks and V10m has only one peak.Comparison of the discrete equations between NMRF and NMRF-gocp experiments shows that the deviation of temperature is likely to be caused by the calculation of vertical eddy diffusive coefficients of heating,which also leads to the deviations of other elements.

Explanation of Pressure Effect for High Temperature Superconductors Using Pressure Dependent Schrodinger Equation and String Theory

A pressure dependent Schrodinger equation is used to find the conditions that lead to superconductivity. When no pressure is exerted, the superconductor resistance vanishes beyond a critical temperature related to the repulsive force potential of the electron gass, where one assuming the electron total energy to be thermal, where applying mechanical pressure destroys Sc when it exceeds a certain critical value. However when the electron total energy is an assumed to be that of the free electron model and that the pressure is thermal and mechanical, the situation is different. The quantum expression for resistance shows that the increase of mechanical pressure increases the critical temperature. Such phenomenon is observed in high temperature cupper group.

Research on constitutive equation of DIWA353 steel used in hemisphere head of power station nearby recrystallization temperature

To simulate the DIWA353 steel used in boiler nearby recrystallization temperature accurately by using finite element,the high temperature constitutive model of this material must be researched firstly.Thermal simulation experimental machine is used to do the high temperature hot compression experiments for the DIWA353 steel used in boiler under different strain rates and temperatures nearby recrystallization temperature.Multi-bank data of true stress-true strain is gotten,and the hot deformation activation energy of DIWA353 is obtained,and the constitutive equation of steady-state flow stress under the circumstance of high temperature is constructed.The results show that DIWA353 steel is positive strain rate sensitized material when it is at temperature of 850-1050 ℃,and the steady-state flow stress decreases with the increase of deformation temperature,but increases with the increase of strain rate.

Dispersion Equation of Low-Frequency Waves Driven by Temperature Anisotropy

The plasma temperature （or the kinetic pressure） anisotropy is an intrinsic characteristic of a collisionless magnetized plasma. In this paper, based on the two-fluid model, a dispersion equation of low-frequency （ω〈〈ωci, ωci the ion gyrofrequency） waves, including the plasma temperature anisotropy effect, is presented. We investigate the properties of low-frequency waves when the parallel temperature exceeds the perpendicular temperature, and especially their dependence on the propagation angle, pressure anisotropy, and energy closures. The results show that both the instable Alfven and slow modes are purely growing. The growth rate of the Alfven wave is not affected by the propagation angle or energy closures, while that of the slow wave depends sensitively on the propagation angle and energy closures as well as pressure anisotropy. The fast wave is always stable. We also show how to elaborate the symbolic calculation of the dispersion equation performed using Mathematica Notebook.

Estimation of vertical diffusion coefficient based on a onedimensional temperature diffusion equation with an inverse method

Diapycnal mixing is important in oceanic circulation. An inverse method in which a semi-explicit scheme is applied to discretize the one-dimensional temperature diffusion equation is established to estimate the vertical temperature diffusion coefficient based on the observed temperature profiles. The sensitivity of the inverse model in the idealized and actual conditions is tested in detail. It can be found that this inverse model has high feasibility under multiple situations ensuring the stability of the inverse model, and can be considered as an efficient way to estimate the temperature diffusion coefficient in the weak current regions of the ocean. Here, the hydrographic profiles from Argo floats are used to estimate the temporal and spatial distribution of the vertical mixing in the north central Pacific based on this inverse method. It is further found that the vertical mixing in the upper ocean displays a distinct seasonal variation with the amplitude decreasing with depth, and the vertical mixing over rough topography is stronger than that over smooth topography It is suggested that the high-resolution profiles from Argo floats and a more reasonable design of the inverse scheme will serve to understand mixing processes.

New Neumerical Method to Calculate Time-Dependent Quantum Properties in Finite Temperature Based on the Heisenberg Equation of Motion

For the purpose of computer calculation to evaluate time-dependent quantum properties in finite temperature, we propose new numerical method expressed in the forms of simultaneous differential equations. At first we derive the equation of motion in finite temperature, which is found to be same expression as Heisenberg equation of motion except for the c-number. Based on this equation, we construct numerical method to estimate time-dependent physical properties in finite temperature precisely without using analytical procedures such as Keldysh formalism. Since our approach is so simple and is based on the simultaneous differential equations including no terms related to self-energies, computer programming can be easily performed. It is possible to estimate exact time-dependent physical properties, providing that Hamiltonian of the system is taken to be a one-electron picture. Furthermore, we refer to the application to the many body problem and it is numerically possible to calculate physical properties using Hartree Fock approximation. Our numerical method can be applied to the case even when perturbative Hamiltonians are newly introduced or Hamiltonian shows complex time-dependent behavior. In this article, at first, we derive the equation of motion in finite temperature. Secondly, for the purpose of verification and of exhibiting the usefulness, we show the derivation of gap equation of superconductivity and of sum rule of electrical conductivity and the application to the many body problem. Finally we apply this method to these two cases: the first case is most simplified resonance charge transfer neutralization of an ion and the second is the same process but impurity potential is newly introduced as perturbative Hamiltonian. Through both cases, it is found that neutralization process is not so sensitive to temperature, however, impurity potential as small as 10 meV strongly influences the neutralization of ion.

