Inter-Row Spacing of PV Power Plant

When designing a solar power plant, it is much more important to avoid the shadow on the PV Panels. As the shadow falls on the PV Panels;it significantly reduces the generation of required power as planned and designed. This research paper and case study will help a lot to avoid shadow, especially when selecting inter-row spacing between the strings of solar power plants.

Effect of wide-narrow row arrangement in mechanical pot-seedling transplanting and plant density on yield formation and grain quality of japonica rice

Mechanical pot-seedling transplanting is an innovatively developed transplanting method that has the potential to replace mechanical carpet-seedling transplanting. However, the initial pot-seedling transplanting machine lacked optimized density spacing and limited yield potential for japonica rice. Therefore, ascertaining the optimized density by wide-narrow rows and the appropriate transplanting method for yield formation and grain quality of japonica rice is of great importance for high-quality rice production. Field experiments were conducted using two japonica rice cultivars Nanjing 9108 and Nanjing 5055 under three transplanting methods in 2016 and 2017: mechanical pot-seedling transplanting with wide-narrow row(K, average row spacing of 30 cm);equidistant row(D, 33 cm×12 cm);and mechanical carpet-seedling transplanting(T, 30 cm×12.4 cm). In addition, five different density treatments were set in K(K1–K5, from 18.62×10~4 to 28.49×10~4 hills ha^(–1)). The results showed that the highest yield was produced by a planting density of 26.88×104 hills ha^(–1) in mechanical pot-seedling transplanting with wide-narrow row with a greater number of total spikelets that resulted from significantly more panicles per area and slightly more grain number per panicle, as compared with equidistant row, and yield among density in wide-narrow row showed a parabolic trend. Compared with mechanical carpet-seedling transplanting, the treatment of the highest yield increased yield significantly, which was mainly attributed to the larger sink size with improved filled-grain percentage and grain weight, higher harvest index, and increased total dry matter accumulation, especially the larger amount accumulated from heading stage to maturity stage. With the density in wide-narrow row decreasing, processing quality, appearance quality, and nutrition quality were all improved, whereas amylose content and the taste value were decreased. Compared with mechanical carpet-seedling transplanting, mechanical pot-seedling transplanting improved processing quality and nutrition quality, but decreased amylose content and deteriorated appearance quality. These results suggested that mechanical pot-seedling transplanting with wide-narrow row coupling produced a suitable planting density of 26.88×10~4 hills ha^(–1) and may be an alternative approach to improving grain yield and quality for japonica rice.

Development of 2BZJ-3/4 Precision Planter for Soybean Narrow-row flatdense Planting Method

Based on the study on cultivation models of soybean narrow-row-flat-dense planting under the conditions of different between-row spacing and inter-plant spacing by using the comparison field experiment, and technical studies of the contour following the seeder unit, the anti-block, the lateral and stratified the deep fertilizing, according to the design ideas of planting units integration and variable between-row spacing from 30 to 45 cm, the 2BZJ-3/4 precision planter matched with 18-32 hp tractors has been developed for the popularization of the narrow-row-flat-dense planting soybean technique by means of Virtual Prototyping （VP） technology.

Stem flow of seed-maize under alternate furrow irrigation and double-row ridge planting in an arid region of Northwest China

Maize is widely planted throughout the world and has the highest yield of all the cereal crops. The arid region of North- west China has become the largest base for seed-maize production, but water shortage is the bottleneck for its long-term sustainability. Investigating the transpiration of seed-maize plants will offer valuable information for suitable planting and irrigation strategies in this arid area. In this study, stem flow was measured using a heat balance method under alternate furrow irrigation and double-row ridge planting. Meteorological factors, soil water content （e）, soil temperature （Ts） and leaf area （LA） were also monitored during 2012 and 2013. The diurnal stem flow and seasonal dynamics of maize plants in the zones of south side female parent （SFP）, north side female parent （NFP） and male parent （MP） were investigated. The order of stem flow rate was： SFP〉MP〉NFP. The relationships between stem flow and influential factors during three growth stages at different time scales were analyzed. On an hourly scale, solar radiation （Rs） was the main driving factor of stem flow. The influence of air temperature （Ta） during the maturity stage was significantly higher than in other periods. On a daily scale, Rs was the main driving factor of stem flow during the heading stage. During the filling growth stage, the main driving factor of NFP and MP stem flow was RH and Ts, respectively. However, during the maturity stage, the environ- mental factors had no significant influence on seed-maize stem flow. For different seed-maize plants, the main influential factors were different in each of the three growing seasons. Therefore, we identified them to accurately model the FP and MP stem flow and applied precision irrigation under alternate partial root-zone furrow irrigation to analyze major factors affecting stem flow in different scales.

