THE WET-DRY CHANGES IN RECENT 40YEARS IN TAKLIMAKAN AREA

Using the precipitation data in recent 40 years of 48 meteorological stations in Taklimakan area and neighboring areas, this paper analyzes the stage and periodicity of the wet-dry changes in a year and four seasons. The paper also compares the correlativity of precipitation between Taklimakan area and around Mountains, and obtained some statisticconclusions as follows. (1) The precipitation changes of a year and four seasons in Taklimakan area have different wet-dryperiods and change periodicities. (2) Summer precipitation has well directive sense to annual precipitation in Taklimakanarea with a correlation coefficient 0. 901, and the negative correlation between precipitation and temperature in summer isvery remarkable. (3) There is definite correlation between annual precipitation in Taklimakan area and position of polarvortex. When longitude of polar vortex is partial west in February and its latitude is partial north in September of the lastyear, annual precipitation is above its mean in the area. In addition, it is beneficial to obtain more summer precipitation inthe area when position of polar vortex is partial west in February.

Pitting and galvanic corrosion behavior of stainless steel with weld in wet-dry environment containing Cl^-

Accelerated corrosion test of stainless steel with weld was carried out to investigate the corrosion behavior under the wetdry cyclic condition in the atmosphere containing Cl^-. In the surface morphology, corrosion products were analyzed by metallographic observation, scanning electron microscopy （SEM） and X-ray diffraction （XRD）. The results show that the damage to stainless steel with weld in the atmosphere containing Cl^- is due to localized corrosion, especially pitting and galvanic corrosion, Weld acts as the anode, whereas matrix acts as the cathode in the corrosion process. The pitting corrosion, including the nucleation and growth of a stable pit, is promoted by the presence of wet-dry cycles, especially during the drying stage. Pits centralizing in weld are found to be grouped together like colonies, with a number of smaller pits surrounding a larger pit. The composition of the corrosion products is Fe2O3, Cr2O3, Fe3O4, NiCrO4, etc.

Effect of incubation temperature and wet-dry cycle on the availabilities of Cd,Pb and Zn in soil

The effect of incubation temperature and wet-dry cycle on the availabilities of Cd, Pb and Zn was studied. Three soils with pH ranging from 3.8 to 7.3, organic carbon （OC） from 0.7% to 2.4%, and clay from 12.3% to 35.6% were selected. Soils were spiked with reagent grade Cd（NO3）2, Pb（NO3）2, and Zn（NO3）2 at concentrations of 30 mg Cd/kg soil, 300 mg Zn/kg soil and 2000 mg Pb/kg soil. The soils were incubated at 35, 60, 105℃, respectively and went through four wet-dry cycles. Metal availability in soils was estimated by soil extraction with 0.1 mol/L Ca（NO3）2. According to this study, the effect of the spiking temperature on the metal availabilities was different among the metals, soils and wet-dry cycles. Mostly, 35 ~C was the first recommended spiking temperature for Cd and Pb while no spiking temperature was obviously better than others for Zn. Three wet-dry cycles was recommended regardless of the type of metals and incubation temperature.

Performance of Concrete Subjected to Severe Multiple Actions of Composite Salts Solution under Wet-Dry Cycles and Flexural Loading in Lab

Several action regimes were employed, namely, those exposed to solutions containing single and/or composite chloride and sulfate salts, and under wet-dry cycles and/or flexural loading. The variations in dynamic modulus of elasticity（Erd values） were monitored, as well as the key factor impacting on the chloride ingress when concrete subjected to multiple action regimes was identified by the method of Grey Relation Analysis（GRA）. The changes in micro-structures and mineral products of interior concrete after different action regimes were investigated by means of X-ray diffraction（XRD）, mercury intrusion technique（MIP）, and scanning electron microscopy（SEM）. The test results showed that the cyclic wet-dry accelerated the deterioration of OPC concrete more than the action of 35% flexural loading based on the results of Erd values and the GEA. The analyses from micro-structures could give certain explanations to the change in Erd values under different action regimes.

Synthesis of PZT power by wet-dry method and its structure

To prepare PZT powder at lower temperature, lead zirconate titanate (PZT) powder (x(Zr)/x(Ti)=56?44) was prepared by wet-dry method. Glycol was used as the solvent, and zirconium oxychloride was used as zirconium source. The properties and structure of the powder were analyzed by XRD, SEM and Sedimentograph. The effects of sintering parameter such as sintering temperature, keeping time and heating-up velocity on structure of PZT power were investigated. The results show that homogeneous PZT with single-phase perovskite structure can be obtained after sintering at 730 ℃ for 2 h, and the average size of PZT powder is about 113 nm.

