Method for the posture control of bionic mechanical wheel-legged vehicles in hilly and mountainous areas

In response to the weaknesses of traditional agricultural equipment chassis with poor environmental adaptability and inferior mobility, a novel unmanned agricultural machinery chassis has been developed that can operate stably and efficiently under various complex terrain conditions. Initially, a new wheel-legged structure was designed by drawing inspiration from the motion principles of grasshopper hind legs and combining them with pneumatic-hydraulic linkage mechanisms. Kinematic analysis was conducted on this wheel-legged configuration by utilizing the D-H parameter method, which revealed that its end effector has a travel range of 0-450 mm in the X-direction, 0-840 mm in the Y-direction, and 0-770 mm in the Z-direction, thereby providing the structural foundation for features such as independent four-wheel steering, adjustable wheel track, automatic vehicle body elevation adjustment, and maintaining a level body posture on different slopes. Subsequently, theoretical analysis and structural parameter calculations were completed to design each subsystem of the unmanned chassis. Further, kinematic analysis of the wheel-legged unmanned chassis was carried out using RecurDyn, which substantiated the feasibility of achieving functions like slope leveling and autonomous obstacle negotiation. An omnidirectional leveling control system was also established, taking into account factors such as pitch angle, roll angle, virtual leg deployment, and center of gravity height. Joint simulations using Adams and Matlab were performed on the wheel-legged unmanned chassis, comparing its leveling performance with that of a PID control system. The results indicated that the maximum absolute value of leveling error was 1.08° for the pitch angle and 1.19° for the roll angle, while the standard deviations were 0.216 47° for the pitch angle and 0.176 22° for the roll angle, demonstrating that the wheel-legged unmanned chassis surpassed the PID control system in leveling performance, thus validating the correctness and feasibility of its full-directional body posture leveling control in complex environments. Finally, the wheel-legged unmanned chassis was fabricated, assembled, and subjected to in-place leveling and ground clearance adjustment tests. The experimental outcomes showed that the vehicle was capable of achieving in-place leveling with response speed and leveling accuracy meeting practical operational requirements under the action of the posture control system. Moreover, the adjustable ground clearance proved sufficient to meet the demands of actual obstacle crossing scenarios.

Design of A Novel Wheel-Legged Robot with Rim Shape Changeable Wheels

The wheel-legged hybrid structure has been utilized by ground mobile platforms in recent years to achieve good mobility on both flat surfaces and rough terrain.However,most of the wheel-legged robots only have one-directional obstacle-crossing ability.During the motion,most of the wheel-legged robots’centroid fluctuates violently,which damages the stability of the load.What’s more,many designs of the obstacle-crossing part and transformation-driving part of this structure are highly coupled,which limits its optimal performance in both aspects.This paper presents a novel wheel-legged robot with a rim-shaped changeable wheel,which has a bi-directional and smooth obstacle-crossing ability.Based on the kinematic model,the geometric parameters of the wheel structure and the design variables of the driving four-bar mechanism are optimized separately.The kinetostatics model of the mobile platform when climbing stairs is established to determine the body length and angular velocity of the driving wheels.A pro-totype is made according to the optimal parameters.Experiments show that the prototype installed with the novel transformable wheels can overcome steps with a height of 1.52 times of its wheel radius with less fluctuation of its centroid and performs good locomotion capabilities in different environments.

A Closed-Loop Dynamic Controller for Active Vibration Isolation Working on A Parallel Wheel-Legged Robot

Serving the Stewart mechanism as a wheel-legged structure,the most outstanding superiority of the proposed wheel-legged hybrid robot(WLHR)is the active vibration isolation function during rolling on rugged terrain.However,it is difficult to obtain its precise dynamic model,because of the nonlinearity and uncertainty of the heavy robot.This paper presents a dynamic control framework with a decentralized structure for single wheel-leg,position tracking based on model predictive control(MPC)and adaptive impedance module from inside to outside.Through the Newton-Euler dynamic model of the Stewart mechanism,the controller first creates a predictive model by combining Newton-Raphson iteration of forward kinematic and inverse kinematic calculation of Stewart.The actuating force naturally enables each strut to stretch and retract,thereby realizing six degrees-of-freedom(6-DOFs)position-tracking for Stewart wheel-leg.The adaptive impedance control in the outermost loop adjusts environmental impedance parameters by current position and force feedback of wheel-leg along Z-axis.This adjustment allows the robot to adequately control the desired support force tracking,isolating the robot body from vibration that is generated from unknown terrain.The availability of the proposed control methodology on a physical prototype is demonstrated by tracking a Bezier curve and active vibration isolation while the robot is rolling on decelerate strips.By comparing the proportional and integral(PI)and constant impedance controllers,better performance of the proposed algorithm was operated and evaluated through displacement and force sensors internally-installed in each cylinder,as well as an inertial measurement unit(IMU)mounted on the robot body.The proposed algorithm structure significantly enhances the control accuracy and vibration isolation capacity of parallel wheel-legged robot.

