Glycemic Responses of Food Formulations Based on White Rice and White Bean

The management of diabetes mellitus is based on lifestyle and dietary measures suggesting the consumption of foods with a low glycemic index. The present study was conducted in order to propose food formulas based on white rice and white beans resulting in a lower glycemic response. For this, food formulations based on these foods were first made, in particular the formulation [75% white rice + 25% white beans] and the formulation [50% rice + 50% white beans]. Then, the biochemical composition of white rice, white bean and these two formulations was determined by the usual methods. Finally, their glycemic responses over 120 minutes were studied by the FAO/ WHO 1998 method. The results showed that white rice [100% white rice] had the highest carbohydrate content (54.61%) followed respectively by the formulation [75% white rice + 25% white bean] (45.69%), the white bean [100% white bean] (29.1%) and the formulation [50% white rice + 50% white bean] (26.16%). In terms of glycemic responses, the formulation [50% white rice + 50% white beans] presented the best evolution with a lower peak (6.041 mmol/L) observed at T45min and a lower postprandial glycemia (4.872 mmol/ L) at T120min. An increase in the proportion of beans is therefore recommended as it may suggest a beneficial metabolic effect.

Combined Recycling of White Rice Husk Ash as Cement Replacement and Metal Furnace Slag as Coarse-Aggregate Replacement to Produce Self-Consolidating Concrete

According to empirical evidence,high levels of energy and considerable amounts of natural resources are used in the production of concrete.Given the context,this study explores self-consolidating concrete(SCC)that includes rice husk ash(RHA)and metal furnace slag(MFS)as an alternative to cement and the natural aggregates in standard SCC mixes.In this study,mixture designs are investigated with 20 wt.%of RHA,10–30 wt.%of MFS and water-to-powder material ratios of 0.30 and 0.40.Based on the findings regarding the fresh-state,hardened-state,and durability properties of the resulting SCC mixes,it is evident that the use of RHA and MFS can significantly improve the properties of concrete.The highest compressive strength was achieved for SCC with 20 wt.%RHA and 10 wt.%MFS.This outcome should be used as a basis for further investigations into the production of concrete materials that are both high-performance and sustainable.

Genetic Analysis and Molecular Mapping of Novel White Striped Leaf Mutant Gene in Rice

A new white striped leaf mutant wsl1 was discovered from Nipponbare mutated by ethyl methanesulfonate. The mutant showed white striped leaves at the seedling stage and the leaves gradually turned green after the tillering stage. The chlorophyll content of wsl1 was significantly lower than that of wild-type during the fourth leaf stage, tillering stage and booting stage. The numbers of chloroplast, grana and grana lamella were reduced and the thylakoids were degenerated in wsl1 compared with wild type. Genetic analysis showed that the wsl1 was controlled by a single recessive gene. Molecular mapping of the wsl1 was performed using an F2 population derived from wsl1/Nanjing 11. The wsl1 was finally mapped on the telomere region of chromosome 9 and positioned between simple sequence repeat markers RM23742 and RM23759 which are separated by approximately 486.5 kb. The results may facilitate map-based cloning of wsl1 and understanding of the molecular mechanism of the regulation of leaf-color by WSL1 in rice.

Analysis of Variations in White-Belly and White-Core Rice Kernels Within a Panicle and the Effect of Panicle Type

This study aims to investigate the variation in occurrence of white-belly rice kernel(WBRK) and white-core rice kernel(WCRK) among different positions within a panicle. Twenty-four M4 mutants involved in four panicle types, namely the compact, intermediate, loose, and chicken foot panicle were used. They derived from a japonica rice cultivar Wuyujing 3. Considerable differences in morphological characters existed among the four types of panicle, especially in panicle length, the secondary branch number and ratio of grain number to total branch length. Marked differences were found in WBRK and WCRK among different positions within a panicle for all types of panicle. In general, grains located on the primary rachis and top rachis branches had higher WBRK and WCRK percentage than those on the secondary rachis and bottom rachis branches. WCRK exhibited larger variation among grain positions than WBRK did. Moreover, there was a significant difference in WCRK/WBRK among grain positions within a panicle, with primary rachis and top rachis branches having higher values than the secondary and bottom rachis. In addition, panicle type showed no significant effect on the pattern of WBRK and WCRK occurrence within a panicle. The results indicated the difference in mechanism of WBRK and WCRK formation in grain position within a panicle, and are valuable for breeding and agronomic practices aimed at lowering chalky grain rate.