Degradation of Pore Structure and Microstructures in Hardened Cement Paste Subjected to Flexural Loading and Wet-dry Cycles in Sea Water

Hardened cement paste was subjected to the flexural loading and wet-dry cycles in sea water. The degradation of microstructures was obtained using scanning electron microscope （SEM）, and the energy dispersive spectrum （EDS） analysis was carried to analyze the local composition. Mercury intrusion porosimetry （Poremaster GT-60） was used to analyze the degradation of pore structures. The experimental results show that the synergistic action of the flexural loading, wet-dry cycles and sea water leads to significant deterioration of hardened cement paste. The degradation of microstructures in the tensile region is more serious than that in the compressive region. The flexural loading and wet-dry cycles accelerate the chemical attack of sea water.

Research on the Pitting Mechanism of Dispersion-Strengthened High-Strength Steel Under Wet-Dry Cycling in a Marine Environment

Due to the wet-dry cycling in the ocean tidal zone,the supply of dissolved oxygen and salt-containing particles were sufficient,so the corrosion was serious.Pitting corrosion was a common form of localized corrosion.This paper studied the pitting corrosion mechanism of dispersion-strengthened high-strength steel under different wet-dry ratio environments.Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy was used to study the changes of corrosion rate and electric double layer structure of the dispersionstrengthened high-strength steel.Scanning electron microscope,Raman spectroscopy,electron probe microanalysis and laser confocal scanning microscope were used to observe the corrosion product morphologies,analyze the corrosion product compositions,analyze the secondary distribution of alloy elements in the corrosion products and analyze the pitting information of the steel after the corrosion products were removed.The results showed that the degree of the steel corrosion was slight when the wetting time was longer,the size and depth of the corrosion pits on the surface were smaller.This was because the environment with longer wetting time made the corrosion products denser.In this environment,the conversion ofγ-FeOOH to Fe3O4 was promoted.In addition,it could also promote the alloying elements to be more concentrated in the rust layer.The above phenomena hindered the further corrosion of the matrix by dissolved oxygen and Cl−in the seawater.

Initial corrosion behavior of AZ91 magnesium alloy in simulating acid rain under wet-dry cyclic condition

Corrosion behavior of AZ91 magnesium alloy in simulating acid rain under wet-dry cyclic condition was investigated.The results show that corrosion potential shifts positively and the corrosion current density decreases at low wet-dry cyclic time.Further increase of the cyclic time results in the negative movement of corrosion potential and the increase of current density.SEM observation indicates that corrosion occurs only inαphase,βphase is inert in corrosive medium,and the corrosion of AZ91 magnesium appears in uniform characteristic.XPS analysis suggests that the corrosion product is mainly composed of oxide and hydroxide of magnesium and aluminum,and a small amount of sulfate is also contained in the film.

Study on potential evapotranspiration and wet-dry condition in the seasonal frozen soil region of northern Tibetan Plateau

This study was based on the CEOP/CAMP-Tibet observed data at AWS （Automatic Weather Station） of MS3478 in the seasonal frozen soil region of northern Tibetan Plateau from March 2007 to February 2008. The variation characteristics of PE （potential evapotransph＇ation） were analyzed based on the Penman-Monteith method recommended by FAO （the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Na- lions）. The contributions of dynamic, thermal and water factors to PE were discussed, and the wet-dry condition of the plateau region was further studied. The results indicated that daily PE was between 0.52 mm and 6.46 mm for the whole year. Monthly PE was over 107 mm from May to September, but decreased to less than 41 mm from November to February. Annual PE was 1,037.8mm. In the summer, thermal PE was significantly more than dynamic PE, but conversely in the winter. Annual variation of thermal PE was of sine wave pattern. In addition, drought and semi-drought climate lasted for a long time while semi-humid climate was short. The effect of water and dynamic factors on PE varied considerably with the seasons. Annual variation of thermal PE was of sine wave pattern.