A Method to Solve the Fokker-Planck Equation With Coordinate-dependent Mass,Friction and Temperature

An analytical expression of the propagator is obtained by using Lie algebramethod.The fission rates at the saddle point in both constant and coordinate-dependentmass,friction and temperature cases are calculated based on the expression of thepropagator and local approximation.The numerical calculation for 240pu shows thatthe fission rates from our method are reasonable.

Extended Generalized Riccati Equation Mapping for Thermal Traveling-Wave Distribution in Biological Tissues through a Bio-Heat Transfer Model with Linear/Quadratic Temperature-Dependent Blood Perfusion

Analytical thermal traveling-wave distribution in biological tissues through a bio-heat transfer (BHT) model with linear/quadratic temperature-dependent blood perfusion is discussed in this paper. Using the extended generalized Riccati equation mapping method, we find analytical traveling wave solutions of the considered BHT equation. All the travelling wave solutions obtained have been used to explicitly investigate the effect of linear and quadratic coefficients of temperature dependence on temperature distribution in tissues. We found that the parameter of the nonlinear superposition formula for Riccati can be used to control the temperature of living tissues. Our results prove that the extended generalized Riccati equation mapping method is a powerful tool for investigating thermal traveling-wave distribution in biological tissues.

Absorptive root-multidimension strategy links air temperature and species distribution in a montane forest

Background: Air temperature affects absorptive root traits, which are closely related to species distribution.However, it is still unclear how air temperature regulates species distribution through changes in absorptive root traits. Seven functional traits of the absorptive roots of 240 individuals of 52 species, soil properties and air temperature were measured along an elevational gradient on Mt. Fanjingshan, Tongren City, Guizhou, and then the direct and indirect effects of these controls on species distribution were detected.Results: Absorptive roots adapted to air temperature with two strategies. The first strategy was positively associated with the specific root area(SRA) and specific root length(SRL) and was negatively associated with the root tissue density(RTD), representing the classic root economics spectrum(RES). The second strategy was represented by the trade-off between root diameter, mycorrhizal fungi colonization(MF) and SRL, representing the collaboration gradient with “do it yourself” resource uptake ranging from “outsourcing” to mycorrhizal resource uptake. Air temperature regulated species distribution in six ways: directly reducing species importance value;indirectly increasing the species importance value by reducing soil nitrogen content or increasing soil pH by reducing soil moisture inducing absorptive roots to change from “do it yourself” resource absorption to “outsourcing” resource absorption;indirectly decreasing the species importance value by decreasing soil moisture to change from“outsourcing”resource absorption to “do it yourself” resource absorption;indirectly increasing the species importance value with increasing soil pH by reducing soil moisture resulting in absorptive root traits turning into nutrient foraging traits;and indirectly decreasing the species importance value by promoting absorptive root traits to nutrient conservation traits.Conclusions: Absorptive root traits play a crucial role in the regulation of species distribution through multiapproaches of air temperature.

Analysis of anomalous transport with temporal fractional transport equations in a bounded domain

Anomalous transport in magnetically confined plasmas is investigated using temporal fractional transport equations.The use of temporal fractional transport equations means that the order of the partial derivative with respect to time is a fraction. In this case, the Caputo fractional derivative relative to time is utilized, because it preserves the form of the initial conditions. A numerical calculation reveals that the fractional order of the temporal derivative α(α ∈(0, 1), sub-diffusive regime) controls the diffusion rate. The temporal fractional derivative is related to the fact that the evolution of a physical quantity is affected by its past history, depending on what are termed memory effects. The magnitude of α is a measure of such memory effects. When α decreases, so does the rate of particle diffusion due to memory effects. As a result,if a system initially has a density profile without a source, then the smaller the α is, the more slowly the density profile approaches zero. When a source is added, due to the balance of the diffusion and fueling processes, the system reaches a steady state and the density profile does not evolve. As α decreases, the time required for the system to reach a steady state increases. In magnetically confined plasmas, the temporal fractional transport model can be applied to off-axis heating processes. Moreover, it is found that the memory effects reduce the rate of energy conduction and hollow temperature profiles can be sustained for a longer time in sub-diffusion processes than in ordinary diffusion processes.

