Variations of Hair Trace Element Contents in Diabetic Females

Background: Alterations of trace elements, could induce metabolic disorders as they forthwith participating in the metabolic pathways and play different roles modulating it as well as many enzymes require trace elements for their activation and functions. Of these elements, selenium (Se), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu) and manganese (Mn) have been recognized as essentials for metabolism. Hyperglycemia and diabetes mellitus are important causes of mortality and morbidity worldwide, and their global prevalence are growing from 2.8% in 2000 projecting to be 4.4% in 2030. Diabetes is prevalent in Saudi Arabia with high incidence in urbanized areas and its prevalence is estimated to expand 3 times by 2030. Patients and Methods: In total, 75 diabetic women and 80 aberrantly healthy women were recruited. Clinical and familial history was recorded. Hair Se, Zn, Cu and Mn levels were analyzed as well as fasting blood sugar (FBS), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c). Results: Our findings revealed a marked decrease of Zn and Mn levels in diabetic women hair compared to control group (p < 0.05, p <0.005 respectively). Otherwise, Se and Cu levels were significantly elevated in hair of diabetic patients (p < 0.005, p <0.05 respectively). Conclusion: Diabetes may disrupt the trace elements balance as well as their alterations can affect glucose metabolism and insulin action. Chronic hyperglycemia can cause disturbance of some trace elements which, in turn, can modulate glucose homeostasis. The metabolic dysregulation occurring in hyperglycemia may influence trace element status by increasing excretion, diminishing availability or redistribution of trace elements among different body pools. Hair trace elements can be useful long-term markers for metabolic disturbance;however, larger prospective studies are required to validate their role in diagnosis and follow up applications.

INAA to Determine Trace Element Concentrations in the Hair of Street Children of Isfahan City, Iran

This study aimed to assess trace element concentrations in the hair of street children. Nutritional status was assessed by 24 hours’ dietary recall and anthropometric measurements. Data analysis found that Br, Sc, Sm and Ti concentrations show a normal distribution, and there is no significant difference between street children and control group. However, in the street children’s hair, the levels of Au, U, V are decreased and the levels of Co, La, Sb, Th are increased compared to the control group.

Use of Flame Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy and Multivariate Analysis for the Determination of Trace Elements in Human Scalp

The analysis of trace elements in human hair for use as biomarkers continues to generate considerable interest in environmental and bioanalytical studies, medical diagnostics, and forensic science. This study investigated the concentrations of essential and toxic elements (Fe, Mg, Ca, Cu, Zn, Cr, Cd, and Pb) using flame atomic absorption spectroscopy (FAAS) in human scalp hair obtained from subjects living in Forsyth County, North Carolina, USA. The influence of age, sex, race, and smoking habits on the levels of trace elements in the hair samples were also investigated. Additionally, analyses were subjected to a statistical, regression, and principal component analysis to evaluate inter-elemental association and possible pattern recognition in hair samples. Furthermore, Ca/Mg and Zn/Cu ratios, which are often used to evaluate the degree of Ca and Cu utilization in humans and as markers for various health related issues including, atherosclerosis, hypertension, insulin sensitivity, and pancreatic cancer, were calculated. The overall mean concentrations of Fe (25 μg/g), Ca (710 μg/g), Mg (120 μg/g), Zn (190 μg/g), Cu (12 μg/g), and Cr (0.20 μg/g) were found in hair samples. The trace element concentrations varied widely in hair samples as demonstrated by large range of concentrations obtained for each element. However, levels of Cd and Pb elements of <0.030 μg/g were detected in hair sample. In general, the levels of the trace elements in hair samples were poorly correlated. However, significant correlations were found between Ca and Mg (r = 0.840, p = 0.05). The levels of Fe, Ca, Mg, Zn, Cu, and Cr in hair samples and the calculated Ca/Mg and Zn/Cu ratios were found to be largely correlated with age, race, sex, and smoking habits.

