Effects of Tillage and Mulch Methods on Soil Moisture inWheat Fields of Loess Plateau, China

INTRODUCTIONNowadays,shortageofwaterresourcesisthemainproblemrestrictingagriculturaldeveLopment(Li,1962).Afterthelate1980s,becauseofclimatechangeonearth,rainfallinaridregionsdecreasedandthatoftheLoessPlateauinChinaevenvariedyearbyyear.Thusdroughthaso...

Comparative Revenue, Obstacle Factors and Promoting Strategy of Sprinkling Irrigation in Wheat Field: A Case Study from Yanzhou, Shandong Province in China

This paper takes 30 hm2 wheat sprinkling irrigation land of Yunguo Family Farm in Yanzhou, Shandong Province, China as a sample, and draws a conclusion by comparing it with other households (including individual and large households). The conclusions are as follows: wheat sprinkling irrigation has a remarkable water-saving effect and comparative revenue. Water saving efficiency can reach 61.54% and a comprehensive income-increase rate can reach 38.67%. The main factors of increasing income and incentives of saving irrigation by sprinkling irrigation ranks as the following: saving land consolidation and water monitoring labors (accounts for 62.50%), saving land area of wheat bed to increase production and income (accounts for 23.44%), saving water bills (accounts for 14.06%). The incentive effect of water saving is not obvious mainly because the water price is low. The main obstacles to the promotion of sprinkling irrigation by individual household are the uneconomical scale and the barriers of coordination of proxy irrigation. Other large household’s (family farm) obstacles are mainly the instability of land tenure and mixed management. Suggestions on promoting sprinkling irrigation in wheat field: Accelerate land circulation and promote agricultural scale management to create basic scale conditions for spreading sprinkling irrigation;stabilizing farmland management rights as stabilizing farmland contractual rights, thus giving long-term business interests to all kinds of large household owners;guide the development of “scale + specialization” modern family farms;appropriate water saving subsidies should be given according to the positive externality of household water saving;confirm agricultural water rights to household and allow compensated transfer of “surplus water rights”.

Effects of different irrigation methods on micro-environments and root distribution in winter wheat fields

The irrigation method used in winter wheat fields affects micro-environment factors, such as relative humidity（RH） within canopy, soil temperature, topsoil bulk density, soil matric potential, and soil nutrients, and these changes may affect plant root growth.An experiment was carried out to explore the effects of irrigation method on micro-environments and root distribution in a winter wheat field in the 2007–2008 and 2008–2009 growing seasons.The results showed that border irrigation（BI）, sprinkler irrigation（SI）, and surface drip irrigation（SDI） had no significant effects on soil temperature.Topsoil bulk density, RH within the canopy, soil available N distribution, and soil matric potential were significantly affected by the three treatments.The change in soil matric potential was the key reason for the altered root profile distribution patterns.Additionally, more fine roots were produced in the BI treatment when soil water content was low and topsoil bulk density was high.Root growth was most stimulated in the top soil layers and inhibited in the deep layers in the SDI treatment, followed by SI and BI, which was due to the different water application frequencies.As a result, the root profile distribution differed, depending on the irrigation method used.The root distribution pattern changes could be described by the power level variation in the exponential function.A good knowledge of root distribution patterns is important when attempting to model water and nutrient movements and when studying soil-plant interactions.

Subsoil tillage enhances wheat productivity,soil organic carbon and available nutrient status in dryland fields

Tillage practices during the fallow period benefit water storage and yield in dryland wheat crops.However,there is currently no clarity on the responses of soil organic carbon(SOC),total nitrogen(TN),and available nutrients to tillage practices within the growing season.This study evaluated the effects of three tillage practices(NT,no tillage;SS,subsoil tillage;DT,deep tillage)over five years on soil physicochemical properties.Soil samples at harvest stage from the fifth year were analyzed to determine the soil aggregate and aggregate-associated C and N fractions.The results indicated that SS and DT improved grain yield,straw biomass and straw carbon return of wheat compared with NT.In contrast to DT and NT,SS favored SOC and TN concentrations and stocks by increasing the soil organic carbon sequestration rate(SOCSR)and soil nitrogen sequestration rate(TNSR)in the 0-40 cm layer.Higher SOC levels under SS and NT were associated with greater aggregate-associated C fractions,while TN was positively associated with soluble organic nitrogen(SON).Compared with DT,the NT and SS treatments improved soil available nutrients in the 0-20 cm layer.These findings suggest that SS is an excellent practice for increasing soil carbon,nitrogen and nutrient availability in dryland wheat fields in North China.