A Theoretical Study on Energy of a Gaseous System Vis-a-Vis Mass and Temperature

To study various properties of a gas has been a subject of rational curiosity in pneumatic sciences. A gaseous system, in general, is studied by using four measurable parameters namely, the pressure, volume, number of moles and temperature. In the present work, an attempt is made to study the variation of energy of an ideal gas with the two measurable parameters, the mass and temperature of the gas. Using the well known ideal gas equation, PV = nRT where symbols have their usual meanings and some simple mathematical operations widely used in physics, chemistry and mathematics in a transparent manner, an equation of state relating the three variables, the energy, mass and temperature of an ideal gas is obtained. It is found that energy of an ideal gas is equal to the product of mass and temperature of the gas. This gives a direct relationship between the energy, mass and temperature of the gas. Out of the three variables, the energy, mass and temperature of an ideal gas, if one of the parameters is held constant, the other two variables can be measured. At a constant temperature, when the power or energy is stabilized, the increase in the mass of the gas may affect the new works and an engine can therefore be prevented from overheating.

Empirical Model to Calculate the Thermodynamic Wet-Bulb Temperature of Moist Air

An equation model for calculating the adiabatic temperature of the wet-bulb thermometer has been obtained empirical fit through a meteorological database, specificly a trough relative humidity and air temperature. A comparison of the results of calculations with the use of this equation and from meteorological database was made. The model deducted of the comparison is valid for a dry bulb temperature range of 3°C to 35°C and for relative humidity percentage in a range of 7% to 97%. Normalized errors are less than 5.5%. It means a maximum variation of 0.55°C from data. However, this variation from error represents only 3.6% of the data sample. The equation model was satisfactory.

The Application of Thermomechanical Dynamics (TMD) to the Analysis of Nonequilibrium Irreversible Motion and a Low-Temperature Stirling Engine

We applied the method of Thermomechanical Dynamics (TMD) to a low-temperature Stirling engine, and the dissipative equation of motion and time-evolving physical quantities are self-consistently calculated for the first time in this field. The thermomechanical states of the heat engine are in Nonequilibrium Irreversible States (NISs), and time-dependent thermodynamic work W(t), internal energy E(t), energy dissipation or entropy Qd(t), and temperature T(t), are precisely studied and computed in TMD. We also introduced the new formalism, Q(t)-picture of thermodynamic heat-energy flows, for consistent analyses of NISs. Thermal flows in a long-time uniform heat flow and in a short-time heat flow are numerically studied as examples. In addition to the analysis of time-dependent physical quantities, the TMD analysis suggests that the concept of force and acceleration in Newtonian mechanics should be modified. The acceleration is defined as a continuously differentiable function of Class C2 in Newtonian mechanics, but the thermomechanical dynamics demands piecewise continuity for acceleration and thermal force, required from physical reasons caused by frictional variations and thermal fluctuations. The acceleration has no direct physical meaning associated with force in TMD. The physical implications are fundamental for the concept of the macroscopic phenomena in NISs composed of systems in thermal and mechanical motion.

Normalized fatigue properties of asphalt mixture at various temperatures

This study normalized the mixture's fatigue behavior at various temperatures,and the strength and fatigue tests of the mixture were conducted.The stress state of the asphalt mixture includes direct tensile,uniaxial compression,and indirect tensile.The Desai yield surface and fatigue path were proposed.And a normalized fatigue characteristics model of the mixture was established.The following conclusions were obtained.With the increases in the loading rate,the strength of the asphalt mixture increased.As the temperature increases,the strength of the mixture is reduced.At various temperatures and rates,the strength forms a closed curved surface.The Desai strength yield surface was established,which forms a closed curved surface.When the loading rate and temperature are below a certain critical line,the asphalt mixture will not undergo strength damage.At a fixed stress state,the fatigue damage path of the mixture was determined.The stress ratio was determined considering the influence of the loading rate.In this way,a normalized model can be described to express the asphalt mixture fatigue properties at various temperatures and stress levels.For the asphalt mixture in an indirect tensile state,the normalized fatigue equation parameter is 4.09.This model is more suitable for reflecting the viscous-elastic behavior of the mixtures than the fatigue equation determined by the notional stress ratio.

The low Mach number limit of non-isentropic magnetohydrodynamic equations with large temperature variations in bounded domains

This paper verifies the low Mach number limit of the non-isentropic compressible magnetohydrodynamic(MHD)equations with or without the magnetic diffusion in a three-dimensional bounded domain when the temperature variation is large but finite.The uniform estimates of strong solutions are established in a short time interval independent of the Mach number,provided that the slip boundary condition for the velocity and the Neumann boundary condition for the temperature are imposed and the initial data is well-prepared.