DISTRIBUTION OF SOME ELEMENTS IN HUMAN HAIR AND ORGANS DETERMINED BY NAA

Twenty four male autopsies were obtained from Shanghai. The samples of liver, lung, kidney cortex, brain and scalp hair were collected from the autopsies. The elements As, Br, Ca, Cd, Cl, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mg, Mn, Na, Rb, 8, Se and Zn were determined by neutron activation analysis (NAA). The present study provides the elemental levels of different tissues for normal male adults. The distribution pattern of elements was discussed. Great difference on distribution of some elements in different tissues was observed.

Uncertainty Estimation for the Determination of Trace Heavy Metals in Human Hair by Flame and Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometry

Trace element analysis on hair samples has been widely used to assess wildlife and human exposure to different contaminants present in the environment or at the workplace. Pollutants due to the presence of toxic metals in environment not only enter the body by breading, water, and foodstuff accumulates in hair, but they could be adsorbed directly on the hair from environment. In order to remove adsorbed elements and thus determine the internally bound elements correctly, hair sample must be washed. In the present work, we propose uncertainty estimation for the analytical results that are obtained from determination of cadmium, lead, copper, iron, manganese and nickel in human hair by flame and electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry （FAAS and ETAAS）. To estimate the uncertainty of analytical result obtained, two types of bias are calculated in the assessment of trueness： a proportional bias and a constant bias. Nested design was applied for calculating proportional bias and Youden method to calculate the constant bias. The results we obtained for proportional bias are calculated from spiked samples. In this case, the concentration found is plotted against the concentration added and the slop of standard addition curve is an estimate of the method recovery. Estimated method of average recovery in human hair is： （1.019 ±0.026）, （0.918 ±0.014）, （1.073±0.016）, （1.0597± 0.017）, （1.073± 0.020） and （0.934± 0.117） for Cd, Pb, Mn, Ni, Fe and Cu respectively.

PREPARATION AND CERTIFICATION OF THE HUMAN HAIR REFERENCE MATERIAL

The preparation of the human hair reference material and the steps taken to confirm its homogeneity and stability as well as its certificatipn are described. Certified values for 17 elements, which are of importance for human health, and reference values for the other 13 elements are provided for this material.

麋鹿被毛微量元素、重金属含量及对环境污染的监测作用

哺乳动物被毛微量元素和重金属元素含量能够反映其生活状态和栖息地状况,是环境监测中重要的生物化学指示物。对北京南海子和浙江临安两地麋鹿(Elaphurus davidianus)种群被毛中的10种重金属和34种微量元素进行测定,以期探讨麋鹿被毛微量元素和重金属含量在栖息环境监测中的可行性。结果表明:除Re元素外,其余43种元素在麋鹿被毛中均被检出,统计分析表明Li、Be、Sc、V、Co、Ga、Rb、Ir、Mo、Cd、Cs、Ba、La、Ce、Pr、Nd、Sm、Eu、Gd、Tb、Dy、Ho、Er、Tm、Yb、Lu、Tl、Bi、Th、U、Nb、Ta、Zr和Hf 34种元素为麋鹿被毛的特征元素;与北京南海子麋鹿种群相比,浙江临安麋鹿种群被毛中的微量元素Sr、In、Sb、W、Bi、U和重金属元素Zn、Cu、Cr、Pb、Cd含量更少,其余32种元素含量均高于北京南海子麋鹿种群;独立样本t检验分析表明,麋鹿被毛微量元素和重金属元素含量存在地域差异性,仅Cr(p=0.064)、Ni(p=0.769)、Mo(p=0.129)、Tl(p=0.065)、Zr(p=0.138)和Hf(p=0.057)6种元素差异不显著,其余37种元素差异均显著;北京南海子和浙江临安麋鹿种群的栖息环境和食物均未受到Zn、Cu、Cr、Pb、Cd、V、Co、Ni、Sb和Tl 10种重金属元素污染的威胁。研究表明,麋鹿被毛可作为栖息环境重金属污染的非损伤监测指示材料。

人工神经网络方法用于肺癌的辅助诊断

根据人发和血清中微量元素的含量，将人工神经网络（ＡＮＮ）用于正常人与癌症患者的分类预测．用独立预测样本作了检验，表明该方法可作为肺癌诊断的一种辅助手段．讨论了当预测样本中有元素缺损时ＡＮＮ的分类预测情况。