Effects of Planting Density and Row Spacing on Plant Productivity of Autumn Forage Sweet Sorghum in Hebei Province

[ Objective] This study was conducted to investigate the relationship between each of planting density and row spacing and plant productivity of forage sweet sorghum planted in autumn idle land. [ Methods] Using split-plot experiment design experiment method and LSD method of IBM. SPSS. Statistics. v22 statistics software, the effects of planting density and row spacing on plant productivity of forage sweet sorghum planted in autumn idle land were compared. [ Result] The results showed that the planting density and row spacing had important influences on plant productivity of forage sweet sorghum planted in autumn idle land. Moreover, the optimal combination of plant productivity for A1B4 , i. e. ,under the combination of the planting density of 7.5 × 10^4 plants/hm^2 and the row spacing of 40 cm, the fresh weight and dry weight per plant were 654.37 and 147.11 g/plant, respectively. [ Conclusion ] The results provided a theoretical basis for the production of forage sweet sorghum in autumn idle land.

Studies on Productivity and Performance of Spring Sugarcane Sown in Different Planting Configurations

Row spacing has a pivotal role in enhancing sugarcane yield and improving its quality. A study was undertaken to evaluate the influence of different planting techniques on performance of sugarcane at Agronomic Research Area, Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture Faisalabad during Kharif 2014. Experimental treatments comprised of: 180 cm spaced trenches with tripple row strips, 180 cm spaced trenches with alternate row strips, 120 cm spaced trenches with double row strips and 60 cm spaced furrows with single rows. Sugarcane cultivar HSF-240 was used as experimental material. The experimental was conducted in RCBD with four replications. The expeimental results revealed that sugarcane number of tillers, plant height, cane length, stripped cane weight and stripped cane yield increased progressively with the increase in row spacing from 60 to 180 cm. While germination percentage and number of millable canes were not affected by different sowing techniques, maximum number of tillers (15.96 m-2), plant height (333.25 cm), stripped cane weight (0.94 kg) and stripped cane yield (107 t·ha-1) were recorded from 180 cm spaced trenches with tripple row strips.

Effect of Plant Geometry on Growth and Yield of Corn in the Rice-Corn Cropping System

The rice-corn cropping system is increasing in Asia in response to increased demand of corn for feed. A field study was conducted to evaluate the effect of plant geometry (row and plant to plant spacing: 50 × 20, 50 × 30, 75 × 20, and 75 × 30 cm) on growth and yield of corn. Plant height and leaf production per plant were not influenced by the plant geometry. Spacing, however, influenced leaf area, aboveground shoot biomass, and yield of corn per unit area. Highest leaf area, shoot biomass, and yield (8.2 t·ha-1) were produced by plants grown at 50 × 20 cm spacing. The results of this study suggest that narrow rows and plant to plant spacing may increase grain yield by increasing crop growth rates. Plant geometry could be modified to improve yield of corn in the rice-corn cropping system, and thereby increase productivity of the system.

