Data augmentation of ultrasound imaging for non-invasive white blood cell in vitro peritoneal dialysis

The limited amount of data in the healthcare domain and the necessity of training samples for increased performance of deep learning models is a recurrent challenge,especially in medical imaging.Newborn Solutions aims to enhance its non-invasive white blood cell counting device,Neosonics,by creating synthetic in vitro ultrasound images to facilitate a more efficient image generation process.This study addresses the data scarcity issue by designing and evaluating a continuous scalar conditional Generative Adversarial Network(GAN)to augment in vitro peritoneal dialysis ultrasound images,increasing both the volume and variability of training samples.The developed GAN architecture incorporates novel design features:varying kernel sizes in the generator’s transposed convolutional layers and a latent intermediate space,projecting noise and condition values for enhanced image resolution and specificity.The experimental results show that the GAN successfully generated diverse images of high visual quality,closely resembling real ultrasound samples.While visual results were promising,the use of GAN-based data augmentation did not consistently improve the performance of an image regressor in distinguishing features specific to varied white blood cell concentrations.Ultimately,while this continuous scalar conditional GAN model made strides in generating realistic images,further work is needed to achieve consistent gains in regression tasks,aiming for robust model generalization.

Automated White Blood Cell Disease Recognition Using Lightweight Deep Learning

White blood cells(WBC)are immune system cells,which is why they are also known as immune cells.They protect the human body from a variety of dangerous diseases and outside invaders.The majority of WBCs come from red bone marrow,although some come from other important organs in the body.Because manual diagnosis of blood disorders is difficult,it is necessary to design a computerized technique.Researchers have introduced various automated strategies in recent years,but they still face several obstacles,such as imbalanced datasets,incorrect feature selection,and incorrect deep model selection.We proposed an automated deep learning approach for classifying white blood disorders in this paper.The data augmentation approach is initially used to increase the size of a dataset.Then,a Darknet-53 pre-trained deep learning model is used and finetuned according to the nature of the chosen dataset.On the fine-tuned model,transfer learning is used,and features engineering is done on the global average pooling layer.The retrieved characteristics are subsequently improved with a specified number of iterations using a hybrid reformed binary grey wolf optimization technique.Following that,machine learning classifiers are used to classify the selected best features for final classification.The experiment was carried out using a dataset of increased blood diseases imaging and resulted in an improved accuracy of over 99%.

White Blood Cells Detection Using Spectral Tresholding

The study of the morphology of White Blood Cells (WBCs) further contributes to the clinical diagnosis of blood diseases. In this research paper, we come up with an image segmentation enhancement by combining Fourier Fast Transform on smear blood capture and classical thresholding. The Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) is a very powerful tool in image processing and it was used to segment and extract the WBCs. Our image processing method uses a Fast Fourier Transform combined with filtering and an Inverse Fast Fourier Transform for the extraction and visualization of the high frequency region of the image. In order to remove residual Red Blood Cells acting as noise in the expected result, a final thresholding step is added at the end of the processing. The results presented in this article report the tests performed using our mathematical implementation. Moreover, we were able to detect and differentiate the sub-families of WBCs.

Automated Artificial Intelligence Empowered White Blood Cells Classification Model

White blood cells (WBC) or leukocytes are a vital component ofthe blood which forms the immune system, which is accountable to fightforeign elements. The WBC images can be exposed to different data analysisapproaches which categorize different kinds of WBC. Conventionally, laboratorytests are carried out to determine the kind of WBC which is erroneousand time consuming. Recently, deep learning (DL) models can be employedfor automated investigation of WBC images in short duration. Therefore,this paper introduces an Aquila Optimizer with Transfer Learning basedAutomated White Blood Cells Classification (AOTL-WBCC) technique. Thepresented AOTL-WBCC model executes data normalization and data augmentationprocess (rotation and zooming) at the initial stage. In addition,the residual network (ResNet) approach was used for feature extraction inwhich the initial hyperparameter values of the ResNet model are tuned by theuse of AO algorithm. Finally, Bayesian neural network (BNN) classificationtechnique has been implied for the identification of WBC images into distinctclasses. The experimental validation of the AOTL-WBCC methodology isperformed with the help of Kaggle dataset. The experimental results foundthat the AOTL-WBCC model has outperformed other techniques which arebased on image processing and manual feature engineering approaches underdifferent dimensions.

