Construction,Characterization,and Chromosomal Mapping of a Fosmid Library of the White-Cheeked Gibbon (Nomascus leucogenys)

Gibbons have experienced extensive karyotype rearrangements during evolution and represent an ideal model for studying the underlying molecular mechanism of evolutionary chromosomal rearrangements. It is anticipated that the cloning and sequence characterization of evolutionary chromosomal breakpoints will provide vital insights into the molecular force that has driven such a radical karyotype reshuffle in gibbons. We constructed and characterized a high-quality fosmid li- brary of the white-cheeked gibbon （Nomascus leucogenys） containing 192,000 non- redundant clones with an average insert size of 38 kb and 2.5-fold genome coverage. By end sequencing of 100 randomly selected fosmid clones, we generated 196 se- quence tags for the library. These end-sequenced fosmid clones were then mapped onto the chromosomes of the white-cheeked gibbon by fluorescence in situ hy- bridization~ and no spurious chimeric clone was detected. BLAST search against the human genome showed a good correlation between the number of hit clones and the number of chromosomes, an indication of unbiased chromosomal distribu- tion of the fosmid library. The chromosomal distribution of the mapped clones is also consistent with the BLAST search result against human and white-cheeked gibbon genomes. The fosmid library and the mapped clones will serve as a valu- able resource for further studying gibbons＇ chromosomal rearrangements and the underlying molecular mechanism as well as for comparative genomic study in the lesser apes.

Wild Gibbon Optimization Algorithm

Complex optimization problems hold broad significance across numerous fields and applications.However,as the dimensionality of such problems increases,issues like the curse of dimensionality and local optima trapping also arise.To address these challenges,this paper proposes a novel Wild Gibbon Optimization Algorithm(WGOA)based on an analysis of wild gibbon population behavior.WGOAcomprises two strategies:community search and community competition.The community search strategy facilitates information exchange between two gibbon families,generating multiple candidate solutions to enhance algorithm diversity.Meanwhile,the community competition strategy reselects leaders for the population after each iteration,thus enhancing algorithm precision.To assess the algorithm’s performance,CEC2017 and CEC2022 are chosen as test functions.In the CEC2017 test suite,WGOA secures first place in 10 functions.In the CEC2022 benchmark functions,WGOA obtained the first rank in 5 functions.The ultimate experimental findings demonstrate that theWildGibbonOptimization Algorithm outperforms others in tested functions.This underscores the strong robustness and stability of the gibbonalgorithm in tackling complex single-objective optimization problems.

海南长臂猿下地行为初报

海南长臂猿(Nomascus hainanus)是中国特有灵长类动物,也是世界上最濒危的灵长类动物之一(周江,2008;Fan,2017;Geissmann and Bleisch,2020;Ren et al.,2022)。海南长臂猿被世界自然保护联盟列为极度濒危(CR)物种,在《中国脊椎动物红色名录》中也被评为“极度濒危”(蒋志刚等,2021)。2019年海南热带雨林国家公园正式成立,旨在保护以海南长臂猿为旗舰物种的热带雨林栖息地,经过持续保护,其野生种群得以缓慢恢复。

长臂猿感染H9N2亚型禽流感病毒病例报告

2022年1月,某动物园同一馆舍内饲养的6只长臂猿(Nomascus spp.)先后出现流清涕、咳嗽的症状。采集患病长臂猿鼻拭子共6份,利用高通量测序法对样本进行病原筛查,结果显示:2份样本呈AIV阳性,序列组装结果与H9N2亚型禽流感病毒的相似性最高;采用qPCR法对2份阳性样本进行H1~H16基因和N1~N9基因检测验证,发现5号样本H9 Ct值为31.35、N2 Ct值为36.16,6号样本H9 Ct值为27.46、N2 Ct值为29.57,均为阳性。给予患病长臂猿化痰止咳、消炎和控制继发感染等综合治疗,同时加强饲养环境消毒,患病长臂猿很快康复。