Soil temperature and moisture sensitivities of soil CO_2 efflux before and after tillage in a wheat field of Loess Plateau,China

As a conventional farming practice, tillage has lasted for thousands of years in Loess Plateau, China. Although recent studies show that tillage is a prominent culprit to soil carbon loss in croplands, few studies have investigated the influences of tillage on the responses of soil CO2 efflux （SCE） to soil temperature and moisture. Using a multi-channel automated CO2 efflux chamber system, we measured SCE in situ continuously before and after the conventional tillage in a rain fed wheat field of Loess Plateau, China. The changes in soil temperature and moisture sensitivities of SCE, denoted by the Q10 value and linear regression slope respectively, were compared in the same range of soil temperature and moisture before and after the tillage. The results showed that, after the tillage, SCE increased by 1.2-2.2 times; the soil temperature sensitivity increased by 36.1%-37.5%; and the soil moisture sensitivity increased by 140%-166%. Thus, the tillage-induced increase in SCE might partially be attributed to the increases in temperature and moisture sensitivity of SCE.

Characteristics of energy and mass exchanges in the wheat field of Lhasa, Xizang (Tibet)

The experiment on energy and mass exchanges, which include CO2 flux, water evapotranspiration, sensible heat, net radiation and soil heat flux, was conducted in the wheat field of Lhasa. Xizang. The result was analyzed and compared with those obtained in the wheat fields of other two climatic regions. The canopy net photosynthesis rate in the Xi2ang Plateau is the largest in the three climatic regions. The canopy net photosynthesis rate increases linearly with the intensity of net radiation. But when the net radiation is greater than 700 W/m2, the increasing rate of net photosynthesis begin to decrease. During a day, water use efficiency of the canopy net photosynthesis is the highest just after sunrise and the lowest just before sunset. The total daily energies of net radiation and evapotranspiration in the wheat field of Xizang (Tibet) are the largest in the three regions, but their intensities in the late afternoon are the lowest.

Field Application of the Mycorrhizal Fungus <i>Rhizophagus irregularis</i>Increases the Yield of Wheat Crop and Affects Soil Microbial Functionalities

The aim of this study was to test the impact of Rhizophagus irregularis, an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF), on durum wheat growth and soil microbial functionalities in a field inoculation trial conducted in Morocco. The results showed that i) the R. irregularis inoculum effectively improved wheat growth, ii) wheat growth promotion depended on the soil mycorrhizal infectivity and iii) functional abilities of soil microflora depended on AMF inoculation. This study confirms that field AMF inoculation can be proposed as an effective agronomic practice in wheat production and as a sustainable cultural practice to manage soil biofunctioning. To fully promote inoculation practices, a better knowledge of AMF ecology has to be acquired to better adapt AMF inoculation to environmental conditions, and thus warrant better yields and agricultural sustainability.

Field Screening of Lesotho and South African Wheat Cultivars for Russian Wheat Aphid Resistance