Genetic Analysis and Mapping of a Thermo-sensitive White Stripe-Leaf Mutant at Seedling Stage in Rice(Oryza sativa)

A thermo-sensitive white stripe-leaf mutant(tws)was selected from the M2 progeny of a japonica variety,Jiahua 1, treated by 60 Coγ-radiation.In comparison with the wild type parent,the mutant displayed a phenotype of white stripe on the 3rd and 4th leaves,but began to turn normal green on the 5th leaf when grown at low temperatures(20°C and 24°C). Furthermore,the content of total chlorophyll showed an obvious decrease in the leaves with white stripe.These results suggest that the expression of the mutant trait was thermo-sensitive and correlated with the leaf age of seedlings.The genetic analysis indicated that the mutant trait was controlled by a single recessive nuclear gene,designated as tws.In addition,by using SSR markers and an F2 segregating population derived from the cross between the tws mutant and 9311, tws was mapped between the markers MM3907 and MM3928 with a physical distance of 86 kb on rice chromosome 4.

云南山区旱地稻田蛴螬组成结构及空间分布特征

【目的】明确云南省山区旱地稻田蛴螬种类组成、种群空间分布型及抽样方法,为云南山区旱地稻田蛴螬类害虫的预测预报及综合防控提供参考依据。【方法】选择云南省普洱市澜沧县竹塘乡蒿枝坝村、哈果马村和诺国村3个主要旱地稻种植区为试验地点,于2022和2023年采用五点取样法对旱地稻田中的蛴螬种类进行系统调查及鉴定;通过聚集度指标法、Iwao回归分析、Taylor幂函数法及种群聚集均数分析不同试验点旱地稻田蛴螬空间分布型和聚集原因,并基于空间分布结果,拟合建立理论抽样和序贯抽样模型。【结果】云南省普洱市澜沧县3个试验地点的旱地稻田共发现9种蛴螬,隶属于3科6属,其中黑阿鳃金龟(Apogonia cupreoviridis)和东方绢金龟(Maladera orientalis)是主要的优势种,相对丰度分别为30.91%和24.18%。聚集度指标法、Iwao回归分析及Taylor幂法结果显示,2022和2023年蒿枝坝村、哈国马村和诺国村的蛴螬空间分布型均表现为聚集分布(α<0,β>1);聚集均数λ值均大于2,表明昆虫本身的生活习性和环境气候、土壤湿度、植株生长状况等因素是影响旱地稻田蛴螬个体聚集的主要因素。通过建立理论抽样和序贯抽样模型可知,当允许误差D为0.3,蒿枝坝村、哈国马村和诺国村的虫口密度均为2头/m^(2)时,2022年所需的理论抽样数分别为353、393和155 m^(2),2023年所需抽样数为76、44和49 m^(2)。【结论】云南省普洱市澜沧县竹塘乡3个村的旱地稻种植田蛴螬共有9种,主要优势种为黑阿鳃金龟和东方绢金龟。蛴螬种群在田间呈聚集分布,引起聚集的原因是昆虫本身的生活习性和环境气候、土壤湿度、植株生长状况等因素。

稻米加工副产品营养指标的近红外预测模型的建立

为实现对稻米加工副产品营养物质的快速检测,按需进行饲料加工和加工副产品分级,研究选用302份稻米加工副产品样品(碎米107份、腹白米77份及异色粒118份),经过标准方法理化数据检测、样品前处理、近红外光谱采集、光谱数据预处理、筛选特征波长和建立模型等步骤,最终建立了针对碎米、腹白米及异色粒3种稻米加工副产品总体的水分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪以及粗纤维营养指标的总定量预测模型。结果显示:所建立的模型决定系数R^(2)均大于0.85,相对分析误差(RPD)均大于2.5,具有较好的准确性、稳定性。研究表明,此检测方法快速、高效、准确,提高了稻米加工副产品的综合利用率。

