White-rot Fungus Growth Conditions and Its Metabolic Kinetic Models

To investigate the growth conditions of white-rot fungus and simulate its metabolism kinetic models, the rules how the factors such as biomass, culture fluid, pH value, glucose consumption and exopolysaccharides generation, etc., changed during the batch culture process of white-rot fungi by using an air-lift fermenter, as well as metabolic kinetics of white-rot fungi were studied. Based on Logistic equation, Luedeking-Piret equation and experimental data, the correlation model parameters of mycelia biomass, glucose consumption and exopolysaccharide generation were obtained and found to be change with time in metabolism process. Detailedly, μm=0.071 8 h-1,α= 0.831 8 g/(g·h), β= 0.002 g/(g·h), b1=0.016 3 g/(g·h) and b2=3.023 3 g/(g·h). Hence the mycelial growth kinetic model, exopolysaccharide generation kinetic model and substrate consumption kinetic model which describe fermentation process of white-rot fungi were established. Meanwhile, the experimental data were verified by this model, and a good fitting result with an average relative error less than 10% between the data obtained from experiments and the model was yielded. The results show that these models can predict the growth and metabolic rules of white-rot fungus, the fermentation process of exopolysaccharides and the kinetic mechanism of white-rot fungus accurately.

Effects of Material Physical Properties on White-rot Fungi Mycelial Growth

[ Objective] The research aimed to study effects of material physical properties on white-rot fungi mycelial growth and provide theoretical basis for further expanding the application range of white-rot fungi. [ Method Four common species of white-rot fungi were cultivated by wood meal fowl dung mixture in test tube and culture dishes. The relationship between physical properties of culture material and the growth of these mycelials were studied. [Result] The results showed the water retention capacity of culture material was decreased with the increasing of its grain size and porosity, but the decrease of its specific gravity reduced the material water retention. And the dehydration rate of medium prepared with these materials at the same moisture conditions tended to increase. These physical properties of material, such as grain size, specific gravity, porosity, water retention and water drainage, influenced the growth of white-rot fungi mycelial by affecting the moisture and ventilation condition of media. The results hinted that above material physical properties had feedback effects on the growth of white-rot fungi mycelia. [ Conclution] Physical properties of culture material have significant effects on the growth of white-rot fungi mycelial.

Biodegradation of Gaseous Chlorobenzene by White-rot Fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium

Objective To evaluate the effect of white rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium on removal of gaseous chlorobenzene. Methods Fungal mycelium mixed with a liquid medium was placed into airtight bottles. A certain amount of chlorobenzene was injected into the headspace of the bottles under different conditions. At a certain interval, the concentrations in the headspace were analyzed to evaluate the degradation of chlorobenzene by P. chrysosporium. Results The degradation effects of P. chrysosporium on chlorobenzene under different conditions were investigated. The difference in the optimum temperature for the growth of the fungi and chlorobenzene degradation was observed. The data indicated that a lower temperature （28℃） would promote the degradation of chlorobenzene than the optimum temperature for the growth of the fungi （37℃）. A low nitrogen source concentration （30 mg N/L） had a better effect on degrading chlorobenzene than a high nitrogen source concentration （higher than 100 mg N/L）. A high initial concentration （over 1100 mg/m3） of chlorobenzene showed an inhibiting effect on degradation by P chrysosporium. A maximum removal efficiency of 95% was achieved at the initial concentration of 550 mg/m3. Conclusion P. chrysosporium has a rather good ability to remove gaseous chlorobeuzene. A low nitrogen source concentration and a low temperature promote the removal of chlorobenzene by P. chrysosporium. However, a high initial chlorobenzene concentration can inhibit chlorobenzene degradation.

Differentiation of Fungal Destructive Behaviour of Wood by the White-Rot Fungus Fomes fomentarius by MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry

There are many methods to identify and recognize the molecular and behavioural differences between organisms.One of the methods for the detection and identification of unknown organisms as well as intermolecular and intramolecular structural differences is MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry.Therefore,differentiation of Fomes fomentarius decay capabilities on the chemical properties of the wood cell wall of the tree species Quercus castaneifolia,Juglans regia,and Carpinus betulus were used to determine and characterize the destructive behaviour of F.fomentarius decay by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry.The results showed that the fungus had more significant destructive behaviour on J.regia than the other species.For this evidence,completely removal of xylan hemicellulose fragment+Na+at peak 1227 Da and severe digestion of fragment of glucomannan hemicellulose at peak 1477–1480 Da that it seems that signs of soft-rot patterns were obtained from the decayed sample of J.regia,while these were incremental and unchanged for C.betulus and Q.castaneifolia,respectively.However,C.betulus had different peaks of atomic mass than J.regia and Q.castaneifolia wood,respectively.These results showed that this technique could be useful for separating and identifying unknown compounds of the wood cell wall attacked by fungi relying on their biological behaviour.