天行长臂猿鸣唱的声谱特征与性别差异

白眉长臂猿属(Hoolock)物种声音长期被认为不具有性二型,但是识别其声音的性别差异有助于该属物种的种群动态监测与行为学研究。本研究以天行长臂猿(Hoolock tianxing)作为研究对象,标注了11个个体的鸣声数据。我们通过k‑中心点聚类(k‑medoids聚类)识别音节类型,基于音节组成和音句长度划分音句类型,并且识别了音节特征和音句使用上的性别差异。本研究识别出wa、oo、whoop、ow和eek 5种音节类型以及7种音句类型。雌性的wa和ow音节频率变化的幅度与速率比雄性更大;oo音节的各项频率指标比雄性更低;whoop音节频率变化的幅度与速率相比于雄性更小。在音句的使用上,独猿个体鸣叫的音句与合唱时各自性别贡献的部分更为相似,雄性极少唱主要由whoop音节与ow音节组成的音句G,雌性极少唱音句B(wa-whoop)和C(wa-oo-wawhoop)。本研究表明天行长臂猿的声音中存在性二型,该性别差异不仅有助于对天行长臂猿的监测,而且有助于理解不同声音类型及性别差异的功能。

海南长臂猿的毛色变化

冠长臂猿属(Nomascus)动物作为具有明显毛色性二型的濒危灵长类,其毛色变化是判断个体性别、年龄与发育状态的重要指标。本文针对海南长臂猿(N.hainanus)约2年的连续观察和既往可靠的影像资料,详细描述了该物种出生至周岁,雌性从亚成年至成年这两个毛色变化关键时期的外观特征和变色过程。本文发现通过对“冠”形、整体毛色、身体各部位变色顺序的观察,有助于在雨林环境中快速判断个体的大致年龄并反推其出生季节,识别可繁殖雌性个体。通过与近缘种进行对比,发现其婴猿毛色变化过程与东黑冠长臂猿(N.nasutus)更为相似,从宏观证据上支持了海南长臂猿目前被认可的系统发育地位,并讨论了其毛色变化模式对环境适应的可能解释。希望本文提出的操作性建议能够与自动化的数据收集方法相结合,提升濒危冠长臂猿物种野外监测的时效性和准确度。

Caudrey-Dodd-Gibbon-Kotera-Sawada方程的同宿呼吸波解、周期波解和扭结孤立波解

利用Painlevé展开和扩展同宿测试法,获得了CDGKS方程的新的同宿呼吸波解、周期波解和扭结孤立波解,丰富了该方程解的内容及其动力学特征。

Caudrey-Dodd-Gibbon-Kaeada方程的新双周期孤子解

研究Caudrey-Dodd-Gibbon-Kaeada方程。利用一个假设函数和双线性形式,在符号计算的帮助下,我们获得Caudrey-Dodd-Gibbon-Kaeada方程的新的双周期孤子解。

Gibbons-Maeda黑洞背景下自旋场的量子熵

用brick-wall模型研究了Gibbons-Maeda黑洞背景下自旋场的量子熵.结果表明量子熵可分为两部分,即时空几何依赖部分和场的自旋依赖部分.时空几何依赖部分的线性发散项可化为正比于事件视界面积的形式,对数发散项与黑洞本身的性质有关;自旋依赖部分除了与黑洞本身的性质有关外还与与自旋场的自旋有关,不同的自旋场对黑洞熵的影响是不同的.

论戏剧翻译中语用预设的恢复——以《茶馆》的Gibbon英译本为例

在戏剧翻译中,语用预设的恢复是一项重要任务,也是翻译理论研究的主要课题之一,加强原文的预设信息翻译,有助于读者准确理解原文的意思。本文以JohnHowardGibbon翻译的老舍先生的《茶馆》为例,探讨四种恢复语用预设的方法:文内加注法、加词法、同义替代法、转换法。