A Novel Meta-Heuristic Optimization Algorithm in White Blood Cells Classification

Some human diseases are recognized through of each type of White Blood Cell(WBC)count,so detecting and classifying each type is important for human healthcare.The main aim of this paper is to propose a computer-aided WBCs utility analysis tool designed,developed,and evaluated to classify WBCs into five types namely neutrophils,eosinophils,lymphocytes,monocytes,and basophils.Using a computer-artificial model reduces resource and time consumption.Various pre-trained deep learning models have been used to extract features,including AlexNet,Visual Geometry Group(VGG),Residual Network(ResNet),which belong to different taxonomy types of deep learning architectures.Also,Binary Border Collie Optimization(BBCO)is introduced as an updated version of Border Collie Optimization(BCO)for feature reduction based on maximizing classification accuracy.The proposed computer aid diagnosis tool merges transfer deep learning ResNet101,BBCO feature reduction,and Support Vector Machine(SVM)classifier to forma hybridmodelResNet101-BBCO-SVM an accurate and fast model for classifying WBCs.As a result,the ResNet101-BBCO-SVM scores the best accuracy at 99.21%,compared to recent studies in the benchmark.The model showed that the addition of the BBCO algorithm increased the detection accuracy,and at the same time,decreased the classification time consumption.The effectiveness of the ResNet101-BBCO-SVM model has been demonstrated and beaten in reasonable ratios in recent literary studies and end-to-end transfer learning of pre-trained models.

NEW METHOD FOR WHITE BLOOD CELL DETECTION BASED ON RELEVANCE VECTOR MACHINE

A new method for the white blood cell （WBC） detection is presented based on the relevance vector machine （RVM）. Firstly,the sparse relevance vectors （RVs） are obtained while fitting the 1-D histogram by RVM. Then,the needed threshold value is directly selected from these limited RVs. Finally,the entire connective WBC regions are segmented from the original image. The method is used for the WBC detection. It reduces the interference induced by the illumination and the staining. It has advantages of the high computation efficiency and the no extra parameter setting. Experimental results demonstrate good performances of the method.

急性脑梗死患者外周血hs-CRP、WBC、NEU、HCY表达及其临床意义

目的 探究急性脑梗死(ACI)患者外周血超敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)、白细胞计数(WBC)、中性粒细胞(NEU)、同型半胱氨酸(HCY)表达及其临床意义。方法 选取2021年8月—2023年1月本院收治的120例ACI患者作为研究对象(ACI组),根据美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)将ACI患者分为轻度组48例、中度组45例、重度组27例,根据患者6个月预后情况,分为预后良好组71例与预后不良组49例。同时选取同时期来我院体检的健康人员116例作为对照组,分别检测外周血hs-CRP、WBC、NEU、HCY水平,采用Spearman法分析ACI患者外周血hs-CRP、WBC、NEU、HCY水平与NIHSS评分的相关性;采用受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线分析外周血hs-CRP、WBC、NEU、HCY水平对ACI患者预后不良的预测价值。结果 与对照组比较,ACI组外周血hs-CRP、WBC、NEU、HCY水平显著升高(P<0.05)。轻度组、中度组、重度组外周血hs-CRP、WBC、NEU、HCY水平比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);且两两比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)ACI患者外周血hs-CRP、WBC、NEU、HCY水平与NIHSS评分呈正相关(r=0.583、0.600、0.457、0.585,P<0.05)。ACI预后不良组患者外周血hs-CRP、WBC、NEU、HCY水平显著高于预后良好组(P<0.05)。hs-CRP、WBC、NEU、HCY水平单独与联合预测ACI患者预后不良的曲线下面积(AUC)分别为0.770、0.811、0.851、0.633、0.934,联合预测价值高于单独预测(P<0.05)。结论 hs-CRP、WBC、NEU、HCY在ACI患者外周血水平升高,与患者病情发生发展、预后评估有关,可以作为ACI病情诊断、治疗及预后评估的标志物。

Admission white blood cell count predicts short-term clinical outcomes in patients with uncomplicated Stanford type B acute aortic dissection