Effect of Plant Spacing on Growth and Grain Yield of Soybean

In the Philippines, rice monoculture systems are common. Compared to these systems, the rice-soybean cropping system may prove more water-efficient and there is a trend of increasing soybean area in the response to water scarcity and need for crop diversification in the Philippines. A field study was conducted to evaluate the effect of row and plant to plant spacing (20 × 10, 20 × 5, 40 × 10, and 40 × 5 cm) on growth and yield of soybean. Plant height was not influenced by the plant geometry. Spacing, however, influenced leaf area and shoot biomass of soybean. Plants grown at the widest spacing (i.e., 40 × 10 cm) produced lowest leaf area and shoot biomass at 6 and 12 weeks after planting. Leaf area and shoot biomass at other three spacing were similar. There was a negative and linear relationship between weed biomass and crop shoot biomass at 6 and 12 weeks after planting. Grain yield of soybean was not affected by plant geometry and it ranged from 1.3 to 1.9 t·ha-1 at different spacing.

不同种植密度和行距配置对香蕉产量及品质的影响

为确定香蕉适宜机械化操作的种植密度和行距配置,采用裂区试验设计,以种植密度(P,P1:2190株/hm^(2);P2:2340株/hm^(2);P3:2520株/hm^(2))为主区,行距(R,R1:宽行5.10 m+窄行1.00 m;R2:宽行4.80 m+窄行1.30 m;R3:宽行4.50 m+窄行1.60 m)为裂区,探讨不同种植密度和行距配置对香蕉农艺性状、产量及品质的影响。结果表明:R能显著影响香蕉株高和茎围,P和R对香蕉单产、总产量均有显著影响,P1、P2香蕉单产较P3分别显著提高10.29%、10.88%,P2总产量较P1显著提高6.62%;R3单产、总产量最高,R1单产、总产量最低。分析产量构成可知,R3能提高香蕉商品蕉采收率;P1、P2单果质量较P3显著提高,R3单果质量较R1、R2分别显著提高21.23%、4.44%。P1果指长较P3显著提高,R2、R3间果指长、果指围显著高于R1。P和R对果实可溶性固形物含量均无显著影响。P3可滴定酸含量较P1、P2显著提高,P1、P2的维生素C含量分别较P3显著提高19.38%、15.78%;R3较R1显著提高维生素C含量8.77%。综上所述,宝岛蕉品种种植密度为2340株/hm^(2),宽行4.50 m、窄行1.60 m时,香蕉农艺性状、产量、商品蕉采收率、单果质量、可溶性固形物及维生素C含量最高。

玉米大豆带状复合种植模式研究

为探讨适宜云南玉米大豆带状复合种植模式,2022年选用玉米云瑞668和大豆台湾75-3为试验材料进行大田试验,研究玉米大豆带状复合种植不同模式下不同处理对玉米和大豆农艺性状和产量构成因素的影响。结果表明,可机械化作业的田块应优先选用玉米大豆行比4∶4和4∶3模式,山区或半山区推广玉米大豆行比2∶2模式。该研究为玉米、大豆带状复合种植在云南省保山市及气候类似地区推广提供了理论依据。

种植模式与密度互作对高粱冠层结构及生产潜能的影响

以辽宁省农业科学院高粱研究所选育品种辽糯22为材料,设置等行距种植与宽窄行种植两种种植模式,97 500株/hm2、10 500株/hm2、11 250株/hm2、12 000株/hm2等4个种植密度,测定分析农艺性状、冠层结构特征、干物质积累、产量及产量构成因素等指标。结果表明,提高种植密度增加了籽粒产量,降低了单穗粒重和千粒重,增加了高粱株高,降低了茎粗、穗长、茎叶夹角和叶片垂直率,与等行距种植相比,宽窄行种植模式叶片空间分布更合理,干物质积累和产量具有明显优势。