Ecology and social system of northern gibbons living in cold seasonal forests

Gibbons in China represent the northernmost margin of present day gibbon species distribution （around N25°）. Compared to tropical habitats, northern gibbon habitats are characterized by low temperatures and remarkable seasonal variation in fruit abundance How gibbons adapt to their cold and seasonal habitats and what ecological factors affect their sociality are key questions for understanding their ecology and social system evolution, the elucidation of which will contribute to the conservation of these special populations/species. According to preliminary short-term studies, northern gibbons consume more leaves and use larger home ranges than tropical gibbons. Interestingly, some Nomascus groups consist of more than one adult female. However, these preliminary results are not well understood or incorporated into current socio-ecological theories regarding gibbon species. To better understand northern gibbons, our team has systematically studied three habituated groups of Nomascus concolor, three groups of N. nasutus, and two habituated groups of Hoolock tianxing since 2002. In this paper, we stress the challenges facing gibbons living in northern habitats and summarize their behavioral adaptations to their harsh environments. We also describe the northern gibbon social system and discuss the potential relationships between their ecology and sociality. Finally, we highlight future research questions related to northern gibbons in China.

Gibbons-Maeda Dilation黑洞的量子隧穿效应

运用Parikh的量子隧穿方法,研究了静态球对称Gibbons-Maeda dilation黑洞的量子隧穿效应.当考虑粒子的自引力作用和能量守恒时,Gibbons-Maeda dilation黑洞视界处的粒子隧穿率与Bekenstein-Hawking熵有关,黑洞真实的辐射谱不再是严格的纯热谱.本文所得隧穿率在特殊情况下与Schwarzschild黑洞的结果一致,在忽略ω的高次方项的条件下,可以得到Gibbons-Maeda dilation黑洞辐射的纯热谱.

Effects of tsaoko (Fructus tsaoko) cultivating on tree diversity and canopy structure in the habitats of eastern hoolock gibbon (Hoolock leuconedys)

In this study, the quadrat method was used to study the effects of tsaoko （Fructus tsaoko） plantation on tree diversity and canopy structure of two natural habitats of eastern hoolock gibbon （Hoolock leuconedys）： Nankang （characterized by extensive tsaoko plantation） and Banchang （relatively well reserved and without tsaoko plantation）. Totally, 102 tree species from 25 families and 16 woody liana species from 10 families were recorded in Nankang, whereas 108 tree species from 30 families and 17 woody liana species from 12 families were recorded in Banchang. Although the tree species between two habitats is different, both habitats are characterized by enriched food resources for eastern hoolock gibbons, sharing similar dominant plant families. Due to tsaoko plantation, tree density proportion and diversity of forest layer I （〉20 m） in Nankang were both significantly decreased, but the tree density of layerH （10-20 m） increased. Likewise, in conjunction with these behavioral observations, we also address potential impacts of tsaoko plantation on the behavior of eastern hoolock gibbon.

Massive particle radiation from Gibbons Maeda black hole

This paper investigated the massive particle radiation from Gibbons-Maeda black hole by using a semi-classical method. The calculations showed that, if the self-gravitation of the radiated particle is taken into account, the radiation spectrum deviates from exact black body spectrum and the rate of tunneling equals precisely the exponent of the difference of the black hole entropies before and after emission. The conclusion supports the viewpoint of information conservation.

Species identification of crested gibbons(Nomascus) in captivity in China using karyotyping-and PCR-based approaches

Gibbons and siamangs （Hylobatidae） are well-known for their rapid chromosomal evolution,which has resulted in high speciation rate within the family.On the other hand,distinct karyotypes do not prevent speciation,allowing interbreeding between individuals in captivity,and the unwanted hybrids are ethically problematic as all gibbon species are endangered or critically endangered.Thus,accurate species identification is crucial for captive breeding,particularly in China where studbooks are unavailable.Identification based on external morphology is difficult,especially for hybrids,because species are usually similar in appearance.In this study,we employed G-banding karyotyping and fluorescence in situ hybridization （FISH） as well as a PCR-based approach to examine karyotypic characteristics and identify crested gibbons of the genus Nomascus from zoos and nature reserves in China.We characterized and identified five karyotypes from 21 individuals of Nomascus.Using karyotypes and mitochondrial and nuclear genes,we identified three purebred species and three hybrids,including one F2 hybrid between N.gabriellae and N.siki.Our results also supported that N.leucogenys and N.siki shared the same inversion on chromosome 7,which resolves arguments from previous studies.Our results demonstrated that both karyotyping and DNA-based approaches were suitable for identifying purebred species,though neither was ideal for hybrid identification.The advantages and disadvantages of both approaches are discussed.Our results further highlight the importance of animal ethics and welfare,which are critical for endangered species in captivity.