Biotreatment of Wastewater from Soda-pretreatment Process of Corn Stover Using White-rot Fungus Z-6

Alkaline pretreatment of straw materials prior to enzyme hydrolysis is a key step for bioconversion of lignocellulose to bioethanol and chemicals.Wastewater from the alkaline pretreatment process must be treated before discharge to minimize its environmental impact.In this study,biotreatment of the wastewater from soda-pretreatment process of corn stover was investigated using fungus Z-6,and some indexes such as color,chemical oxygen demand(COD),and lignin content of wastewater before and after biotreatment were determined to assess the effect of the biotreatment.Results showed that fungus treatment could remove color up to approximately 72%after 2 d,and decrease COD and lignin content by about 63%and 60%,respectively after 3 d.The wastewater was fractionated using dynamic ultrafiltration method,and the changes in lignin contents of the effluent fractions with different molecular weights before and after biotreatment were analyzed.Some compounds produced by the fungus during treatment were identified using gas chromatography-mass(GC-MS)spectrometer,which revealed that depolymerization of lignin occurred during the biotreatment process.

Effects of White-Rot Fungi Composting on Wood Powder-Chicken Manure Mixture

[ Objective] To explore the possibility of treating livestock manure with white-rot fungi. [Method] The wood powder-chicken manure mixture was respectively composted by three kinds of white-rot fungi, the weight of lignin, cellulose, protein, fat, ash and crude polysaccharide as well as the mycelial growth was determined during this process. [ Result] The mixture was better composted with white-rot fungi than the control. The best effect was achieved in P. ostreatus composting group. In this group, the rate of weight reduction, lignin degradation and cellulose degradation were respectively 15.68% （6.79 times as great as that of the control group）, 39.92% （6.54 times as great as that of the control group） and 32.26% （2.77 times as great as that of the control group）. The weight of protein and fat were increased by 31.68% and 146.58%, respectively. The content of crude polysaccharide was 2.43%. No crude polysaccharide was detected, and the weight of protein and fat decreased by 21.96% and 70.99%, respectively. [ Conclusion] It is feasible to compost livestock and poultry manure with white-rot fungi.

Transcriptome Analysis of White-Rot Fungi in Response to Lignocellulose or Lignocellulose-Derived Material Using RNA Sequencing Technology

White-rot fungi are the only organisms that can completely degrade all components of lignocellulosic biomass, including the recalcitrant lignin polymer. Lignin degradation is important for the industrial application of lignocellulosic biomass as a raw material for producing value-added chemicals and materials. Therefore, elucidating the lignin degradation mechanism in white-rot fungi will help researchers develop efficient and eco-friendly methods enabling the production of value-added chemicals from lignocellulosic biomass. A transcriptome analysis is an effective way to compare gene expression patterns between different samples under diverse conditions and can provide insights into biological processes. The democratization of next-generation sequencing technology, especially RNA-sequencing, has made transcriptome sequencing and analysis a common research approach for many laboratories. In this review, we focus on the transcriptome profiles of two well-characterized white-rot fungi (Phanerochaete chrysosporium and Dichomitus squalens) in response to various lignocellulosic materials. The application of RNA-seq technology combining with other techniques remains the best approach for investigating fungal secretomes and elucidating the mechanisms of fungal responses to lignocellulose.

不同条件下白腐真菌多糖调控合成的铁(氢)氧化物的特征

对白腐真菌胞外多糖在铁(氢)氧化物的生物形成过程中的作用展开具体研究,使用傅里叶红外光谱仪研究了不同多糖浓度、陈化时间、Fe^(3+)初始浓度、矿化体系pH和陈化温度条件下白腐真菌胞外多糖调控形成的铁(氢)氧化物的特征,探究了在不同条件下白腐真菌生物矿化的铁(氢)氧化物的晶型组成和不同相之间的转化规律。结果表明:适当增大多糖含量可促进铁(氢)氧化物在多糖分子中成核,且陈化过程中铁(氢)氧化物的晶型和结晶程度均会发生变化;Fe^(3+)初始浓度的升高有助于提高铁(氢)氧化物羟基结合态的稳定程度;酸性条件下有利于α-FeOOH的形成,而在碱性条件下则有利于α-Fe_(2)O_(3)的形成;温度的适当升高有利于Fe—O结晶度的提高,温度的进一步升高有利于铁(氢)氧化物转化成更稳定的相。