Camilla Guerrieri’s Portrait of Guidobaldo II della Rovere:Symbols of Honor and Power

The Altomani&Sons Collection owns a remarkable newly discovered portrait of Guidobaldo II della Rovere,Duke of Urbino(1514-1574),a historical military figure who was a condottiere,ruler of Urbino,Commander-in-chief of the Papal Estate,and Perfect of Rome,as well as a collector and patron of the Fine Arts.Camilla Guerrieri Nati(1628-1694),a seventeenth-century Italian painter from Fossombrone(in the province of Pesaro and Urbino),portrayed this heroic personage surrounded by emblems associated with his military courage and leadership,including his plumed burgonet helmet,metal gilded armor,a necklace with the golden fleece,and batons of secular and religious dominions.This oil painting on copper-considered a precious metal at the time-emphasizes the importance of the commission.The material and technique also reveals a unique artistic achievement in that it provides the painting with a smooth,reflective surface and vibrant coloration,symbolizing precious imagery.

Design and Optimization of Wheel-legged Robot:Rolling-Wolf

Though the studies of wheel-legged robots have achieved great success, the existing ones still have defects in load distribution, structure stability and carrying capacity. For overcoming these shortcomings, a new kind of wheel-legged robot（Rolling-Wolf） is designed. It is actuated by means of ball screws and sliders, and each leg forms two stable triangle structures at any moment, which is simple but has high structure stability. The positional posture model and statics model are built and used to analyze the kinematic and mechanical properties of Rolling-Wolf. Based on these two models, important indexes for evaluating its motion performance are analyzed. According to the models and indexes, all of the structure parameters which influence the motion performance of Rolling-Wolf are optimized by the method of Archive-based Micro Genetic Algorithm（AMGA） by using Isight and Matlab software. Compared to the initial values, the maximum rotation angle of the thigh is improved by 4.17%, the maximum lifting height of the wheel is improved by 65.53%, and the maximum driving forces of the thigh and calf are decreased by 25.5% and 12.58%, respectively. The conspicuous optimization results indicate that Rolling-Wolf is much more excellent. The novel wheel-leg structure of Rolling-Wolf is efficient in promoting the load distribution, structure stability and carrying capacity of wheel-legged robot and the proposed optimization method provides a new approach for structure optimization.

Dynamics and Wheel's Slip Ratio of a Wheel-legged Robot in Wheeled Motion Considering the Change of Height

The existing research on dynamics and slip ratio of wheeled mobile robot （WMR） are derived without considering the effect of height, and the existing models can not be used to analyze the dynamics performance of the robot with variable height while moving such as NOROS- Ⅱ. The existing method of dynamics modeling is improved by adding the constraint equation between perpendicular displacement of body and horizontal displacement of wheel into the constraint conditions. The dynamic model of NOROS- Ⅱ in wheel motion is built by the Lagrange method under nonholonomic constraints. The inverse dynamics is calculated in three different paths based on this model, and the results demonstrate that torques of hip pitching joints are inversely proportional to the height of robot. The relative error of calculated torques is less than 2% compared with that of ADAMS simulation, by which the validity of dynamic model is verified, Moreover, the relative horizontal motion between fore/hind wheels and body is produced when the height is changed, and thus the accurate slip ratio can not be obtained by the traditional equation. The improved slip ratio equations with the parameter of the vertical velocity of body are introduced for fore wheels and hind wheels respectively. Numerical simulations of slip ratios are conducted to reveal the effect of varied height on slip ratios of different wheels. The result shows that the slip ratios of fore/hind wheels become larger/smaller respectively as the height increases, and as the height is reduced, the reverse applies. The proposed research of dynamic model and slip ratio based on the robot height provides the effective method to analyze the dynamics of WMRs with varying height.