多因素影响下预崩解炭质泥岩动回弹特性研究

为探究多因素影响下预崩解炭质泥岩的动回弹特性,通过动三轴试验研究偏应力、最小体应力、含水率、压实度和干湿循环次数对动态回弹模量的影响,并建立考虑上述因素影响的动回弹模量预测模型。研究表明:动回弹模量与最小体应力、压实度呈正相关关系,与偏应力、含水率呈负相关关系;在同一围压下,动回弹模量随偏应力增加而降低,降幅区间为14.1%~30.7%;含水率为6%时对应的动回弹模量最大;在围压和偏应力相同时,含水率从6%递增至10%,动回弹模量降幅区间为18.6%~35.5%;压实度从93%递增至96%时,动回弹模量增幅区间为4.47%~20.64%。采用干湿循环损伤因子表征干湿循环次数对动回弹模量的影响,发现损伤因子随干湿循环次数N增加可分为3个阶段,即快速增长阶段(N=0~1)、缓慢增长阶段(N=1~6)和增长稳定阶段(N=6~9)。各因素按显著性由高到低排序依次为:压实度、干湿循环、含水率、偏应力、最小体应力。建立的综合考虑约束效应、剪切效应、压实度、含水率和干湿循环的预测模型具有较高地准确性和适用性,可有效评估和预测湿热地区炭质泥岩路堤的动回弹模量。

干湿循环作用下剑麻纤维加筋膨胀土的抗裂作用及影响因素

为研究干湿循环作用下纤维加筋膨胀土的抗裂效果,分别开展了素土和剑麻纤维加筋膨胀土的干湿循环试验,并采用图像处理技术提取试样表面裂隙参数,分析了剑麻纤维含量及长度、干湿循环次数、试样含水率对裂隙发育的影响.结果表明:1)剑麻纤维加筋膨胀土具有较好的抗裂性能,且剑麻纤维的掺入对膨胀土的裂隙率和裂隙平均宽度影响较大,相较于素土试样,最优加筋土试样的裂隙率和裂隙平均宽度均比素土试样减小了约1/2.2)纤维长度相同时,随着纤维含量的增大,裂隙率、裂隙总长度、裂隙平均宽度和分形维数均呈先减小后增大的趋势,且纤维含量为0.4%时各参数值最小;纤维含量相同时,纤维长度对各裂隙参数影响不大.3)随着干湿循环次数的增加,加筋土和素土试样裂隙参数均呈逐渐增大趋势,但纤维加筋土裂隙率和裂隙平均宽度的增大幅度均比素土小;从第5次干湿循环开始,各裂隙参数增长趋缓.4)单次脱湿过程中,试样含水率由20%降至10%时,裂隙急剧发育,且素土裂隙的发育对含水率的变化更加敏感,含水率低于10%时,随着含水率的减小,试样裂隙率变小并趋于稳定;相同含水率条件下,剑麻纤维加筋土具有更好的抗裂性能.5)剑麻纤维加筋膨胀土的抗裂机理主要表现在两方面,一方面是剑麻纤维的掺入增大了膨胀土的渗透系数,促进了试样内水分的均匀分布,减小了试样各处的胀缩差异;另一方面纵横交错的剑麻纤维约束了聚集体之间大孔隙的收缩.

水化学环境下白垩系五龙组砂岩崩解能量耗散模型

白垩系时期的五龙组砂岩,由于其地层年代新,沉积时间较短,岩石内部胶结作用不完全,因此在水化学环境下极易被侵蚀并发生崩解,进而诱发各种灾害。本文以白垩系五龙组砂岩为研究对象,将其置于不同酸碱度的化学溶液中进行岩石的循环崩解试验。通过试验分析了水化学作用下白垩系五龙组砂岩崩解过程中岩石的耐崩解指数;得到每次循环崩解后,各粒径范围内崩解物质量百分比,基于此分析了岩石在水化学环境下的崩解特性;使用微观观察手段和检测手段探究了崩解前后矿物组分变化及崩解过程中岩石的微观结构演变规律;基于热力学以及断裂力学相关理论,构建崩解过程的能量耗散数学模型。研究结果表明:白垩系五龙组砂岩整体崩解速率先增后减并最终趋于稳定,其崩解物粒径分布较集中,主要在0.25 mm以下;在不同水化学环境下,白垩系五龙组砂岩的崩解强度呈现酸性>碱性>中性的差异化特征;将不同崩解循环次数下崩解物颗粒级配分布数据和微观几何结构参数代入能量耗散模型,结合实际情况分析表明岩石崩解能量耗散模型能较好表征岩石的崩解过程。研究成果可为岩石的崩解机制研究提供参考。

