Influence of fly ash and sewage sludge application on wheat biomass production,nutrients availability,and soil properties

The influence of fly ash(FA)applied alone and/or with sewage sludge(SS)on wheat(Triticum vulgare)grain yield,biomass production and soil properties was studied in a field experiment.The results showed that both FA and SS significantly increased grain yield and plant biomass.FA applied alone increased significantly soil pH and EC while FA applied together with SS did not significantly affect them compared to mono FA treatment.Soil pH and EC values increased with time in FA and FA-SS treatments.SS increased soil organic matter and total N content and SS applied together with FA increased also available soil B.From the plant nutrients tested only tissue N concentration was increased significantly in all treatments compared to control.Copper,Zn,Mn,Ni,and Pb at both available and total concentrations are significantly affected.

Establishment of ANEDr model for evaluating absorbed-nitrogen effects on wheat dry matter production

Applying mathematic models to evaluate absorbed-N effects on dry matter production at different developmental stages would help determine proper nitrogen management according to crop demands and yield target. Two field trials were carried out for establishing absorbed-N effects on dry matter production（ANEDr） model, using uniform design in 2010–2011and 2012–2013 winter wheat growing seasons in Hebei Province, China. Another field trial was carried out in 2010–2011for model validation. Dry matter and N concentration in leaf and non-leaf organs were measured at setting, jointing, anthesis, and maturity. Theory of best linear unbiased prediction（BLUP） was applied to analyse the N effects of leaf and non-leaf organs on dry matter production. Within ANEDr model, four N-affected phases at each stage were concerned,leaf absorbed-N effect before this stage, non-leaf organ absorbed-N effect before this stage,leaf absorbed-N effect at this stage, and non-leaf organ absorbed-N effect at this stage. In addition, developmental processes, genotype characters and temperature were three factors that determine each N effect. It was demonstrated that ANEDr model can precisely quantify absorbed-N effects on dry matter production with high correlation coefficient（r=0.95）. Comparing with other models, ANEDr model considered both leaf and non-leaf organs according to developmental processes of winter wheat, showed higher flexibility and simplicity, thus could be applied to different environments, cultivars and crops after parameter adjustment.

Formation of Assimilating Surface Areas and Photosynthetic Potential of Various Assimilating Parts of Wheat Species under Drought Conditions

Some of environmental factors (weather sharp fluctuations) may accrue stress within a few minutes, while others may not be long for this period of stress in this situation. It has formed stress in organisms, to eliminate the stress, there starts over various biochemical and physiological mechanisms for protection. Therefore, a large variety of plants to examine ways of increasing the resistance against stress factors have a scientific and practical importance. Thus, the primary processes of photosynthesis, based on the results of the study and its corresponding morphophysiological higher photochemical activity, has been found in a range of genotypes. Their leaves and plants assimilate the biological productivity of the intensity of the symptoms associated with the use of photosynthetic learned of the opportunity to create a new perspective varieties. This allows the research to prove the expansion of the electronic delivery of high-yielding genotypes and phosphorised chloroplast high speed, as well as the pH of thylacoid membranes are characterized by a great price, also photosynthetic electron transport, CO2 assimilation and it was approved to be the link between productivity.

Benefit of aerosol reduction to winter wheat during China's clean air action:A case study of Henan Province

A strongly declining aerosol radiative effect has been observed in China since 2013 after implementing the clean air action,yet its impact on wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)production remains unclear.We use satellite measures and a biophysical crop model to assess the impact of aerosol-induced radiative perturbations on winter wheat production in the agricultural belt of Henan province from 2013 to 2018.After calibrating parameters with the extended Fourier Amplitude Sensitivity Test(EFAST)and the generalized likelihood uncertainty estimation(GLUE)method,the DSSAT CERES-Wheat model was able to simulate crop biomass and yield more accurately.We found that the aerosol negatively impacted wheat biomass by 21.87%and yield by 22.48%from 2006 to 2018,and the biomass effects from planting to anthesis were more significant compared to anthesis to maturity.Due to the strict clean air action,under all-sky conditions,the surface solar shortwave radiation(SSR)in 2018 increased by about 7.08%over 2006-2013 during the wheat growing seasons.As a result of the improvement of crop photosynthesis,winter wheat biomass and yield increased by an average of 5.46%and 2.9%,respectively.Our findings show that crop carbon uptake and yield will benefit from the clean air action in China,helping to ensure national food and health security.