Russian wheat aphid (Diuraphis noxia) is an international wheat pest and was first recorded in South Africa in 1978 in the Bethlehem area in the Eastern Free State. Le-sotho lies adjacent to one of the largest wheat producing areas in South Africa, the Eastern Free State, where winter wheat and facultative types are cultivated under dry land conditions. Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is an important crop adapted to all agro-ecological zones of Lesotho. Russian wheat aphid may have a significant impact on wheat yield. No monitoring or pest control is being done in Lesotho and at this stage there is very little information on the Russian wheat aphid resistance of wheat culti-vars cultivated in Lesotho. In view of this it is important to monitor the distribution of Russian wheat aphid biotypes in Lesotho and determine the level of Russian wheat aphid resistance in local Lesotho wheat cultivars. Two local Lesotho wheat cultivars, Bolane and Makalaote were screened together with South African cultivars Elands, Matlabas, Senqu, PAN3379, PAN3118 and SST387, in the glasshouse against all four known biotypes that occur in South Africa. All these cultivars were also planted in 5 m plots in the field at two localities Leribe and Roma in the lowlands of Lesotho. These cultivars were screened in the field for Russian wheat aphid resistance. The predomi-nant Russian wheat aphid biotypes in these areas were also determined. The Lesotho cultivar, Bolane had resistance against RWASA2 in the glasshouse, while Makalaote did not have any Russian wheat aphid resistance in either the glasshouse or field screenings. To contribute to food security an increasing wheat yield potential is a high priority. Russian wheat aphid has been included in the list of important international cereal pests. Russian wheat aphid adapts to changing environments and taking their ecology, distribution, virulence patterns, and variability into account is important in minimizing the gap between actual and attainable yields. Current management prac-tices for winter wheat in South Africa include the use of resistant cultivars, which is the most economical management strategy for Russian wheat aphid. Introducing Russian wheat aphid resistant cultivars in Lesotho will improve overall yield and as a result food security. This will also result in lower Russian wheat aphid pest pressure in the adjacent wheat production areas in the Eastern Free State, South Africa.

秸秆还田配施化肥下麦田土壤理化性质和酶活性的变化

为了探明长期秸秆还田下配施化肥对麦田土壤酶活性的影响及其主要驱动因子,以持续4年的广水长期定位试验为依托,设置秸秆(S,用量为6000 kg/hm^(2),其他处理用量相同)、秸秆+施100%N(S100N,纯N用量为187.5 kg/hm^(2),其他施肥处理用量按此用量折算)、秸秆+施80%N(S80N)、秸秆+施60%N(S60N)、秸秆+施80%N+菌剂(S80Nm,秸秆腐熟菌剂用量为30 kg/hm^(2))、秸秆+施60%N+菌剂(S60Nm,菌剂用量同S80Nm)6个处理,测定了土壤酶活性、土壤理化性质及小麦产量。结果显示,与S相比,S100N和S80N小麦产量分别显著提高182.82%和179.55%(P<0.05);秸秆腐熟菌剂的添加对土壤理化性质和小麦产量的效果不显著。与S100N相比,S80N增加了土壤磷酸酶(Phos)、硫酸酯酶(Sul)、β-葡萄糖苷酶(βG)、β-木糖苷酶(βX)、α-葡萄糖苷酶(αG)、乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶(NAG)和亮氨酸氨基肽酶(LAP)的活性;冗余分析(RDA)显示秸秆还田条件下,土壤有机质和碱解氮的含量是土壤酶变化的主要影响因子。因此,从减肥增效角度来看,S80N是提升土壤质量较适宜的管理措施。

稻麦轮作高标准农田控制排水对排水与氮素输出削减效果模拟

稻麦轮作区高标准农田建设中,通过加深排水沟提高麦作期农田排水降渍能力的同时,加大稻作期农田排水输出,不仅降低了水资源利用效率,而且加重了接纳水体的污染。本文基于江苏省扬州市沿运灌区稻麦轮作农田排水水文水质过程的监测结果,利用田间水文模型(DRAINMOD)模拟了长序列气象条件下,灌区提高农田降渍能力对稻田排水、氮素流失及灌溉需求的负面影响以及控制排水措施的积极效果。结果表明,在节水灌溉模式下,研究区排水沟深度由现状的60 cm加深至120 cm,排水间距由120 m加密至20 m时,稻作期排水量与总氮(TN)输出负荷增加9.0%~22.2%、氨氮(NH_(3)-N)输出负荷增加4.0%~16.8%、灌溉用水量增加9.6%~23.4%。若结合田间管理要求,实施控制排水则可有效缓解提高农田降渍能力造成的负面影响;当排水沟深为120 cm,间距为120~20 m时,稻作期控制排水可使排水量和TN输出负荷减少19.3%~35.3%、NH_(3)-N输出负荷减少7.6%~27.2%、灌溉用水量减少22.9%~40.0%。由于控制排水降低了地下排水梯度,相较于传统排水,农沟从60 cm加深至120 cm时,地下排水平均占比降至50.7%,灌溉用水量相应减少。综上,稻麦轮作农田控制排水具有显著的节水减排作用,可有效降低高标准农田建设中提高降渍能力所产生的负面影响。研究成果可为稻麦轮作区高标准农田建设与水环境保护提供理论依据与技术支撑。