Development and Characterization of Extruded Broken Rice and Lupine (<i>Lupinus albus</i>)

Mixtures of cereals and legumes result in products with higher content of high biological value proteins. The thermoplastic extrusion promotes the transformation of chemical, physical and nutritional characteristics of the food such as starch gelatinization and promotes the inactivation of anti-nutritional compounds and enzymes. This study aimed to develop products extruded using broken rice and lupine and to evaluate the physical and chemical characteristics of those products. The expansion index (EI), water solubility (WSI), water absorption (WAI), texture and color were determined for the extruded rice, and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) of the extruded rice was also performed. As the rice concentration in the mixture increased, the EI, WSI and WAI values as well as the a* color parameter were increased too, and the brightness was reduced. An increase in the levels of essential amino acids with the addition of lupine grain to the extrudates was observed. SEM analysis identified intact loose starch granules or pellets in the raw materials, and the extruded samples showed a compact and amorphous shape without apparent starch granules. Due to the structural changes and reduced expansion rate of the extruded mixture prepared with lupine and rice grits, use of the extruded mixtures as snacks would not be suitable. However, these mixtures could be used in pre-gelatinized flour to formulate various products to increase the protein level.

Influence of Moisture Content,Variety and Parboiling on Milling Quality of Rice Grains

The effects of moisture content(8%, 10% and 12%), variety(Tarom and Fajr) and parboiling on milling quality of rice as a function of milling recovery(MR), head rice yield(HRY), degree of milling(DOM) and whiteness were investigated. The parboiled grains was prepared with three soaking temperatures of 25 oC, 50 oC and 75 oC and three steaming times of 10, 15 and 20 min. As a result of parboiling, the increasing rates of MR and HRY values were 7.8% and 14.3% for Tarom and 9.8% and 10.0% for Fajr, respectively, and the decreasing rates for DOM and whiteness were 6.6% and 10.8% for Tarom and 6.8% and 10.5% for Fajr, respectively. Moreover, decreasing moisture content to 8% maximized MR(75.8% for Tarom and 74.3% for Fajr) and HRY(65.8% for Tarom and 57.0% for Fajr) while increasing that to 12% revealed maximum values of DOM(6.1% for Tarom and 6.2% for Fajr) and whiteness(24.8% for Tarom and 28.2% for Fajr).

Ecological Fitness of Non-vector Planthopper Sogatella furcifera on Rice Plants Infected with Rice Black Streaked Dwarf Virus

We evaluated the effects of rice black streak dwarf virus(RBSDV)-infested rice plants on the ecological parameters and its relevant defensive and detoxification enzymes of white-backed planthopper(WBPH) in laboratory for exploring the relationship between RBSDV and the non-vector planthopper.The results showed that nymph survival rate,female adult weight and fecundity,and egg hatchability of WBPH fed on RBSDV-infested rice plants did not markedly differ from those on healthy plants,whereas the female adult longevity and egg duration significantly shortened on diseased plants.Furthermore,significantly higher activities of defensive enzymes(dismutase,catalase and peroxidase) and detoxification enzymes(acetylcholinesterase,carboxylesterase and glutathione S-transferase) were found in WBPH adults fed on infected plants.Results implied that infestation by RBSDV increased the ecological fitness of non-vector planthopper population.

Resistance of Major Rice Cultivars in Hangzhou Area of China against Southern Rice Black-streaked Dwarf Virus

Resistance of 17 major rice cultivars in Hangzhou region of China against southern rice black-streaked dwarf virus was tested in the paper. The results showed that the incidence rate of southern rice black-streaked dwarf virus had certain positive correlation with quantity of white-backed planthopper (Sogatella furcifera) and resistance among various cultivars was significant. Two varieties, Yueyou 9113 and Tianyouhuazhan, were most susceptible; Yongyou 8, Jiayou 2 and Xiushui 134 had best resistance and could be used as disease-resistant varieties to prevent the disease.