Wheel-legged Hexapod Robots:a Multifunctional Mobile Manipulating Platform

Robots are widely used to replace people in some burdensome or hamaful areas. Not only the moving ability but also the manipulating ability is needed in the missions of complex multitasking requirements. In the last decades, wheel-legged hexapod robots are extensively studied to ineet this condition.

基于稀疏同波束测量的天问一号火星着陆点定位方法

在广义相对论参考框架下,利用天问一号巡视器在着陆火星后与环绕器进行同波束测量,建立了适用于火星着陆点定位计算的测量模型,并根据两目标相对运动关系设计了基于火星时空参考框架的统计定位方法。通过蒙特卡洛仿真打靶,分析了多种误差和测量弧段对着陆点定位精度的影响,其中广义相对论的引力延迟会产生亚米级模型误差,对火星着陆点定位产生约百米级的影响。针对实际火星车测量单一且稀疏的特点,将环绕器定轨与火星车的定位从并行计算调整为串行计算,引入火星数字高程模型约束着陆点定位的高度,提升环绕器轨道精度并压缩计算弧段,最终将火星车着陆点精度从千米量级提升至约300 m。

星表探索漫游器地形通过风险的快速感知方法

星表漫游器是一类在地外行星表面执行探索、取样等任务的移动机器人,漫游器的高自主性、高可靠性依赖于其对自身周围地形环境的准确感知。针对漫游器自主导航对感知系统的要求,提出一种针对星表地形环境进行快速通过风险感知的方法。基于开源的星表地貌仿真系统生成逼真的虚拟数据集,同时考虑漫游器自身物理和运动学参数对地形通过风险的影响。实验结果表明:所提方法将单帧RGB图片的风险感知计算时间降低至0.1 s,相对于根据深度数据计算真实的通过风险,提出方法虽然略微损失了计算精度,但却带来计算速度的显著提升。基于神经网络的架构也赋予该方法处理跨尺度图像输入的能力,对不同分辨率的RGB图片输入都能保持较高的计算速度。

基于虚拟现实的火星车路径规划方法

火星表面巡视探测具有环境复杂、资源受限等特点,火星车自主避障路径规划是在火星车运动能力约束下,综合安全性和效率,规划能够安全抵达目标位置的最优路径,对开展火星探测具有重要意义。针对火星车路径规划问题,提出一种基于虚拟现实技术的火星车路径规划方法。首先,在分析火星数字高程模型(DEM)数据、坡度处数据、粗糙度数据和阶梯地形数据的基础上,建立火星环境危险度地图;其次,设计集成危险度函数的改进A*算法,在虚拟现实开发引擎Unity3D中开发火星车路径规划系统;最后,对路径规划算法进行仿真验证。实验结果表明,与传统A*算法相比,改进A*算法的危险度显著降低,有效提高了火星车行驶的安全性,验证了虚拟现实技术在火星车路径规划的可行性。

月球车驾驶运动感知特性研究

航天员月球车驾驶技能地面训练需要模拟逼真的运动感知特性,其关键在于掌握地面与月面驾驶运动感知的差异。笔者建立了高度逼真的月球车驾驶运动仿真场景,模拟月球车驾驶运动的地月差异;开发了以空间定向模型为框架的人体运动感知软件,仿真比较了月球车驾驶前向运动感知的地月差异。结果表明,月面环境下月球车加速度变化范围减小、加减速缓慢且易发生侧滑;视觉信息受限时动态俯仰角感知显著大于地面,而静态俯仰角感知则大大降低;这种地月差异在加入视觉信息后大幅度减少。揭示了月面与地面驾驶运动感知特性的差异,为月球车驾驶运动模拟策略的优化提供了依据。

考虑崎岖地形的月球车路径规划与跟踪控制研究

为优化月球车运动路径,避开月球陨石坑和高地等月面静态障碍物,以安全、高效抵达目标任务点,提出了一种结合A∗算法和人工势场法的融合算法。首先,利用A∗算法在栅格地图中生成从起点到终点的最优安全路径;然后,设计全局路径分割方法,按阶段进行基于人工势场法的局部路径规划,并基于Lyapunov稳定性理论设计了全局渐进稳定的轨迹跟踪控制律;最后,通过Blender软件制作仿真月表环境,并使用ROS Gazebo仿真平台进行轨迹跟踪仿真验证。仿真结果表明:提出的融合算法生成的移动路径相较于普通A∗算法路径更短,转折次数更少,并加入人工势场算法进行局部避障,极大提高了月球车运动安全性,验证了所提出算法的可行性和有效性。