“一眼看得见”的语言——论梅子涵晚近散文集《黄麦地》

梅子涵从事文学创作近50年,在散文语体和题材方面形成了鲜明的特色,一种基于平等理念的创作,交织起儿童和成人不同的思维方式,以自觉的“看得见”形象捕捉,彰显了主体特色,扩大了创作视野,给他的散文创作注入了源源不断的活力。梅子涵的主体位置,在散文的每一篇都清晰可见,可以认为他是一个非常“自恋”的人。这种“自恋”既是对人的特征,也是对他散文基调的概括,是儿童化思维方式的体现。

冬小麦-夏玉米轮作田沟金针虫垂直活动特征

基于河北固城农业气象国家野外科学观测研究站2019—2020年、2021—2022年冬小麦-夏玉米轮作田沟金针虫在土壤中分层调查数据,引入虫口重量指标,结合虫口密度指标,揭示沟金针虫在冬小麦-夏玉米轮作田为害-休眠动态变化,讨论沟金针虫在土壤中垂直活动特征、气象条件与其相关性以及对冬小麦产量影响。结果表明:沟金针虫在冬小麦-夏玉米轮作田存在3个为害期和3个休眠期,且交替出现。3个为害期出现在冬小麦返青-拔节期、夏玉米幼苗期、冬小麦秋苗期,3个休眠期出现在冬小麦越冬期、冬小麦成熟-收获期、夏玉米灌浆-成熟期,3个为害期中以冬小麦返青-拔节期最为严重。冬季偏暖及春季回暖早,沟金针虫表现出晚下早上特征,使得沟金针虫冬季休眠期缩短而为害活动期延长;土壤温度、湿度以及食源关系共同影响沟金针虫为害、休眠以及取食活动,其为害适宜土壤重量含水率约为15%~18%,适宜土壤温度为14~18℃。分析沟金针虫为害与冬小麦减产率可知,虫口密度每增加10 m^(-2)或虫口重量每增加1.0 g·m^(-2),可导致减产率增加5.1%。

玉米秸秆长期还田配施氮肥对不同筋性小麦品质和产量的影响

为研究玉米秸秆还田配施氮肥对不同筋性小麦品质和产量的影响,采用玉米秸秆还田(SR)、玉米秸秆不还田(NSR)为主因素,0、90、180、270、360 kg·hm^(-2)5个施氮量为副因素的裂区设计,测定了小麦千粒质量、容重、产量、硬度、蛋白质、湿面筋、沉降值、吸水率、面团形成时间、面团稳定时间、延展性、最大延伸阻力和延伸面积等指标。结果表明:玉米秸秆还田降低了小麦的蛋白质和湿面筋含量,且中筋小麦青农2号的降幅大于高筋小麦济南17;玉米秸秆还田显著降低了青农2号的硬度、沉降值、吸水率、面团形成时间和延展性,显著提高了济南17的硬度、吸水率、延展性、最大延伸阻力和延伸面积;2个小麦品种的蛋白质、湿面筋含量均随着施氮量的增加而增加;青农2号的沉降值、吸水率、面团形成时间、面团稳定时间、延展性、最大延伸阻力和延伸面积均随着施氮量的增加而增加,而济南17的吸水率、延展性、最大延伸阻力和延伸面积在施氮量为180 kg·hm^(-2)时最高,沉降值、面团形成时间、面团稳定时间在施氮量为270 kg·hm^(-2)时最高;SR显著提高了小麦产量,比NSR增产15.2%~31.0%,且施氮量为180 kg·hm^(-2)时,小麦产量最高。因此,中筋小麦青农2号的最佳种植模式为玉米秸秆还田+施氮180 kg·hm^(-2),高筋小麦济南17的优质高产栽培模式为玉米秸秆还田+施氮180~270 kg·hm^(-2)。