纤维源组成对浙东白鹅生长性能和消化功能的影响

为探讨稻壳和麦麸作为饲粮纤维源养殖浙东白鹅的效果及适当比例,将180只28日龄浙东白鹅随机分为3组,分别饲喂稻壳与麦麸添加比例为(5∶9)、(5∶1)和100%稻壳的饲粮,并测定各组生长性能、消化器官质量与消化酶活性、食糜pH以及饲粮营养成分的表观消化率。结果显示:当饲粮中稻壳与麦麸添加比例由(5∶9)增加至100%稻壳时,浙东白鹅的体质量与料重比均显著增加;肌胃和胰腺的质量有增加趋势,肌胃食糜pH有降低趋势,但处理间差异均不显著;胰腺中碱性磷酸酶活性显著降低,胆碱酯酶活性显著升高。当稻壳与麦麸添加比例增加至(5∶1)时,浙东白鹅苏氨酸、赖氨酸和组氨酸等必需氨基酸以及总磷的表观利用率显著降低。综上,4—8周龄浙东白鹅饲粮中稻壳与麦麸的添加比例为(5∶1)—100%稻壳时,其生产性能与经济效益综合效果最佳。

鲁南地区水稻干尖线虫病防控技术研究

为了明确郯城县水稻“植株矮缩叶片背卷”症状的发生原因,采用生物学鉴定明确“植株矮缩叶片背卷”是水稻干尖线虫导致的非典型症状之一,在稻田初现时间集中在7月中下旬至8月中上旬;2017—2021年郯城县水稻干尖线虫病发生总面积达6133.33 hm^(2),造成损失达938.92 t;水稻干尖线虫会减少水稻上三叶叶面积(36.72%、27.63%、25.83%),降低株高(14.72%)、穗长(20.30%)、穗粒数(46.68%)、千粒重(18.85%)和单产(48.63%)。采用41.7%氟吡菌酰胺SC 10~160 mL/100 kg种子进行浸种和100~800 mL/100 kg种子包衣处理皆安全并可有效减少水稻干尖线虫发生,防效分别为82.34%~95.82%和97.00%~100%。阐述了郯城县水稻干尖线虫新的隐性症状和危害情况,并提出了新的防治措施。

常规药剂防治水稻白背飞虱田间药效试验

为探明常规药剂对水稻白背飞虱的防效,筛选出防治白背飞虱的高效药剂,于2021年选用20%氟啶虫酰胺悬浮剂、25%吡蚜酮可湿性粉剂、50%噻嗪酮悬浮剂、25%噻虫嗪水分散粒剂、30%毒死蜱微囊悬浮剂这5种药剂开展了水稻白背飞虱田间试验。结果表明:药后1 d,20%氟啶虫酰胺悬浮剂、25%噻虫嗪水分散粒剂、30%毒死蜱微囊悬浮剂对白背飞虱的防效分别为67.95%、73.11%和72.13%,明显高于另外2个处理;药后3 d,20%氟啶虫酰胺悬浮剂、25%噻虫嗪水分散粒剂对白背飞虱的防效分别达86.04%和84.91%,高于其余3个处理;药后7 d,20%氟啶虫酰胺悬浮剂对白背飞虱的防效达90.01%,高于其余4个处理;药后10 d,20%氟啶虫酰胺悬浮剂对白背飞虱的防效达94.97%,显著高于其余4个处理,显示出较好的持效性。生产上可将氟啶虫酰胺、噻虫嗪、毒死蜱微囊悬浮剂作为田间防治白背飞虱的主要轮换药剂,限制噻嗪酮的应用,对吡蚜酮做好抗性监测。

大米饮料制备工艺研究

利用糙米和精米经烘炒、生物酶解、过滤、罐装、包装等工序制造色泽清亮、香气宜人、保留糙米和精米原有成分的甘甜可口的大米饮料。对烘烤时间及水解条件等关键工序作了较为系统的研究,大米最佳烘烤条件:白米190℃、20min效果较好,糙米180℃、20min。最佳水解条件为蛋白水解酶2%,葡萄糖化酶125U/g,温度50℃,时间7h。