集雨种植模式下种植密度与行距配置对小麦茎秆糖积累及倒伏性能的影响

【目的】分析沟垄集雨种植模式下不同种植密度和行距配置对小麦茎秆碳水化合物积累和抗倒伏性能的影响,明确适应于小麦沟垄集雨种植合理的密度及行距,为进一步稳定和提升小麦产量提供理论依据。【方法】以北方旱区主栽小麦品种西农979为试验材料,于2019—2021年在集雨种植模式下设置两个密度(低密度:180万株/hm^(2);高密度:225万株/hm^(2))和两种行距处理(等行距:20 cm;非等行距:12.5 cm﹕35 cm﹕12.5 cm),分析不同密度和行距对小麦植株中下部叶片的净光合速率、茎秆非结构性碳水化合物和结构性碳水化合物含量、茎秆折断弯矩和倒伏指数以及籽粒产量的影响。【结果】集雨种植模式下提高种植密度,小麦植株中下部叶片(倒三叶、倒四叶、倒五叶)的净光合速率(Pn)、茎秆基部第二节间非结构性碳水化合物(葡萄糖、果糖、蔗糖)和结构性碳水化合物(半纤维素、纤维素)含量、茎秆折断弯矩均明显降低,茎秆倒伏指数显著增高;而高密度种植条件下非等行距处理可改变植株各指标,其中,相较于高种植密度+等行距处理,植株倒三叶、倒四叶、倒五叶Pn明显提高,增幅分别为7.7%—16.5%、5.3%—37.7%、11.9%—24.9%,茎秆葡萄糖、果糖、蔗糖含量分别提高了9.8%—15.0%、8.8%—27.4%、8.2%—41.1%,半纤维素、纤维素含量分别增加4.5%—19.8%、5.9%—31.2%,茎秆折断弯矩提高4.8%—17.3%,茎秆倒伏指数降低10.9%—25.9%,小麦产量亦显著提高了13.5%—15.2%。相关分析表明,小麦茎秆基部节间葡萄糖、果糖、蔗糖含量与半纤维素、纤维素含量呈极显著正相关;小麦茎秆非结构性碳水化合物、结构性碳水化合物与小麦植株中下部叶片Pn及茎秆折断弯矩呈显著正相关,而与倒伏指数呈极显著负相关。【结论】集雨种植模式下,通过非等行距种植调节群体空间分布,可有效提升小麦植株中下部叶片光合速率,促进茎秆糖类物质合成积累,增强小麦茎秆抗倒伏性能,进而降低小麦倒伏发生率,提高籽粒产量。

宽窄行种植对高粱光合特性、产量和品质的影响

以辽粘3号为试验材料,在宽窄行种植条件下(宽行60 cm、窄行40 cm),设置3个种植密度105000株/hm^(2)(WL),112500株/hm^(2)(WM),120000株/hm^(2)(WH),等行距种植(50 cm,种植密度120000株/hm^(2))为CK,研究不同种植密度条件下宽窄行种植对高粱光合特性、农艺特性、产量和品质的影响。结果表明,不同处理叶片SPAD值综合得分和光合特性综合得分顺序为WL>WM>WH>CK。不同处理的株高、穗长、穗粒重和千粒重存在差异(P<0.05),其中WL处理的株高最高、穗长最长、穗粒重和千粒重最大。WL处理的产量与其他处理差异显著(P<0.05),两年平均产量8444.96 kg/hm^(2)。与CK相比,宽窄行种植可明显提高籽粒的单宁含量、淀粉含量和脂肪含量,但对蛋白质含量的影响较弱,WL、WM和WH处理的各品质指标差异不显著。相较于等行距种植,宽窄行种植可改善高粱叶片的光合性能,影响农艺性状和产量,在种植密度105000株/hm+2的条件下,辽粘3号宽窄行种植可在关中西部地区获得较大的产量优势。

密度和行距对直立株型小麦产量、群体冠层特征和抗倒伏性的影响

为了给直立株型小麦的栽培措施调控提供理论依据,本研究以2个小麦直立株型品系‘SN1319’和‘SN1425’为试验材料,设置T1(330×104株/hm^(2)基本苗)和T2(420×104株/hm^(2)基本苗)2个高密度播量,H1、H2和H3(分别为1.10 m播幅6行,8行和10行)3个行距组合,研究种植方式对小麦产量、冠层特征和倒伏特性的影响。结果表明,‘SN1319’和‘SN1425’分别在T2H2和T2H3处理下获得最高产量,比对照‘济麦22’增产9.83%和10.10%;高密度条件改善了小麦冠层形态特征,增加叶面积指数(LAI)和消光系数(EC),提高了小麦冠层光截获能力;但是使群体透光性(LT)下降,倒伏指数(LI)上升。品系、行距对冠层结构、光截获能力以及倒伏特性也具有显著影响。试验表明420×104株/hm^(2)基本苗、适当缩小行距可作为直立株型小麦合理的栽培措施。直立株型小麦作为一种新的类型,能够选育高产甚至超高产小麦品系,在实践中具有应用价值。