不同季秸秆还田对冬小麦不同穗粒位结实粒数和粒重的影响

为探讨安徽淮北平原砂姜黑土区长期秸秆连续全量还田对冬小麦穗部结实特性的影响,2021-2022年基于农业农村部华东地区作物栽培科学观测站13年的长期定位试验,比较分析了小麦单季秸秆全量粉碎覆盖还田(T1)、小麦玉米秸秆全量粉碎还田(T2)、玉米秸秆全量粉碎翻埋还田(T3)、小麦玉米秸秆全年不还田(CK)4个不同还田模式下小麦不同小穗位结实粒数及粒重的差异。结果表明,T1、T2、T3处理的主茎穗小穗结实总粒数较CK分别提高了21.21%、7.50%和12.55%;第2粒位(G2)结实粒数分别提高了7.71%、7.71%和5.79%;上部小穗结实粒数分别提高了51.41%、22.79%和31.36%,其G2结实粒数分别提高了30.95%、30.95%和23.09%,其中T1处理对小麦粒数的提升效果最好。不同季秸秆还田处理下小麦主茎穗及其G2粒重、分蘖穗及其第三粒位(G3)粒重均高于CK,T1、T2和T3处理的主茎穗粒重增幅分别为16.06%、4.14%和16.06%,分蘖穗增幅分别为9.86%、0.71%和8.87%;T1、T2和T3处理下主茎穗G2粒重增幅分别为20.69%、10.34%和17.24%,分蘖穗G3粒重4.55%、2.27%和6.82%,其中T1处理对粒重提升效果最好,其次是T3。综合来看,在安徽淮北平原砂姜黑土区长期秸秆还田能够提高小麦穗粒数和粒重,进而促进产量提升,其中T1处理对小麦结实粒数和粒重的提升效果最好,是适宜在该地区推广的秸秆还田模式。

我国主要麦区土壤有效铁锰铜锌丰缺状况评价及影响因素

明确我国主要麦区土壤有效铁锰铜锌含量分布和影响因素,对了解麦田土壤微量元素供应能力、指导小麦丰产与优质生产至关重要。于2016-2021年连续6年,在我国17个小麦主产省/市采集1314份耕层土壤样品,参考中国土壤有效微量元素分级标准,评价了我国麦田土壤有效铁锰铜锌丰缺状况,并采用随机森林方法定量分析了主要土壤化学性质对铁锰铜锌有效性的贡献。结果表明,我国主要麦区土壤有效铁含量介于1.8~612 mg·kg^(-1),平均为49.1 mg·kg^(-1),8.9%的样本未达到缺铁临界值4.5 mg·kg^(-1),且主要集中在北方、西北麦区的山西、陕西、甘肃等地,西南和长江中下游麦区有效铁较高。土壤有效锰介于0.1~176 mg·kg^(-1),平均为22.1 mg·kg^(-1),低于缺锰临界值5 mg·kg^(-1)的样本占6.9%,缺锰土壤分布在西北、北方麦区的山西、陕西、甘肃、内蒙古等地,西南、长江中下游麦区土壤有效锰含量较高。土壤有效铜介于0.1~10.8 mg·kg^(-1),平均为1.9 mg·kg^(-1),仅1.8%样本未达到缺铜临界值0.5 mg·kg^(-1)。土壤有效锌介于0.1~26.0 mg·kg^(-1),平均为1.4 mg·kg^(-1),14.3%的样本低于缺锌临界值0.5 mg·kg^(-1),主要分布在西北和北方麦区的山西、陕西、甘肃、内蒙古等省份,云南、贵州等西南麦区的有效锌较高。土壤基本化学性质中,pH对有效铁、有效锰含量影响最大,有效铁是铜有效性的重要因素,影响有效锌的主要因素是有效磷和有效铜。我国麦田土壤有效铁锰铜锌含量存在较大的区域变异,铁、锰、锌不足主要发生在北方石灰性土壤,南方麦田供应充足,几乎所有麦田土壤有效铜可满足作物铜需求。