基于摄站点云的巡视器相对定位方法

针对传统特征点法巡视器相对定位受摄站间距离及影像视角变化影响,导致相对定位失效的情况,结合着陆器降落序列影像及巡视器导航影像提出了一种基于点云配准的巡视器相对定位方法。首先,依托降落序列影像恢复着陆区三维点云作为基准底图,并获取着陆点初始位置;其次,利用附加残差模块的多尺度代价聚合立体匹配方法对巡视器摄站区域进行精密三维重建;最后,结合着陆区三维点云与摄站点云利用SAC-IA+ICP方法进行点云配准,并通过RANSAC获取可靠的巡视器相对定位参数。开展了嫦娥四号巡视器相对定位实验。实验表明,所提出的方法较传统光束法平差定位结果在x方向和y方向平均误差优于0.56 m和0.52 m,最大误差优于0.11 m,表明该方法可为巡视器智能感知与长距离导航定位提供一定的参考。

火星表面起飞上升热控技术研究与分析

火星表面起飞上升热控技术是火星取样返回探测的关键技术,涉及探测器在火星表面存储控温、火星表面起飞上升控温及火星在轨飞行控温等,具有温度指标要求高、控温维度大、资源紧张的特点。本文对国内外主要火星车及美国航空航天局(NASA)火星上升器的热控方案进行了调研和总结。分析表明火星表面探测器热控技术根据资源分配情况主要采用2种方式:当热控质量受限不明显时,可采用机械泵驱动流体回路技术配合常规热控措施,对大热耗单机进行热量收集和传输,实现废热的再利用;当热控质量受限严重时,需采用轻量化低功耗的控温措施,可采用复合纳米气凝胶隔热技术配合常规热控措施,高效隔绝火星表面低温对流环境,实现低功耗控温。随后提出了火星表面起飞上升的热控关键技术,主要包括纳米气凝胶隔热技术、火星原位资源隔热技术、机械泵驱动两相流体回路技术、气动热防护技术及热试验模拟技术等,可为后续火星探测提供一定的参考。

载人月球车柔性太阳翼设计与分析

为满足载人月球车关于太阳翼的高刚度、可重复收展和轻量化的性能要求,在国内外星球车太阳翼、柔性太阳翼研究的基础上,提出了一种基于连杆机构的柔性太阳翼展开机构总体方案,根据能量守恒原理对太阳翼进行了展开运动学分析。将太阳翼结构简化为张拉索-梁模型,建立了柔性阵面和太阳翼的结构动力学分析模型,基于刚度需求对太阳翼结构进行轻量化优化设计,并通过ABAQUS有限元模型验证了结构优化设计的可行性和合理性。结果表明:太阳翼在涡卷弹簧驱动下展开到位时存在一定的冲击,但是对阵面影响较小。该张拉膜结构等效结构动力学模型可用于柔性太阳翼结构的快速迭代和优化设计,并实现柔性太阳翼支撑结构刚度和阵面张力的高效匹配。

星球车自主路径规划方法

自主路径规划是星球车执行地外星球探测任务的一项核心技术,有助于星球车安全、高效地运动到任务点.然而,由于地外星球环境的特殊性、星球车与地面控制站之间的通信时延和通信带宽限制,星球车的自主路径规划与地面移动机器人的相应技术相比面临更大的挑战性,比如光照有限、地形未知且难以预测、环境特征单一和轮地交互难以精确建模等.因此,在存在不完全的环境信息和不确定的位置信息的情况下,如何为星球车生成一条安全、高效、合理的可通行路径是当前的研究热点.从研究进展和工程应用两个角度分析梳理星球车感知地图构建和自主路径规划等关键技术的进展.首先,总结了基于双目视觉的感知地图构建方法的研究进展,这种方法根据双目视觉信息获取视差图,从而构建星球表面数字高程地图模型.在获取视差图时通常采用立体匹配算法,对基于区域的匹配算法和基于特征的匹配算法两类主流方法进行了分析.其次,将现有的星球车自主路径规划方法总结为基于代价评估的路径规划方法与基于机器学习的路径规划方法两类,重点概括总结了基于备选弧的自主路径规划方法原理及其在已发射星球车路径规划中的迭代应用情况.分类分析了基于A*启发式搜寻算法、快速随机探索树算法和快速行进法的自主路径规划方法在星球车上的应用前景.将机器学习在星球车自主路径规划中的应用分为端到端路径规划方法与基于机器学习的辅助路径规划方法两类进行总结梳理.最后,基于对星球车自主路径规划的关键技术分析,从增强星球车感知能力、改进备选弧、减小星球车滑移、结合多种路径规划方法以及加强机器学习的应用五个方面对未来星球车自主路径规划方法的研究方向进行了探讨和展望.