白腐菌改性黄芪药渣吸附脱色模拟染料废水的研究

本文用白腐真菌发酵改性黄芪药渣,制备得到具有对亚甲基蓝模拟染料废水有较好吸附效果的吸附剂,并研究了初始pH值、吸附反应温度、吸附剂加入量、吸附时长对亚甲基蓝吸附效果的影响。实验结果表明,在溶液初始pH值为6~8、吸附温度为30℃、改性黄芪药渣加入量为0.1g、吸附时长为4h的条件下,改性黄芪药渣对亚甲基蓝的吸附率可达91.03%。

辽宁省葡萄白腐病发生规律及防治措施

对葡萄白腐病的病原、发病症状、发生规律和防治措施进行总结,并针对辽宁省南部葡萄产区白腐病重发的原因,提出药剂防治和农业措施相结合的策略,以期提高对葡萄白腐病的防控效果。

基于专利分析的甜白葡萄酒技术发展现状

本文从专利技术的视角,分析了以高端冰白葡萄酒和贵腐葡萄酒为代表的甜白葡萄酒的技术发展现状,主要从地域分布、品种选择、酿造技术、安全性控制等方面展开介绍,以期为解决高端甜白葡萄酒产量与市场需求的矛盾、饮用安全性问题以及广大企业和酒庄寻求自身在高端甜白葡萄酒方面的发展提供借鉴。

镉胁迫下复合菌剂对大豆的光合修复及其固定化效果的探究

镉(cadmium,Cd)作为对大豆等粮食类作物毒害最大的重金属之一,不仅会抑制植物生长发育,还会损害其光合系统致使光合速率下降。目前对于镉修复技术的探讨多集中于施加植物激素、改变种植模式等方向,微生物与植物互作的研究仍有待探索。本研究为探究复合白腐真菌(White rot fungi)对镉污染的修复效果和固定化技术的实际应用价值,以4种白腐真菌和大豆作为供试材料,制备固态菌剂并对大豆设置土培处理,且模拟镉污染土壤的浓度为0、50、100 mg L^(-1),对应每个浓度分别进行3种处理(CK组-不做处理、EG1组-加入游离菌株、EG2组-加入固态菌剂),研究混菌发酵与固定化技术对菌株吸附效能的影响,同时探明镉毒害、固定化菌球以及大豆植株三者间的关联性。结果表明:(1)除黄孢原毛平革菌外,其余3种菌株兼容性良好。(2)当混菌菌株组别为凤尾:云芝等于1∶1时,处理浓度为50 mg L^(-1)的镉溶液时可达到87.33%的吸附率。(3)为延长混合菌株的使用时效,提高吸附效果,以海藻酸钠(SA)质量浓度为10 g L^(-1)、生物炭(BC)质量浓度为15 g L^(-1)、加菌量为2%制得的PVA固定化小球,在加入适量添加剂后96 h吸附率可达(95.12±1.68)%。(4)将固定化混菌菌剂施加入模拟镉污染土壤后,大豆的各项生长和光合指标受到的抑制作用均得到缓释,其中Fo的最大降幅为42.5%,Fv/Fm最大增幅为17.2%。(5)大豆的抗氧化系统在菌剂处理14 d时得到增强,CK组中SOD、POD、CAT 3种酶最高活性均得以提升,分别为27.34%、12.41%、13.58%;此外,Pro及MDA含量分别呈上升和下降趋势,共同表现出植物抗性的提高。综上,镉胁迫下植株的PSII光化学反应中心受到抑制,混合菌株固定化与单个或游离状态的菌株相比吸附效率更高,施加固态菌剂后可有效开启大豆的光保护机制,产生渗透调节物质,同时激活抗氧化系统,保证了大豆体内稳定的氧化还原环境以应对镉胁迫。