Evaluation of red soil-bentonite mixtures for compacted clay liners

Compacted clay liners are an integral part of the waste landfills,which are provided to contain the leachate within the landfills and protect the surrounding environment.Generally,locally available natural soils are used for the construction of compacted clay liners if they satisfy the design criteria.However,not all soils in their natural state satisfy all the design criteria for the liner materials.Thus,there is a definite need to modify the locally available natural soils by blending with bentonite to meet the required design criteria for the liners.In view of this,the present study evaluates the suitability of an Indian red soil enhanced with bentonite as a liner material.To achieve this,a series of experiments were carried out using locally available red soil and bentonite.First,the suitability of the red soil was evaluated as a liner material.The experimental results showed that the red soil met all the selection criteria stipulated by the Environmental Protection Agencies(EPAs)for the liners except the hydraulic conductivity criterion.Therefore,the red soil was mixed with bentonite contents of 10%,20%and 30%,and the red soil-bentonite mixtures were evaluated for their suitability for liners in their compacted state.Further,as the liners in the arid and semi-arid regions are subjected to moisture variations due to seasonal moisture fluctuations and other factors,the red soil-bentonite mixtures were subjected to wetdry cycles,and their suitability was evaluated after wet-dry cycles.The experimental results revealed that all the red soil-bentonite mixtures met the stipulated EPA criteria for the liners in the as-compacted state.However,the red soil-bentonite mixtures with 20%and 30%bentonite contents only satisfied the hydraulic conductivity requirement even after wet-dry cycles.The experimental findings were supplemented with the microstructural insights captured through digital camera images,scanning electron microscopy(SEM),and mercury intrusion porosimetry(MIP)studies.

水下激光修复研究现状与发展趋势

海洋装备的维修养护与事故抢修技术既是人类进行远洋探索与资源开发的重要保障,又是核电站、水利工程等重要基础设施在役运维的有力技术支撑,而水下激光修复正是这一领域中极具前景的解决方案之一.激光修复技术作为陆地上常规环境中的优势技术,近年来也在水下环境中有了长足的发展,已在海洋油气资源的开采与运输、船舶应急维修、船坞港口装备、水利工程、核动力工程等领域得到了广泛的关注与研究.为了进一步总结并分析水下激光修复技术所面对的问题与现有解决方案,从水下激光修复技术的研究现状入手,综述了水下湿法、高压干法和局部干法激光修复技术的工艺问题及其产生机理,并分析对比了多种对应主流解决方案的改善效果与研究进展,最后对水下激光修复技术的发展趋势进行了总结与展望.

干湿循环下节理砂岩细观能量演化规律研究

为探究干湿循环作用下的节理砂岩的细观损伤劣化规律,采用颗粒流软件开展了节理砂岩细观数值模拟,研究了不同干湿循环下节理砂岩的细观力学特性和能量演化机制。研究表明:随着干湿循环次数的增大,颗粒间的接触力和平行黏结力最大值呈线性递减规律;干湿循环下节理砂岩裂纹演化主要经历缓慢增加、均匀增加、阶梯增加及突变增加4个阶段,且裂纹数目(总裂纹、拉伸裂纹及剪切裂纹)与干湿循环次数呈正相关;细观边界能、平行黏结应变能及线性黏结应变能随干湿循环次数的增加呈逐渐减小趋势,节理砂岩中耗散能与微裂纹数大致呈正相关;干湿循环作用导致颗粒间抗断裂能力弱化,使岩样能量储存能力降低,这是造成节理砂岩干湿损伤劣化的能量机制。

铁离子作用下膨胀土干湿循环裂隙演化机制

为探究重金属Fe 3+作用下膨胀土干湿循环裂隙演化机制,以不同浓度Fe 2(SO 4)3溶液作用的饱和膨胀土为对象,开展干湿循环裂隙试验、扫描电镜(SEM)试验与X射线衍射(XRD)试验,研究Fe 3+作用下膨胀土干湿循环裂隙、微观结构和矿物成分的演化规律及机制。结果表明:相同干湿次数下,随Fe 3+浓度增加,土体裂隙面积率下降;随干湿次数增加,相同浓度土体裂隙面积率总体上升;Fe 3+作用下,粒间孔隙波动性微变,黏土矿物晶体结构损伤,晶层间距减小;干湿作用后,粒间孔隙剧增,土体结构破坏,晶体损伤加剧。总结出Fe 3+作用下膨胀土干湿循环裂隙演化机制为:水分子在土体内反复迁移,劣化土体结构,形成拉应力,导致裂隙产生;Fe 3+则在一定程度上缩小颗粒间距,增强抗拉强度,降低拉应力,抑制了裂隙发育。