Objectives Inflammation has been shown to be related with acute aortic dissection （AAD）. The present study aimed to evaluate the association of white blood cell counts （WI3Cc） on admission with both in-hospital and long-term all-cause mortality in patients with uncom- plicated Stanford type B AAD. Methods From 2008 to 2010, a total of 377 consecutive patients with uncomplicated type B AAD were enrolled and then followed up. Clinical data and WBCc on admission were collected. The primary end points were in-hospital death and long-term all-cause death. Results The in-hospital death rate was 4.2%, and the long-term all-cause mortality rate was 6.9% during a median follow-up of 18.9 months. WBCc on admission was identified as a risk factor for in-hospital death by univariate Cox regression analysis as both a continuous variable and a categorical variable using a cut off of 11.0 × 109 cell/L （all P 〈 0.05）. After adjusting for age, sex and other risk factors, elevated admission WBCc was still a significant predictor for in-hospital death as both a continuous variable [hazard ratio （HR）： 1.052, 95% CI： 1.024-1.336, P = 0.002] and a categorical variable using a cut off of 11.0 × 109 cell/L （HR： 2.056, 95% CI： 1.673-5.253, P = 0.034）. No relationship was observed between WBCc on admission and long-term all-cause death. Conclusions Our results indicate that elevated WBCc upon admission might be used as a predictor for increased risk of in-hospital death in uncomplicated type B AAD. There might be no predictive value of WBCc for the long-term survival of type B AAD.

SAA、CRP、SAA/CRP、WBC在流感辅助诊断中的应用价值研究

目的探讨淀粉样蛋白A(SAA)、C反应蛋白(CRP)、SAA/CRP、白细胞总数(WBC)在流感辅助诊断中的应用价值。方法回顾性选取2021年1月至2022年12月黄冈市中心医院收治的90例流感患者为观察组,同期本院90名健康体检者为对照组。并根据观察组的流感感染类型分为甲流组(n=51)和乙流组(n=39)两个亚组。比较观察组与对照组SAA、CRP、SAA/CRP、WBC,并分析亚组间SAA、CRP、SAA/CRP、WBC的差异,对比4项指标单独和联合诊断流感的效能,并进一步对比4项指标单独和联合检测诊断甲流、乙流的效能。结果观察组SAA、CRP、SAA/CRP、WBC检测值分别为(23.45±5.94)mg/L、(5.11±1.31)mg/L、6.97±0.25、(11.65±1.97)×10^(9)/L,均高于对照组[(7.11±1.21)mg/L、(2.12±0.35)mg/L、(4.03±0.21)、(5.21±1.03)×10^(9)/L],差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。甲流组的SAA、SAA/CRP检测值分别为(22.18±5.71)mg/L、6.78±0.14,均低于乙流组[(25.11±6.24)mg/L、7.22±0.39],而甲流组CRP、WBC检测值分别为(6.06±1.52)mg/L、(12.19±2.01)×10^(9)/L,均高于乙流组[(3.87±1.04)mg/L、(10.94±1.92)×10^(9)/L],差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。ROC曲线分析显示,SAA、CRP、SAA/CRP、WBC联合诊断流感的曲线下面积(AUC)为0.871,高于单一指标(P<0.05);SAA、CRP、SAA/CRP、WBC联合诊断甲流的AUC为0.866,高于单一指标(P<0.05)。结论SAA、CRP、SAA/CRP、WBC在流感中呈高表达,甲流和乙流患者的SAA、CRP、SAA/CRP、WBC检测值存在差异,有利于为流感诊断及流感类型的鉴别诊断提供重要参考依据,值得推广应用。

CRP、WBC、PCT联合检验在细菌感染性疾病中的诊断价值

目的 分析CRP、WBC、PCT联合检验在细菌感染性疾病中的诊断价值。方法 选择常州市德安医院2022年11月1日至2023年8月31日接收的35例疑似细菌感染性疾病患者为研究对象,作为观察组。观察组实验室检查确诊26例为细菌感染性疾病患者。同期选择26例结果为阴性作为对照组。将其均采取CRP、WBC、PCT单独检测和联合检测。结果 观察组CRP、WBC、PCT检测结果均高于对照组(P<0.05)。观察组CRP、WBC、PCT单独检测阳性率均低于联合检测阳性率(P<0.05)。观察组CRP、WBC、PCT联合检测的诊断特异度、灵敏度、准确度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值均高于单独检测(P均<0.05)。结论CRP、WBC、PCT联合检验在细菌感染性疾病中的诊断效果较佳,能够为细菌感染性疾病治疗提供参考依据。