An analytical model for estimating soil temperature profiles on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau of China

Soil temperature is a key variable in the control of underground hydro-thermal processes. To estimate soil temperature more accurately, this study proposed a solution method of the heat conduction equation of soil temperature （improved heat conduction model） by applying boundary conditions that incorporate the annual and diurnal variations of soil surface temperature and the temporal variation of daily temperature amplitude, as well as the temperature difference between two soil layers in the Tanggula observation site of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau of China. We employed both the improved heat conduction model and the classical heat conduction model to fit soil temperature by using the 5 cm soil layer as the upper boundary for soil depth. The results indicated that the daily soil temperature amplitude can be better described by the sinusoidal function in the improved model, which then yielded more accurate soil temperature simulating effect at the depth of 5 cm. The simulated soil temperature values generated by the improved model and classical heat conduction model were then compared to the observed soil temperature values at different soil depths. Statistical analyses of the root mean square error （RMSE）, the normalized standard error （NSEE） and the bias demonstrated that the improved model showed higher accuracy, and the average values of RMSE, bias and NSEE at the soil depth of 10-105 cm were 1.41℃, 1.15℃ and 22.40%, respectively. These results indicated that the improved heat conduction model can better estimate soil temperature profiles compared to the traditional model.

An improved temperature vegetation dryness index(iTVDI) and its applicability to drought monitoring

Using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer(MODIS) data from the dry season during 2010–2012 over the whole Yunnan Province, an improved temperature vegetation dryness index(iTVDI), in which a parabolic dry-edge equation replaces the traditional linear dry-edge equation, was developed, to reveal the regional drought regime in the dry season. After calculating the correlation coefficient, root-mean-square error, and standard deviation between the iTVDI and observed topsoil moisture at 10 and 20 cm for seven sites, the effectiveness of the new index in depicting topsoil moisture conditions was verified. The drought area indicated by iTVDI mapping was then compared with the drought-affected area reported by the local government. The results indicated that the iTVDI can monitor drought more accurately than the traditional TVDI during the dry season in Yunnan Province. Using iTVDI facilitates drought warning and irrigation scheduling, and the expectation is that this new index can be broadly applied in other areas.

A Model for Temperature Infl uence on Concrete Hydration Exothermic Rate (Part one: Theory and Experiment)

Recent achievements in concrete hydration exothermic models based on Arrhenius equation have improved computation accuracy for mass concrete temperature field. But the properties of the activation energy and the gas constant （Ea/R） have not been well studied yet. From the latest experiments it is shown that Ea/R obviously changes with the hydration degree without fixed form. In this paper, the relationship between hydration degree and Ea/R is studied and a new hydration exothermic model is proposed. With those achievements, the mass concrete temperature field with arbitrary boundary condition can be calculated more precisely.

A method of elevated temperatures coupled with magnetic stirring to predict real time release from long acting progesterone PLGA microspheres

The object of the study was to develop a quick and reproducible accelerated in vitro release method to predict and deduce the function of the real time(37 °C) release for long acting PLGA microspheres. The method could be described in several steps. First, the release of the microspheres were studied using the sample and separate method at 37 °C with normal orbital shaking and elevated temperatures with magnetic stirring to further accelerate the release. Second, the most similar profile at elevated temperatures with the real time release was chosen with the help of the n value in the fitted Korsmeyer-Peppas Function. Third,the Weibull function and conversion ratio were used to deduce the function of real time release according to the chosen profile at elevated temperatures. The key point in this study was to provide a quick and precise method to predict the real time release for long acting progesterone PLGA microspheres. So the elevated temperatures coupled with magnetic stirring were used to accelerate the release further, and when there have many similar release profiles with the real time release at elevated temperatures, releasing time at elevated temperatures and the R2 of the final deduced function will be used to help choosing the most similar release profile with the real time release. Four different types of progesterone PLGA microspheres were used to verify the method, and all the deduced function correlated well with the real time releases, for R2 = 0.9912, 0.9781, 0.9918 and 0.9972, respectively.

Liquidus Temperatures of System Na_3AlF_6-K_3AlF_6-AlF_3 for Aluminum Electrolysis at Lower Temperature

Liquidus temperatures in the molten salt system Na3AlF6-K3AlF6-AlF3 of interest for aluminum electrolysis were determined by thermal analysis method. The results were presented and an empirical equation describing liquidus temperatures for primary crystallization was derived t=1003.5–0.081×A2.3159–5.87×B0.657–0.024×A2.22×B1.14＋ 0.035×A2.17×B1.084, where t is the liquidus temperature in degree Celsius, A denotes the mass fraction of AlF3 in system Na3AlF6-K3AlF6- AlF3, and B denotes K3AlF6/（Na3AlF6＋K3AlF6 ） in mass（%, the value was defined as KR in this paper）. The composition limitations are 0w（AlF3）30%, and 0KR50%. The isothermal diagram of molten salt system Na3AlF6-K3AlF6-AlF3 was obtained in this composition limitation.