铁尾矿混凝土力学性质及耐久性

这是一篇陶瓷及复合材料领域的论文。为了研究铁尾矿混凝土在受硫酸钠溶液干湿循环作用后的力学特性和耐久性,开展了受硫酸钠溶液侵蚀混凝土的抗压实验、抗氯离子侵蚀实验、抗冻实验和水化特性实验,分析不同铁尾矿掺量、干湿循环次数、溶液浓度对混凝土力学性质和耐久性的影响。结果表明:在铁尾矿掺量为30%、干湿循环次数为60次和硫酸钠浓度为5%时,混凝土的质量损失率较小而抗压强度耐腐蚀系数较大。随着铁尾矿掺量的不断增大,混凝土的抗氯离子侵蚀性能、抗冻性能越好,水化反应放热量不断减小。

盐浸-干湿-冻融耦合作用下混凝土坝强震开裂机理

为探究混凝土坝在盐浸侵蚀、干湿循环、冻融循环因素影响下的强震破坏规律,通过材料劣化试验和数值模拟方法开展大坝强震开裂机理研究。针对坝体不同位置开展盐溶液侵蚀、干湿循环以及冻融循环劣化试验,基于材料试验结果,构建混凝土重力坝扩展有限元模型,模拟混凝土材料劣化前及劣化后混凝土坝强震开裂破坏情况。结果表明:多因素耦合作用导致混凝土材料劣化,强震作用下会降低大坝承载能力,增加大坝倒塌破坏风险。考虑混凝土多种劣化因素影响,所得结论可用于高寒地区混凝土坝的抗震设计。

干湿循环下复合激发膏体充填材料宏-细-微观强化与损伤特性

为探明盐-碱复合激发膏体充填材料的性能变化规律及干湿循环作用下充填体结构多尺度损伤机制,对以脱硫石膏和水泥熟料为复合激发剂的膏体充填材料进行多目标优化,并对最优配比下的充填体试块进行0~25次干湿循环,开展抗压强度、X射线衍射(XRD)、低场核磁共振(NMR)、扫描电镜(SEM)试验,揭示充填体宏观力学行为和微细观结构演化规律。研究结果表明:充填材料最优配比是矿渣掺量为50%,脱硫石膏与水泥熟料质量比为3:7,硅灰掺量为2.5%。随着干湿循环次数的增加,充填体宏观表现为抗压强度的折减及累积电导率升高,干湿循环10次时出现拐点,质量损失率和强度损失率分别达极小值-1.91%和-8.36%;在细观尺度上,T2谱反演良好,干湿循环作用10次后,横向弛豫时间逐渐右移且谱面积增大,表明膏体充填材料孔隙尺寸及数量随着干湿循环次数增加而增大;微观尺度上,钙矾石、石膏和方解石等侵蚀产物的膨胀结晶应力加速了微观孔隙结构的发育,反复干湿循环作用削减了C-S-H凝胶的黏聚力,由最初的堆叠蜂窝状劣化为小块状。综合宏、细、微观结构演变规律可知,孔隙结构的损伤演化与力学性能的劣化特征具有较好的同步性。

干湿循环作用下吉林省西部土壤盐离子对混凝土的侵蚀破坏机理

为了解决干湿循环条件下长期的外部碳酸盐和硫酸盐侵蚀导致混凝土耐久性能显著退化的问题,进行了在干湿循环条件下混凝土内部CO_(3)^(2-)和SO_(4)^(2-)侵蚀规律和迁移规律的研究。先通过混凝土受到离子侵蚀的化学反应过程和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)实验分析并对比两种离子对混凝土侵蚀的损伤机理,后通过引用房室模型的方法分析CO_(3)^(2-)和SO_(4)^(2-)在混凝土表面与外界交界面处的传输和交换规律。结果表明:在180 d的时间内,离子侵蚀主要发生在混凝土表面0~20 mm的范围内,房室模型的预测值与实测值决定系数R^(2)在0.75左右;混凝土被侵蚀的深度与水灰比正相关,并且房室模型可以预测混凝土受到侵蚀的程度;硫酸盐和碳酸盐的化学反应生成物引起的膨胀压力导致混凝土产生裂缝而引起破坏。