肝硬化并SBP患者外周血SAA、WBC/PLT、CD64及腹水CD64联合检测的意义

目的 分析肝硬化并自发性细菌性腹膜炎(SBP)外周血淀粉样蛋白A(SAA)、白细胞计数(WBC)/血小板(PLT)、白细胞分化抗原64(CD64)及腹水CD64联合检测的意义。方法 2021年1月至2022年12月成都中医药大学附属医院收治的106例肝硬化并腹水患者,根据是否发生SBP分为SBP组49例和非SBP组57例,选取同期50名健康人为对照组。免疫透射比浊法测定外周血SAA,全自动血液分析仪测定WBC、PLT,流式细胞仪测定外周血及腹水CD64。比较3组外周血SAA、WBC/PLT、CD64及腹水CD64,并通过绘制受试者工作特征曲线(ROC)评价外周血SAA、WBC/PLT、CD64及腹水CD64对肝硬化并SBP的诊断效能。结果 SBP组外周血SAA、WBC/PLT、CD64及腹水CD64分别为(82.3±17.2)mg/mL、(0.4±0.2)、(13 126.3±90.1)mol/cell、(14 912.8±101.7)mol/cell,高于非SBP组的(11.2±3.4)mg/mL、(0.1±0.1)、(1083.9±61.4)mol/cell、(936.2±51.1)mol/cell,(P<0.05);SBP组外周血SAA、WBC/PLT、CD64显著高于对照组的(10.6±2.8)mg/mL、(0.1±0.1)、(1063.7±57.5)mol/cell,(P<0.05)。非SBP组与对照组外周血SAA、WBC/PLT、CD64比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。SBP组治疗后外周血SAA、WBC/PLT、CD64及腹水CD64分别为(35.6±6.9)mg/mL、(0.3±0.1)、(3302.4±70.5)mol/cell、(4758.4±78.6)mol/cell,显著低于SBP组治疗前(P<0.05)。ROC曲线分析显示,外周血SAA、WBC/PLT、CD64及腹水CD64联合诊断肝硬化并SBP的敏感度为96.00%,AUC为0.930,均高于单独检测(P<0.05)。结论 肝硬化并SBP患者外周血SAA、WBC/PLT、CD64及腹水CD64异常增高,且联合检测对肝硬化并SBP的早期诊断价值高。

脑出血患者循环血中HBP、ALT、AST、WBC、NEU、PLT表达与感染及预后的相关性

目的:讨论脑出血患者循环血中肝素结合蛋白(heparin-binding protein,HBP)、丙氨酸氨基转移酶(alanine aminotransferase,ALT)、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶(aspartate aminotransferase,AST)、白细胞(white blood cell,WBC)、中性粒细胞比率(neutrophil,NEU)、血小板(platelet,PLT)表达水平,分析其与患者感染及预后的关系。方法:选取脑出血患者164例,入院和出院时分别检测循环血中HBP、ALT、AST、WBC、NEU和PLT水平,分组分析以上指标与感染和预后的相关性。结果:感染组HBP、WBC、NEU、PLT最高值水平均高于非感染组。感染组患者预后比较ALT和WBC最高值、非感染组患者预后比较NEU最高值,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。AST最高值是否异常在不同预后情况中比例相反。ROC曲线分析显示,HBP、ALT、AST、WBC最高值联合检测对脑出血患者预后不良的曲线下面积为0.781,敏感度和特异度分别为85.7%和62.7%。结论:脑出血患者循环血中HBP、WBC、NEU及PLT在检测中最高值异常高表达提示感染风险,当HBP、ALT、AST、WBC水平联合检测对脑出血患者预后不良具有较好的预测效能。

Selection of Reference Genes in Equine White Blood Cells for Real Time PCR Normalization Following Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy

Selection of proper reference genes (RGs) is an essential step needed for accurate normalization of results from genomic studies. Expression of RGs is regulated by many factors such as species, age, gender, type of tissue, the presence of disease, and the administration of therapeutic treatment. The aim of the present study was to identify optimal RGs in a set of blood samples collected at different time points (0, 24, 48, 72 h) from horses following administration of extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT). The mRNA expression of twelve RGs: HPRT1, ACTB, HSP90A, SDHA, GUSB, B2M, UBC, NONO, TBP, H6PD, RPL32, GAPDH was determined using real time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). An SAS program developed on the algorithm of geNorm, SASqPCR, was used to determine stability of the expression and the number of optimal RGs. The results showed that the range of quantification cycle (Cq) values of the evaluated genes varied between 17 and 26 cycles, and that one optimal RG, ACTB, was sufficient for normalization of gene expression. Results of stability of expression demonstrated that ACTB was the optimal choice for all the samples studied. Notably, in samples collected at 72 h post ESWT, TBP showed a significant change in the expression level, and was not suitable for use as a RG. These results substantiate the importance of validating and selecting an appropriate RG.

Usefulness of white blood cell count to mean platelet volume ratio for predicting long-term prognosis after primary percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with acute coronary syndrome

Background and Objective The white blood cell count to mean platelet volume ratio(WMR)has recently been described as a predictor of cardiovascular events in patients who undergo percutaneous coronary intervention(PCI).The aim of this study was to investigate the usefulness of admission WMR in predicting outcomes in patients with acute coronary syndrome(ACS).

Does East Meet West?—The Association between Oriental Tongue Inspection and Western Clinical Assays of White Blood Cell Subsets

The autonomic nervous system (ANS) controls white blood cell (WBC) subsets;therefore, the status of ANS can be assessed by assaying WBCs. However, this requires invasive blood sampling, time, cost, and training. Therefore, this study focused on a traditional technique, tongue inspection, which is a simpler method. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether there is an association between the traditional method of tongue inspection and clinical assay of WBC subsets. Twenty-one female alopecia areata patients were divided into two age-matched groups: 1) alopecia areata totalis (AT);and 2) alopecia areata multiplex (AM). Images of patient tongues were captured by a digital camera and categorized before blood sampling. Finally, patients were divided into five groups (normal, Yin+, Yang–, Yin– and Yang+) based on the Eight Principles of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). Concurrently, venous blood was obtained for WBC subsets. The absolute numbers of WBCs and granulocytes of the AT group were higher than those of the AM group. The AT group was Yin+ but not Yang+, whereas the AM group was Yang+ but not Yin+. Thus, the AT group showed more elements of “cold” (Yin > Yang) compared with the AM group with elements of “hot” (Yin < Yang). Tongue inspection suggested a possibility of consistence with those of WBCs although statistical significance was not obtained. Moreover, some Yin+ and Yang+ subjects showed some trend in similarities between tongue inspection and WBC subsets although this was not statistically significant. Therefore, traditional techniques (such as tongue inspection) acupuncture must be studied further to detect whether subtle effects are induced by acupuncture treatment. As this study is underpowered, a larger scale study including males is required in the future.

Evaluation of Total White Blood Cells and Cluster of Differentiation 4 Cells among Post-Menopausal Women in Elele, Nigeria

This study investigated some immune system related parameters among post-menopausal women in Elele, River state, Nigeria. Forty-two individuals participated in this study and forty control subjects were established as well. Blood was collected from the participants, and CD4 cells and total white blood cells count were analyzed using standard procedures. Result showed that test subjects and control values were 5.46 ± 1.64 × 109/L and 7.24 ± 1.47 × 109/L, respectively for total white blood cell and 1265.19 ± 458.56 cells/μl and 2159.53 ± 400.02 cells/μl respectively, for CD4 cells. There was significant difference (P < 0.001) among the test subject and control for both parameters. The results in the test subjects for both parameters were significantly lower compared to the control. The decline in immune system related parameters among the test subjects may predispose them at risk of multiple infections and other associated health conditions.