人发微量元素含量用作环境的生物指示研究

用仪器中子活化分析方法测定了１９９４年和１９９６年两次采集的北京石景山地区２０—４０岁正常男 性头发样品中微量元素的含量，用ｔ检验方法比较这两批人发样品测定值的差异，观察该地区的环境 变化趋势及该人群营养状况的变化；同时还与国内外报道的有关数据进行了比较，用以说明人发中的 微量元素含量在用作环境的生物指示研究方面的意义。

内蒙古慢性砷中毒地区少年头发中微量元素含量研究

报道了1994～1995年在内蒙古呼和浩特市土默特左旗慢性砷中毒病区采集的少年头发样品中砷等十多种微量元素含量的仪器中子活化分析结果，并与北京地区同年龄段少年发样中测得的值进行了比较。发现前者除发砷含量明显高于后者外，两者在其他许多微量元素含量上也存在显著性差异，特别是慢性砷中毒地区少年头发中稀土元素（如La；Sm）和重金属元素Fe、Co、Cr等的含量均明显高于对照区。所得结果为研究呼和浩特市慢性砷中毒地区人群头发中微量元素的含量与该地区环境状况的关系，从而深入探讨这一地方病在该地区高发的原因提供了有意义的信息。

不同地区人发中微量元素的测定与生存环境的比较研究

采用高压密封消化罐对人发样品进行处理,将化学计量学应用于ICP-AES法测定了人头发中20种微量元素的含量。该方法操作简单、快速、灵敏度高,准确性好,且多元素同时测定,回收率在94.07%～107.60%之间。相对标准偏差小于3.49%。通过对不同地区不同年龄1600人头发的测定结果,探讨了营养、环境污染等因素对人体健康的影响,从而对其生存环境进行比较研究。

大量骨溶解症患者头发中微量元素的初步研究

目的通过检测大量骨溶解症患者头发中微量元素,探索大量骨溶解症的发病病因,为该病的防治提供科学依据。方法取新疆某大量骨溶解症患者枕际发,通过电感耦合等离子体光谱和电感耦合等离子体质谱法检测其发中的14种元素。结果患者发铬含量0.5μg/g,为正常儿童的0.11～0.22倍;发锌含量40μg/g,为正常儿童的0.27～0.33倍。发钾含量3457μg/g,为正常人发中含量的115.23～345.7倍,发钠含量3757μg/g为正常人发中含量的34.64倍。钾钠比1.254,是正常值的3～10倍。结论大量骨溶解症很可能跟患者生存的外部环境以及饮食习惯有关。

保健灸对老年人头发锰锌铜铁钙含量的影响

保健灸对老年人头发锰锌铜铁钙含量的影响王玲玲，吴中朝，徐兰凤指导邱茂良（南京中医学院针灸系，江苏省２１００２９）主题词灸法，毛发／分析，微量元素／分析ＥｆｆｅｃｔｏｆＭｏｘｉｂｕｓｔｉｏｎｆｏｒＨｅａｌｔｈＣａｒｅｏｎｔｈｅＣｏｎｔｅｎｔｓｏｆＭｎ，...

EDXRF法测定人发中Ca、Fe、Cu和Zn的含量

本文介绍了国产管激发能量色散Ｘ射线荧光分析仪同时测定人发中Ｃａ、Ｆｅ、Ｃｕ和Ｚｎ的分析方法。该方法采用在人发样品中加入内标元素Ｙ，用化学法溶解人发，制成分析试样，用Ｘ射线荧光分析仪测定试样中的上述元素。此方法对这４种元素的检测限依次为７×ｌ０￣（－６）、ｌ×１０￣（－６）、４×１０￣（－６）和３×１０￣（－６），其变异系数分别为６％、ｌ％、２％和２％。

用同步辐射X射线荧光法研究运动员头发中的微量元素

本文用同步辐射X射线荧光法测定了4名运动员头发中的铁、锌、钙等微量元素,以头发生长每5天为一测量点。结果表明运动员头发中铁相对含量与运动量有关,而锌、钙相对含量与运动量无明显关系。证实了运动是运动员易患缺铁症的原因之一。