白腐真菌预处理农作物秸秆的研究进展

农作物秸秆资源丰富,对反刍动物来说是一种低成本的可再生粗饲料来源,但秸秆在饲喂动物时其高含量的木质纤维素限制了反刍动物瘤胃微生物的作用,以致不能被有效利用,在实际生产中缺乏理想的处理方式,没有开发出其应有的营养价值。白腐真菌预处理可以提高农作物秸秆的消化率,该菌能够在营养价值相对较低的秸秆上生长,可以通过分泌1种或多种木质纤维素降解酶以及自由基等,将木质纤维素分解为能够被反刍动物消化的糖类等小分子化合物。本文就农作物秸秆的饲料化应用现状、处理方式展开讨论,并对白腐真菌处理木质纤维素的作用机制和影响因素以及在动物生产上的应用进行了综述,旨在为提高农作物秸秆的营养价值提供理论参考。

絮凝沉淀与生物曝气滤池结合处理杨木心材生物化学机械法制浆废水

本研究利用白腐菌Trametes sp.48424预处理杨木心材,结合絮凝沉淀与生物曝气滤池(BAF),处理化学机械法制浆过程中产生的综合废水,研究废水回用对生物化学机械法制浆及BAF的影响,探究处理后废水回用的可行性。结果表明,采用白腐菌预处理技术,能够抵消添加2%(相对于原料绝干质量)的NaOH所产生的CODCr。絮凝沉淀处理后,CODCr的最高去除率为49.9%。BAF处理后COD_(Cr)最高去除率可达91.8%,出水CODCr浓度降至39.8 mg/L,达到制浆废水回用和排放的标准。废水回用会降低BAF的整体效率,且处理后的废水回用于制浆系统,对浆料的成纸性能也会产生一定的影响;回用1次后出水CODCr浓度升至76.3 mg/L,故处理后的废水只能回用1次。

生物有机肥对土壤镉形态及玉米镉积累的影响

为探究生物有机肥治理镉污染土壤的可行性及对土壤重金属污染修复的效果,采集河南省淅川县2种镉污染土壤,分别设置6种施肥处理:CK(不施用任何物料)、NPK(常规施NPK肥)、NPK+0.5%OF(常规施肥+0.5%商品有机肥)、NPK+1%OF(NPK+1%商品有机肥)、NPK+0.5%BF(NPK+0.5%生物有机肥)和NPK+1%BF(NPK+1%生物有机肥),测定种植前后土壤全镉含量、土壤各化学形态镉、玉米植株根系及籽粒镉含量。结果显示,以添加1%生物有机肥的治理效果最佳,NPK+1%BF处理下2种土壤有效态镉含量相较于NPK+1%OF降幅分别为19.74%、7.09%;施用有机物料降低土壤弱酸提取态镉含量,提高残渣态镉含量,NPK+1.0%BF弱酸提取态镉含量相比CK下降11%、残渣态镉上升16%;施用有机物料各处理玉米植株根系、籽粒镉含量显著降低,以NPK+1.0%BF处理效果最佳,相比NPK处理,土壤Ⅰ的玉米根系、籽粒镉含量降幅达34.41%、31.59%。综上,在镉污染土壤中施用生物有机肥,可显著降低土壤有效态镉含量,促进土壤弱酸提取态镉向残渣态镉转化,降低镉危害;玉米根系及籽粒镉含量均显著下降,综合治理效果表现为生物有机肥优于商品有机肥。

苯甲·嘧菌酯与水溶肥料混合使用全程防治杨梅白腐病为主的综合病害效果示范

[目的]筛选出更好的药剂组合供杨梅生产选择使用。[方法]选择32.5%苯甲·嘧菌酯SC与11%含氨基酸水溶肥料混合使用进行以杨梅白腐病为主的综合病害全程防治效果示范。[结果]该组合对杨梅白腐病为主的综合病害有较好的预防与控制作用,在杨梅谢花后、幼果-硬核期和转色期连续用药3次后,对杨梅白腐病的防效达90.61%,极显著优于农户自防区,同时对杨梅褐斑病、炭疽病等其他病害的综合效果也比较理想,且安全性好。[结论]该研究结果为进一步提高杨梅产量和品质、保证食用安全、促进杨梅产业健康可持续发展奠定了科学基础。