Application of He’s Variational Iteration Method and Adomian Decomposition Method to Solution for the Fifth Order Caudrey-Dodd-Gibbon (CDG) Equation

In this work we use the He’s variational iteration method and Adomian decomposition method to solution N-soliton solutions for the fifth order Caudrey-Dodd-Gibbon (CDG) Equation.

海南热带雨林国家公园旗舰种海南长臂猿保护的历史与未来

海南长臂猿(Nomascus hainanus)的保护是国家公园体系下,整合政府、非政府组织(NGO)、科研机构、社区与媒体等多方力量,拯救濒危物种的精彩案例。研究回顾了海南长臂猿分类地位的变动和该物种的保护与研究历史;综述了与海南长臂猿保护相关的生物学与生态学信息,包括种群历史与现状、种群结构与繁殖参数、家域与食性、栖息地选择及遗传多样性的研究结果;列举了海南热带雨林国家公园(HTRNP)成立后,实施的海南长臂猿保护措施;从种群动态、繁殖、健康监测及栖息地的识别、修复与管理等方面展望了海南长臂猿保护的未来。研究指出,国家公园调动了空前的资源投入到海南长臂猿的研究与保护中,目前的种群恢复状况也肯定了这一举措。然而,该物种仍面临遗传多样性下降、栖息地破碎化、人为干扰、极端天气气候事件等多方面的威胁,须加强研究的前瞻性和创新性,并重视科研成果对保护行动的转化。

圈养黄颊长臂猿粪便皮质醇代谢分析

粪便皮质醇可以较好地衡量动物的应激程度,常被作为一种分析圈养动物生存压力与评估动物福利的指标。为探讨圈养黄颊长臂猿(Nomascus gabriellae)的生存压力,以1对来源于成都动物园的黄颊长臂猿为研究对象,于2016年4月—2017年4月,持续监测2只黄颊长臂猿粪便皮质醇水平,分析皮质醇代谢与游客干扰、季节和动物发情等因素的关系。结果显示:(1)雌性与雄性黄颊长臂猿的皮质醇水平在节假日与非节假日均不存在显著差异(p=0.061,0.057),但在节假日期间雌性皮质醇水平明显高于雄性(p<0.001);(2)粪便皮质醇代谢存在季节性差异,雌性与雄性均表现出冬季皮质醇水平明显高于春季(p<0.01)、夏季(p<0.05)和秋季(p<0.01);(3)雌性皮质醇与雌激素呈现显著正相关(r=0.790,p=0.011),而雄性皮质醇与雌激素不存在相关性(r=0.027,p=0.944)。研究表明,2只黄颊长臂猿对游客干扰产生的应激表现不明显,但雌性比雄性表现出更高敏感性。黄颊长臂猿皮质醇代谢受季节调控,冬季显著升高可能与机体能量代谢和免疫有关;在发情期皮质醇还可能与繁殖生理需求有关,存在一定程度的性别差异。

华东地区北白颊长臂猿的饲养和繁殖管理

本文阐述华东地区北白颊长臂猿的饲养管理及环境要求,特殊生理期的饲料调整及繁殖管理,为长臂猿的饲养和繁殖管理提供饲养经验和基础数据。

基于信息多模态融合技术在动物识别模型中的应用

国家一级保护动物海南黑冠长臂猿仅分布于我国海南岛,提升对该物种群研究效率且尽可能避免人类行为的干扰成为痛点。文章基于多模态特征融合识别技术,提出一套猿类面部图像特征识别的算法框架,实现海南黑冠长臂猿个体的识别;结合基于时序维度的海南黑冠长臂猿面部特征和猿鸣声纹特征的融合识别模型,实现对长臂猿个体的研究和跟踪。以上框架将神经网络与海南黑冠长臂猿的识别、分类、标记和跟踪等深度结合,提升研究人员的工作效率,同时,也为其他珍稀生物个体多模态特征识别研究提供借鉴。