ICP-AES和ICP-MS法测定头发中微量元素

目的 探讨学生的不明病因与微量元素的关系。 方法 采用微波消解法处理样品 ,运用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法 (ICP -AES)和质谱法 (ICP -MS)测定了学生发中微量元素。 结果 患病学生头发中重金属含量无显著性差异 ,而头发中营养元素钙、锰、钾、镁含量偏低 (P <0 .0 5 )。 结论 学生的不明病因与营养不良有很大的关系。

儿童智商与发中钙锌铁铅含量的关系

目的 探讨儿童智商与发中钙、锌、铁、铅含量的关系。方法 选择308名8～11岁儿童用WISC-CR智力量表测定智商,用火焰原子吸收法测定头发中钙、锌、铁、铅含量。结果 被调查的儿童智商呈正态分布(P>0.05),智商与头发中4种元素的相关分析显示:r钙=0.593,r锌=0.384,r铁=0.499,r铅=-0.637,P均<0.01。结论 儿童智商与头发中钙、锌、铁呈正相关,与铅呈负相关。

怀孕期头发中微量元素含量的变化

完成了５２个怀孕期妇女中头发微量元素变化的分析。给出了七个元素定量的结果，对没有标准值的另七个元素，也观察了在各自对比情况下的变化。

乳腺癌和乳腺增生症患者头发中钙及其他微量元素的初步研究

用２３８Ｐｕ源激发Ｘ射线荧法测定３２例乳腺癌和１０５例乳腺增生症女性患者头发中Ｃａ及Ｓｒ，Ｐｂ、Ｚｎ、Ｃｕ、Ｎｉ、Ｆｅ、Ｍｎ、Ｃｒ、Ｔｉ等９种微量元素含量。与５５例正常成年女性头发中微量元素相比，发现乳腺增生症组中的Ｓｒ、Ｚｎ、Ｃｕ、Ｍｎ和Ｃａ含量显著下降（ｐ＜０．００１），其他元素无显著差异；乳腺增生症组中的Ｓｒ、Ｍｎ、和Ｃａ含量明显下降（Ｐ＜０．０１），而Ｚｎ、Ｎｉ、Ｃｒ含量显著升高（Ｐ＜０．０５）；乳腺增生症组中的Ｓｒ、Ｚｎ、Ｃｕ、Ｎｉ、Ｍｎ、Ｃｒ和Ｔｉ含量明显下降而（Ｐ＜０．０５－Ｐ＜０．００１）。

脑卒中与微量元素关系调查

本文讨论了我国脑卒中高发区、低发区脑卒中高危人群（ｓｐｐ）头发微量元素含量的变化与血压和生化指标的关系。结果发现高发区ＳＰＰ头发Ｋ、ｃａ、ｃｕ及ｃａ／Ｍｇ明显低于对照组（ｓｃ）及低发区ｓｐｐ，而Ｎａ、Ｍｇ、Ｚｎ及Ｎａ／Ｋ、Ｚｎ／Ｃｕ则明显高于ＳＣ和低发区。Ｋ与血压、ＡＰＯＢ呈负相关，与ＨＣＴ、ＡＰＯＡ－Ⅰ及Ｃ肽呈正相关；Ｎａ与增龄、血压、ＡＰＯＢ正相关，与Ｃ肽负相关；Ｃａ、Ｃａ／Ｍｇ与增龄、血压、ＨＣＴ、Ｃ肽负相关，与ＡＰＯＡ－Ⅰ正相关；Ｍｇ与增龄、ＢＭＩ、ＡＰＯＢ正相关，与ＨＣＴ负相关；Ｚｎ与增龄、血压、ＢＭＩ、ＢＳ正相关；Ｆｅ与ＡＰＯＢ及Ｃ肽正相关；Ｍｎ与Ｃｈ、ＬＤＬ负相关，与Ｃ肽和胰岛素正相关。经逐步回归分析发现，Ｋ、Ｎａ、ｃａ与血压关系最密切。