Elevated White Blood Cell Count Is Associated with an Increased Risk of Insulin Resistance among Non-Diabetic Taxi-Motorbike Drivers Working in Cotonou, Benin

High white blood cell count (WBC) and insulin resistance (IR) are interrelated events that contribute to non-communicable diseases (NCDs), including type-2 diabetes (T2D). However, associations between IR and hematological parameters have never been explored in populations of Benin. The aims of this study were to determine the prevalence of IR and associated hematological parameters in taxi-motorbike drivers (TMDs) working in Cotonou. A total of 133 participants were analyzed in this cross-sectional study. Complete blood count, including WBC and platelet, as well as fasting plasma glucose and insulin, were performed by standard procedures. IR was assessed using the Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR). Factors associated with IR, their odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were determined by logistic regression analysis. The mean age of the study participants was 39.3 years. The HOMA-IR cut-off (75th percentile) for IR was 5.9. The overall prevalence of IR was 24.1%. IR increased with the increase of exposure duration and WBC levels. Logistic regression analysis revealed that the risk of IR increased significantly with higher total WBC, with adjusted ORs (95% CI) for the second and third tertiles of 3.56 (1.10 - 11.58) and 4.01 (1.21 - 13.31), respectively. Similar patterns of associations were observed in an analysis restricted to non-drinkers, although these estimates lacked statistical significance. BMI > 24.2 kg/m2 was independently associated with an increased risk of IR (OR = 3.82, 95% CI: 1.33 - 11.03, P = 0.013). In conclusion, the prevalence of IR in TMDs was 24.1%. IR was significantly associated with elevated WBC count and BMI. WBC may serve as a biomarker to identify individuals at the greatest IR risk.

布地奈德雾化吸入辅助阿奇霉素治疗对支原体肺炎患儿病情控制及CRP、WBC的影响

目的:探究布地奈德雾化吸入辅助阿奇霉素治疗对支原体肺炎(Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia,MPP)患儿病情控制及C反应蛋白(C-reactive protein,CRP)、白细胞计数(White blood cells,WBC)的影响。方法:选取2023年9月~2024年1月本院接收的60例MPP患儿作为研究对象,以随机数字表法分为观察组与对照组,各30例。对照组口服阿奇霉素治疗,观察组在对照组基础上联合使用布地奈德雾化吸入;比较两组临床症状、病情控制情况及CRP、WBC水平,并统计不良反应发生率。结果:治疗后,观察组患儿咳嗽、发热消失时间与对照组患儿咳嗽、发热消失时间相比,观察组消失时间短(P<0.05)。治疗后,两组1秒用力呼吸量(Forced expiratory volume in one second,FEV1)、用力肺活量(Forced vital capacity,FVC)、呼吸峰值流速(Peak expiratory flow,PEF)及用力呼吸25%肺活量的呼气流量(Forced EF25,PEF25)水平均明显上升(P<0.05),观察组与对照组相比,FEV1、FVC、PEF及PEF25水平更高(P<0.05)。治疗前,两组CRP水平、WBC水平无统计学差异(P>0.05)。治疗后,两组CRP水平和WBC计数均明显下降,且观察组明显低于对照组(P<0.05)。治疗后,观察组的不良反应与对照组无明显差异(P>0.05)。结论:布地奈德辅助阿奇霉素治疗MPP患儿,疗效应用显著,对于患儿临床症状具有较高疗效,无明显副作用,具有参考意义。

The Anti-Proliferative Effect of 5-Fluorouracil on Tumor Is Highly Associated with the Renewal of Peripheral White Blood Cells

The efficacy of chemotherapy is thought to be direct killing of tumor cells, but documented studies have been shown that immunity plays a role in its effectiveness. In a pilot study to observe the bone marrow suppression and regeneration in tumor bearing mice induced by single dose injection of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), we unexpectedly found that tumors grew fast as bone marrow mononuclear cells (BMC) and peripheral white blood cells (PWBC) were decreased quickly during myelosuppression meanwhile significantly slow as repopulating of BMC and PWBC during bone marrow regeneration after 5-FU treatment, no matter whether in low or high dose administration, but the higher the dose was, the lower of the nadir of BMC and PWBC were reached to, as well as the much more powerful duration and strength of the repopulated BMC and PWBC, suggested that the immunity might be a predominant drive in 5-FU chemotherapy. Due to the fact that BMC is the source of PWBC which is its final maturational and functional form, it could be proposed that the anti-proliferative effect of 5-FU on tumor is highly associated with the renewal of PWBC.