Evaluation of Potential Impacts of Agricultural Policy Reforms on Sustainability of Groundwater Resources of Saudi Arabia

Saudi Arabia has achieved extensive development and expansion in agriculture sector and achieved self sufficiency in a number of agricultural crops including wheat, fodders, dates, some vegetables and fruits. Considering the future growing need for food and water, government of Saudi Arabia has formulated and implemented a number of policy reforms for conservation, optimal utilization and sustainable development of natural resources of the Kingdom. The present study focuses on potential future impacts on natural resources conservations and strategic planning due to recent policy reforms （Council of Ministers （CoM） on Water Resources Management and Conservation （Decision No. 335）） issued on September 2008. The modeling of wheat agriculture was performed based on detailed analysis of water application practices in wheat growing regions/districts and future projection of wheat irrigation in context of recent government water resources conservation strategy. The results clearly indicated a significant positive impact will be occurred in terms of huge relief on highly stressed and limited national strategic groundwater resources. The present study estimated a saving and conservation of more than 51.0 billion cubic meters （BCM） of non-renewable groundwater resources during next 11 years.

Influences of Biochar and Biochar-Mineral Complex on Mycorrhizal Colonisation and Nutrition of Wheat and Sorghum

The high price of synthetic fertilisers and the price barrier for biochar as a soil amendment have encouraged the exploration of using biochar in fertiliser replacement formulations. Biochars coupled with fertilisers can be applied at lower application rates to achieve benefits in plant growth and nutrition, as well as soil biological fertility. It is necessary to evaluate the use of biochar as a fertiliser substitute. Therefore, this study investigated the comparative influences of biochars, including Acacia saligna （AS）, Simcoa jarrah （S J） and Wundowie jarrah （W J）, mineral fertiliser with microbes （MF ＋ M）, biochar-mineral complex （BMC） and their combination on mycorrhizal colonisation, growth and nutrition of wheat in a glasshouse experiment and sorghum in field conditions. BMC ＋ MF ＋ M treatment produced higher mycorrhizal colonisation than MF ＋ M alone, indicating that BMC had a significant role in increasing mycorrhizal colonisation. SJ （treated with acetic acid） and MF ＋ M treatments, as well as AS ＋ MF ＋ M application, showed similar effects on mycorrhizal colonisation, but lower colonisation than the BMC ＋ MF ＋ M treatment. Ovcrall~ the BMC ＋ MF ＋ M treatment supported the maximum shoot, root and total plant dry weight followed by AS ＋ MF ＋ M and WJ ＋ MF ＋ M. The MF ＋ M treatment had the maximum shoot N and K concentrations, while BMC ＋ MF ＋ M application had the maximum shoot P concentration. AS ＋ MF -4- M and WJ ＋ MF ＋ M treatments supported the maximum N uptake by wheat shoots, while BMC ＋ MF ＋ M supported the maximum P uptake. The results showed that biochars and BMCs could increase mycorrhizal colonisation, plant growth and nutrient uptake of wheat, particularly N, P, K, S and Zn. The field experiment confirmed that BMC application at a rate of 300 kg ha-1 could increase the yield of irrigated sorghum on a loam soil and provide better applied P use efficiency compared to a water-soluble fertiliser alone. These results indicated that biochar-based fertilisers might increase the resilience and sustainability of dryland cropping in environments such as in Western Australia and warrant further field evaluation.