青海省春小麦田杂草群落组成及其多样性分析

为明确青海省春小麦田杂草发生种类及其群落特征,采用倒置“W”九点取样法对青海省东部农业区和柴达木盆地农业区春小麦田杂草种类、生活型、科属组成、群落结构及杂草多样性进行调查。统计分析发现:小麦田有85种杂草,隶属24科64属。其中,菊科和禾本科是数量最多的科别,杂草分别为16种和14种。从杂草的综合优势度来看,藜(Chenopodium album L.)、野燕麦(Avena fatua L.)、萹蓄(Polygonum aviculare L.)、苦苣菜(Sonchus oleraceus L.)、苣荬菜(Herba Sonchi Brachyoti)5种杂草为优势杂草,芦苇(Phragmites australis(Cav.)Trin.)、赖草(Leymus secalinus(Georgi)Tzvel.)、狗尾草(Setaria viridis(Linn.)Beauv.)、藏蓟(Cirsium eriophoroides)、荞麦蔓(Fagopyrum esculentum Moench.)、节裂角茴香(Hypecoum leptocarpum Hook.f.et Thoms.)、猪殃殃(Galium spurium L.)、大刺儿菜(Cirsium arvense var.setosum(willd.)Ledeb)、密花香薷(Elsholtzia densa Benth.)、野油菜(Brassica juncea(L.)Czern.et Coss.)10种杂草为区域性优势杂草。此外有常见杂草22种,一般性杂草48种。东部农业区田间杂草物种丰富度较柴达木地区高,湟中区、大通县、互助县麦田杂草的物种丰富度依次为46、45、42;柴达木盆地的都兰县、德令哈市、乌兰县、格尔木市麦田杂草的物种丰富度依次为30、26、23、13,调查区以格尔木市的物种丰富度最小。比较杂草的生活型发现,同一地区越年生杂草、多年生杂草的发生数量和一年生杂草的数量基本接近50%;从杂草群落的相似性来看,东部农业区的湟中区、互助县、大通县杂草群落组成极为相似,而柴达木盆地绿洲农业区的都兰县、德令哈市、格尔木市、乌兰县杂草群落相似性程度高,杂草群落结构的相似性结果与区域小麦生产实际相吻合。群落结构组成和区域耕作制度、气候条件、土壤理化性质、田间管理水平等具有较大的相关性,建议加强杂草优势种和区域性优势杂草的防控和监测,因地制宜制定杂草绿色防控措施。

不同遗传背景亲本及其杂交种对田间出苗率的影响

为了研究细胞质不同亲本及其杂交种对田间出苗率的影响,以29个AL型不育系和25个恢复系为亲本材料配制了双列杂交组合,以“同母多父”和“同父多母”的方式,对杂交种和亲本的田间出苗率进行比较分析。结果表明,细胞质遗传背景不同的恢复系、保持系、杂交种之间田间出苗率差异不显著。杂交种与双亲的田间出苗率间呈显著正相关,田间出苗率高的亲本所配置杂交种田间出苗率表现出较高杂种优势。杂交种田间出苗率应该作为优异亲本的重要指标得到重视。