Monitoring the changes in plasm C-reactive protein,fibrinogen and blood white cell in patients with primary hypertension combined with acute cerebral infarction

BACKGROUND： Inflammatory reaction and the increased level of its accompanying active protein play an important role in the occurrence and development of cerebral infarction. C-reactive protein, fibrinogen and white blood cell, as the monitoring index of inflammatory reaction, are very important in the occurrence and development of acute cerebral infarction. OBJECTIVE： To make a comparison between patients with primary hypertension accompanied with acute cerebral infarction and with simple primary hypertension by observing the changes in plasma C-reactive protein and fibrinogen levels as well as white blood cell and differential counts and analyzing their significances. DESIGN ： Controlled observation SETTING ： Ward Building for VIP, Shenzhen Hospital, Peking University. PARTICIPANTS： Totally 133 patients with primary hypertension were selected from Ward Building for VIP, Shenzhen Hospital, Peking University during September 2003 to September 2005, The diagnostic criteria were based on the hypertension diagnosis criteria formulated by the 7^th World Health Organization-International Society of Hypertension Guidelines （WHO-ISH） in 1998. The informed consents were obtained from all the participants. The involved patients were assigned into two groups： primary hypertension group, in which, there were 65 patients with primary hypertension （ degree 2）, including 42 males and 23 females, with mean age of （61 ±14）years and mean blood pressure of （162.7±6.8）/（94.2±8.4） mm Hg （1 mm Hg =0.133 kPa）, and primary hypertension combined with cerebral infarction group, in which, there were 68 patients with primary hypertension combined with cerebral infarction （ meeting the diagnostic criteria formulated in the 4^th National Cerebrovascular Diseases Meeting in 1995 and diagnosed by skull CT or MRI to exclude the patients with lacunar infarction）, including 42 males and 26 females, with mean age of （56±15） years and mean blood pressure of （176.4±9.2）/（96.3±9.7） mm Hg. METHODS： Plasm C-reactive protein and fibrinogen levels, and white blood cell and differential counts of patients in the two groups were examined 24 hours after stroke. The above indexes were re-examined in the primary hypertension combined with cerebral infarction group 72 hours after stroke. White blood cell and differential counts were performed with laser method （East Asia FE-95001 RAM-1, Japan）. The level of C-reactive protein was measured with turbidimetry （BNII Automatic Systems For Analysis, USA）. The level of fibrinogen was measured with algorithm method when prothrombin time was normal and with Clauss method when prothrombin time was abnormal （ACL Automatic Coagulation Analyzer, USA）. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： The plasm C-reactive protein and flbrinogen levels, and white blood cell and differential counts 24 hours after stroke in two groups and 72 hours after stroke in primary hypertension combined with cerebral infarction group. RESULTS： All the 133 involved patients participated in the result analysis. The plasm C-reactive protein and fibrinogen levels, and white blood cell and neutrophil counts in patients with primary hypertension were all within the normal range. The plasm C-reactive protein and fibrinogen levels, and white blood cell and neu- trophil counts in patients with primary hypertension combined with cerebral infarction were significantly higher than those in patients with primary hypertension 24 hours after stroke and 72 hours after stroke respectively[24 hours after stroke：（32.12±11.76） mg/L vs. （5.02±3.21 ） mg/L;（4.64±0.75） g/L vs. （3.12±0.49） g/L; （9.32±81）×10^9 L^- 1 vs. （5.78±1.32）×10^9L^- 1 （7.85±2.38）×10^9 L^- 1 vs.（3.49±1.28）×10^9 L^-1,t =7.094, 5.759,4.106,5.491, respectively,all P〈 0.01; 72 hours after stroke： （47.62±18.43） mg/L vs. （32.12±11.76） mg/L; （5.08±0.82） g/L vs. （4.64±0.75） g/L, t =2.864,2.220, respectively, both P 〈 0.05]. CONCLUSION： The increase in fibrinogen level and white blood cell count are the important index in monitoring primary hypertension combined with acute cerebral infarction. The increase in plasm C-reactive protein and fibrinogen levels 72 hours after stroke indicates that plasma C-reactive protein and fibrinogen are very important in the development of disease.