不同色稻精米与米糠中黄酮含量的差异分析

选用3种种皮颜色类型的62个水稻推广品种和种质资源.对不同色稻黄酮含量及其差异进行分析研究,研 究结果表明:①在黑、红和白3种色稻样品中,精米中黄酮含量依次为(0.093±0.052)g·hg-1、(0.025± 0.027)g·hg-1和(0.007±0.014)g·hg-1,米糠中黄酮含量依次为(3.898±0.940)g·hg-1、(0.706± 0.349)g·hg-1和(0.124±0.053)g·hg-1;②黑米精米和米糠中黄酮含量显著高于白米和红米,分别为红米的3.72 倍和5.52倍,为白米的13.29倍和31.44倍;红米显著高于白米,精米和米糠中的黄酮含量分别为白米的3.57倍和 5.69倍。③在3种色稻中,米糠中的黄酮含量均大幅度高于精米的黄酮含量,黑、红、白3种色稻米糠中黄酮含量 分别为精米中的41.91倍、28.24倍和17.71倍。

结合流通环境对大米真空包装技术的研究

文中主要讨论大米真空保鲜包装技术所存在的问题及解决方法。目前我国大米销售包装常采用抽真空作为保鲜技术,虽然真空包装在对大米的贮藏和销售过程中有一定的保鲜作用,但在流通过程中破袋率较高。文中从大米真空包装的真空度出发,结合流通环境来研究大米真空包装最佳真空度。

黑米皮对高脂诱导的家兔动脉粥样硬化形成的影响

目的 : 研究膳食黑米皮对高脂诱导的家兔动脉粥样硬化形成的抑制作用。方法 : 雄性新西兰大耳白家兔 3 2只 ,体重 2 .1 6± 0 .1 2 kg。按体重随机分为四组 ,分别饲以正常基础饲料、高脂饲料 (含 96 %基础饲料、0 .5 %胆固醇、3 .5 %猪油 )、白米皮饲料 (含 91 %基础饲料、0 .5 %胆固醇、3 .5 %猪油、5 %白米皮 )、黑米皮饲料 (含 91 %基础饲料、0 .5 %胆固醇、3 .5 %猪油、5 %黑米皮 ) ,另外 ,用酪蛋白及蔗糖将各组饲料的蛋白质含量和总能量分别调至平衡。喂饲 6 0 d后 ,处死家兔 ,用图像分析法测定各组家兔主动脉脂质斑块面积。结果 : 黑米皮组的实验家兔主动脉壁斑块面积较高脂组低 6 6 % (P<0 .0 0 1 ) ,较白米皮组低 75 % (P<0 .0 0 1 ) ;白米皮组和高脂组之间主动脉壁斑块面积无显著性差异。结论 : 膳食黑米皮可以抑制高脂诱导的家兔动脉粥样硬化形成 。

基于GC-MS的粳稻谷糙米大米挥发性成分差异性研究

本文应用GC-MS技术,对同一储藏期(90 d)、不同储藏条件下的粳稻谷,其稻谷、糙米、大米3种不同形式样品中挥发性成分进行测定,用主成分分析法(PCA)研究不同样品间挥发性成分的差异,进行比较分析,并运用离子流图谱对分析结果准确性进行验证。结果表明,稻谷、糙米、大米样品中的挥发性物质分别有150、125、98种,挥发性物质种类大致相同,主要有7类:烷烃类、苯烯烃类、醛类、醇类、酮类、酸酯类、杂环类,其中贡献率较大的是烷烃类、苯烯烃类、酸酯类和酮类,贡献率大小顺序依次为烷烃类>酸酯类>苯烯烃类>酮类。稻谷中酮类物质作用最明显,大米中烷烃类物质作用最明显,而糙米中7类物质作用水平基本相当。糙米与大米中挥发性成分受温度与水分影响较大,而稻谷则相对稳定,从挥发性成分稳定性方面考虑,在流通领域中,稻谷加工产品糙米和大米不宜长期储存。

基于图象处理技术的大米色泽检测

提出了一种客观、准确的基于计算机图像处理进行大米色泽检测的思路。介绍了目前常用的两种颜色模式RGB模型与HSI模型在大米色泽检测中的应用。通过分别绘制大米图像的R、G、B直方图求出大米颜色的R、G、B值,然后将RGB模型转化为HSI模型,求出大米图像的H、S、I值,根据色度图求出的大米色泽与实际大米色泽基本一致。