不同产量水平麦田植株氮素转运和籽粒氮素积累的差异

【目的】提高开花后营养器官氮素转运量和开花后氮素积累量,改善籽粒氮素积累特性,有利于提高小麦氮素积累量和产量。为明确不同产量水平麦田植株氮素利用效率差异形成的生理机制,缩小产量差和提高氮素利用率,实现小麦高产高效生产提供理论依据。【方法】于2020—2022年连续两年在山东省小孟镇史王村进行大田试验,以烟农1212为种植材料,选择常年冬小麦产量水平在10500 kg·hm^(-2)(S)、9000 kg·hm^(-2)(H)和7500 kg·hm^(-2)(M)左右的3个产量水平麦田,比较分析不同产量水平麦田植株氮素积累与转运、籽粒氮素积累特征和籽粒产量的差异。【结果】相较于H和M麦田,S麦田显著提高了单位面积穗数和千粒重,籽粒产量比H、M麦田分别高19.64%—27.91%、51.68%—80.87%,从而获得了最高的氮素吸收效率、氮肥偏生产力和氮素收获指数;S麦田开花期营养器官氮素积累量较H、M麦田分别提高14.22—42.11、53.74—103.16 kg·hm^(-2),成熟期营养器官氮素积累量表现为S、H>M;与H和M麦田相比,S麦田显著提高了开花前营养器官氮素的转运量和开花后氮素积累量,提高了开花后营养器官氮素积累量对籽粒的贡献率,从而获得最高的成熟期籽粒氮素积累量;S麦田显著提高了开花后旗叶游离氨基酸和可溶性蛋白含量,促进了氮素的源库间转运;Logistic方程拟合可知,S麦田显著提高了籽粒氮素最大积累速率和平均积累速率,延长籽粒氮素积累持续时间,是其获得最高籽粒氮素积累量的主要原因。【结论】S麦田适宜的土壤环境显著提高了单位面积穗数和千粒重,有利于促进营养器官贮存氮素向籽粒的转运量,提高籽粒氮素积累速率,延长籽粒氮素积累持续期,是其获得最高籽粒产量和氮肥利用效率的主要原因。

基于GF-1卫星影像数据融合的冬小麦田空间信息提取

为给高标准农田建设规划和粮食安全生产措施的制定提供准确信息,在对国产GF-1/PMS卫星影像进行辐射定标、大气校正、几何校正和裁剪等预处理的基础上,经过影像融合提取了高标准麦田多地物的点像元光谱信息,通过分析不同地物光谱特征,利用波段反射率、归一化差值植被指数(NDVI)和差值植被指数(DVI)构建植被光谱特征指标阈值,进而对冬小麦田及非麦田进行分类,以获取高标准麦田的空间分布信息。结果表明,光谱特征指标选择BR_(4)>0.3、NDVI>0.619和DVI>0.317,可以较准确地从影像中识别出冬小麦田,并减少田间道路被误判为冬小麦田像元。在非麦田分类中,选择BR_(3)>0.15和BR_(4)>0.2,可将建筑用地与河流(沟渠)区分开。利用田间样方统计面积和遥感提取面积进行精度验证,总体精度可达97.33%,说明通过中、高空间分辨率遥感数据融合,结合多重光谱特征指标建立合理的分类阈值,可以准确提取冬小麦田及非麦田的分布信息。

江汉平原典型种植模式稻田土壤中农药残留特征

在江汉平原中稻-油菜/小麦轮作田、一季中稻田及再生稻田3种种植模式稻田采集土壤样品86个。调查了土壤样品中滴滴涕(DDTs,包括o,p′-DDT、p,p′-DDT、p,p′-DDE、p,p′-DDD)、六六六(HCHs,包括α-HCH、β-HCH、γ-HCH、δ-HCH)、甲胺磷、甲基对硫磷、氧乐果、乐果、敌敌畏、乙酰甲胺磷、毒死蜱、氯虫苯甲酰胺、吡蚜酮、吡虫啉、啶虫脒、三环唑、戊唑醇、氰氟草酯、二氯喹啉酸、乙草胺及异丙甲草胺等25种农药及其代谢产物的残留。结果表明,检出率最高的3种农药为当前常用杀虫剂氯虫苯甲酰胺(87.21%),杀菌剂三环唑(91.86%)及戊唑醇(72.09%),其残留均值分别为0.0397、0.0734 mg/kg及0.0276 mg/kg;已经禁用的有机氯农药滴滴涕(o,p′-DDT、p,p′-DDT、p,p′-DDE、p,p′-DDD)仍能检出,检出率为36.05%~66.28%。3种模式田块中检出的滴滴涕主要来源于历史上滴滴涕的使用。杀虫剂吡蚜酮及杀菌剂三环唑在再生稻田的残留量均值显著高于中稻-油菜/小麦轮作田及一季中稻田;但其他农药在不同种植模式稻田中的残留没有显著差异。本研究为江汉平原农药残留的治理及农药的合理使用提供了参考信息。