3种病害海带的颜色差异及生化组分分析

为分析不同病害海带叶片颜色和生化组分的差异及二者间的关系,分别对患点状白烂病、绿烂病和卷曲病3种病害海带的颜色指标(明度、红绿色度、黄蓝色度、褐度、色泽饱和度和色调角)和生化组分含量(含水率、叶绿素a、类胡萝卜素、可溶性蛋白和褐藻酸盐)进行了差异分析及相关性分析探索。结果表明:3种病害海带的总色差值ΔE为7.41~15.24,明度、红绿色度、黄蓝色度和色泽饱和度等颜色指标差异显著(P<0.05),其中红绿色度的变异系数最高,为48.18%。绿烂病海带红绿色度最低,明度、黄蓝色度和色泽饱和度最高;卷曲病海带与之相反,红绿色度最高,明度、黄蓝色度和色泽饱和度最低;点状白烂病海带各颜色指标介于二者之间。3种病害海带的叶绿素a、类胡萝卜素和可溶性蛋白含量差异显著(P<0.05),其中可溶性蛋白含量的变异系数最高,为22.08%。点状白烂病海带的叶绿素a含量最高,可溶性蛋白含量最低,绿烂病海带的类胡萝卜素含量最低,卷曲病海带的类胡萝卜素含量最高。3种病害海带基于颜色指标和生化组分含量的综合判别率分别为78.90%和100.00%。绿烂病海带的红绿色度与叶绿素a、类胡萝卜素含量呈显著正相关(r=0.99,r=0.99),3种病害海带的明度、黄蓝色度和色泽饱和度等颜色指标与可溶性蛋白含量存在较强的相关关系(|r|=0.94~0.99)。

解淀粉芽胞杆菌SJ1606产脂肽粗提物协同代森锰锌对2种植物病菌的抑制效果

为探明微生物源脂肽粗提物、代森锰锌及二者的复配剂对黄瓜枯萎病菌和葡萄白腐病菌的抑制效果,采用菌丝生长速率法、Horsfall法和Wadley公式法检测了脂肽粗提物和代森锰锌对2种病菌的抑制率和增效比。脂肽粗提物对黄瓜枯萎病菌的EC_(50)为1.93μL·mL^(-1),对葡萄白腐病菌的EC_(50)为5.54μL·mL^(-1),代森锰锌对黄瓜枯萎病菌的EC_(50)为74.37 mg·L^(-1),对葡萄白腐病菌的EC_(50)为48.45 mg·L^(-1)。Horsfall法得出脂肽与代森锰锌混配体积比为8∶2对黄瓜枯萎病菌具显著的增效活性,体积比为1∶9对葡萄白腐病菌具有显著增效活性。通过Wadley公式法得出混配组合对黄瓜枯萎病菌理论EC_(50)为1298.78 mg·L^(-1),实际EC_(50)达472.48 mg·L^(-1),增效比(SR)为2.75;对葡萄白腐病菌理论EC_(50)值为481.41 mg·L^(-1),实际EC_(50)值187.32 mg·L^(-1),增效比(SR)为2.57。结果为2种不同病害的持续防控、化学药剂的减施增效和抗菌脂肽的合理应用提供支撑。

一株白腐真菌固体发酵产酶条件优化

目的:漆酶是一种含铜的多酚氧化酶,能催化多种酚类化合物和芳香族胺氧化物,在食品、造纸、能源、高分子化合物合成等领域有着广阔的应用前景。本研究以一株白腐真菌为研究对象,利用农作物秸杆为原料进行固体发酵,对其产漆酶条件进行优化,为更好利用这一真菌资源提供技术支持。方法:采用单因素实验,从发酵时间、料液比、温度、pH等四个方面对白腐真菌固体发酵产漆酶条件进行优化。结果:在培养基质为玉米芯与麸皮,接种量为10%、发酵时间为4 d、料液比为1∶2.5、发酵温度为28℃、pH 5.5时产漆酶活性最强,漆酶活性达98.99 U/g。结论:该白腐真菌具有较强的利用农作物秸杆产漆酶能力,可为其在农作物秸杆等生物质能源的综合利用提供理论依据。

Influence of glucose feeding on the ligninolytic enzyme production of the white-rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium

The present work studied the influence of glucose feeding on the ligninolytic enzyme production of Phanerochaete chrysosporium in a nitrogen-limited(C/N ratio is 56/8.8 mmol/L)medium.Several sets of shaking flask experiments were conducted.The results showed that 2 g/L glucose feeding on the first day of the culture(24 h after the inoculation)stimulated both fungal biomass growth and enzyme production.The manganese peroxidase(MnP)activ-ity was 2.5 times greater than that produced in cultures with-out glucose feeding.Furthermore,the glucose feeding mode in fed-batch culture was also investigated.Compared to cul-tures with glucose feeding every 48 h,cultures with glucose feeding of 1.5 g/L(final concentration)every 24 h produced more enzymes.The peak and total yield of MnP activity were 2.7 and 3 times greater compared to the contrast culture,respectively,and the enzyme was kept stable for 4 days with an activity of over 200 U/L.