月球车长距离可达性分析与路径规划方法研究

针对目前全月范围高分辨率数字高程模型缺乏的现状,提出一种高分辨影像与全月数字高程模型结合的分级路径规划方案。首先,基于全月中等分辨率(20 m)数字高程模型进行全局初始路径规划;然后,利用米级的遥感影像构建初始路径周围的正射影像,基于构建的高分正射影像进行路径的优化,获得最后的长距离路径规划。以中丰富海、西南丰富海及斯内利厄斯月谷等具有科学价值的区域综合起来作为大范围实验区进行长距离可达性分析与路径规划实验,并通过局部的高分辨率高程模型进行规划结果验证。实验结果表明:该方法能在高分数字高程模型受限的情况下,保证月球车路径规划的可靠性,研究可为中国新型月球车的设计、任务论证及后续的工程实施提供关键技术支撑。

基于模型的载人月球探测人机功能分配方法研究

针对载人月球探测任务飞行模式复杂、各阶段衔接紧密、活动间关联性强的特点,为确保人参与到系统中去,引入基于模型的系统工程(MBSE)对载人月球探测任务总体设计中人机功能分配进行设计与验证研究,提出了一种基于模型的载人月球探测人机功能分配方法。考虑载人月球探测活动中人机功能分配是一个不断反复、连续的决策过程,从人因需求指标体系出发,引入MBSE阐述载人月球探测任务系统建模方法,并基于系统模型实现月面科考载人月球车驾驶场景下的人机(航天员-月球车)功能分配合理化。通过模型化载人月球探测人机功能分配过程,合理分配人、机作业,使航天员处于合适的工作负荷状态,以简化系统设计、操作的复杂性,提高整个系统的机动灵活性和安全可靠性。

一种多源测距与视觉惯性融合的月球车定位方法

针对月球车月面探测活动任务中对高精度定位的需求,当前视觉惯性定位方法存在误差累积,并且在缺乏先验环境信息时无法消除,基于三角测量原理的无线电定位方法可以通过测量接收端到至少三个不同发射端的距离来确定目标物体位置,但需要架设三台以上基站,因此难以满足月面环境下大范围定位的需求。文章提出了一种基于基站无线测距和视觉惯性里程计融合定位方法,以解决上述定位手段存在的问题。该方法首先利用视觉惯性里程计构建的环境模型将WIFI、UHF和UWB三类无线电基站测距信息进行融合,然后将测距结果和视觉IMU信息进行位置联合解算来确定月球车位置,最后在Matlab和Gazebo软件平台上进行仿真验证,在距离基站最远行进1500米的条件下实现了0.92米定位误差。实验结果表明,该方法能够在满足月面探测任务对于精准定位的需求。

弱引力下的六足机器人附着与移动控制方法

针对小天体上弱引力带来的脱附难题,研究了适用于小天体星表弱引力环境的六足机器人附着与移动控制方法。建立了足-地接触动力学模型,分析得到六足机器人实现弱引力条件下附着而不脱离、移动而不打滑的力学约束条件。根据六足机器人的机构特点和移动形式,设计了基于三角曲线的平稳步态规划方法,以抑制移动过程中机器人足端所受的冲击效应;建立了基于末端步态偏置的多足协同主动附着方法,保证机器人对小天体星表的稳定附着。最后,通过一个仿真案例,验证了该控制方法的有效性,为弱引力条件下六足机器人的移动探测任务提供了新思路。