窄行密植品字形播种技术装备研究进展

窄行密植模式是目前增加农作物种植密度和提升作物产量的先进种植技术,品字形种植模式是实现窄行密植模式的一种种植方法。目前主流的农业机械一般配套单宽行垄作或者平作的常规种植模式,针对窄行密植下交错排列品字形种植模式配套播种机具较少,尤其是适用于高速作业(10 km/h以上)的播种机具,在一定程度上阻碍了窄行密植品字形种植模式的种植效率与推广应用。阐述了宽窄行品字形种植模式的基本内容,探讨分析了国内用于品字形种植模式的播种装备研究进展,以及用于该模式的评价指标,并对品字形种植模式的技术应用与推广提出了建议。

基于功能-结构模型的玉米大豆间作不同行向辐射分布研究

【目的】构建不同种植模式和行向的玉米大豆间作功能-结构模型,为解析玉米大豆间作系统的产量优势、生长发育规律及种植模式和行向对光截获、光分配和辐射利用效率的影响提供有力支持。【方法】基于不同种植模式的玉米大豆间作田间试验,解析种植行向如南北行向、东西行向、传统行向(梨树当地长期使用的种植行向,即南偏西40o)对作物生物量、产量和形态结构的影响,构建玉米大豆间作功能-结构模型,模拟不同种植模式和行向下作物群体生长发育和结构变化,量化种植行向对间作系统光截获量和辐射利用效率的影响,并探索玉米大豆间作高光截获量的最佳种植行向。【结果】玉米大豆间作系统的籽粒土地当量比(landequivalentratio,LER)南北行向最高(1.20±0.07),东西行向最低(1.16±0.09)。构建的模型较好地模拟了不同种植方式和种植行向下玉米和大豆的生长发育,与田间实测值相比,玉米株高、单株叶面积和冠层光截获系数的均方根误差(RMSE)分别为0.09—0.14 m、0.04—0.08 m^(2)·plant(-1)和0.07—0.12,大豆株高、单株叶面积和冠层光截获系数的RMSE分别为0.07—0.09 m、0.02—0.04 m^(2)·plant^(-1)和0.09—0.10。传统行向间作系统的累积光截获量最高,为(758.48±1.00)MJ·m^(-2),南北行向和东西行向的辐射利用效率比传统行向分别降低了7.18%、10.57%。【结论】间作种植可以提高玉米生物量和产量,降低大豆生物量和产量。玉米大豆间作种植模式中,种植行向对作物生长有显著影响,矮秆大豆通过改变叶片大小、节间长度和叶柄倾角规避高秆玉米的遮荫影响,以增加受光量和辐射利用效率,最终提高产量。种植行向对群体累积光截获影响较大,间作系统的辐射利用效率与累积光截获量均表现为传统行向>南北行向>东西行向。本研究有助于田间布局优化,为解释不同种植行向玉米大豆间作的光截获和光分配提供了数据支持。

不同株行距对白羊草种子产量及相关农艺性状的影响

[目的]探究白羊草(Bothriochloa ischaemum)种子生产适宜的株距和行距配比。[方法]以“太行”白羊草种子为试验材料,采用双因素裂区试验设计,分别设置4个株距水平(记为R_(1)、R_(2)、R_(3)、R_(4),分别为30、45、60、75 cm)和4个行距水平(记为L_(1)、L_(2)、L_(3)、L_(4),分别为30、45、60、75 cm),研究不同株行距配比对白羊草种子产量及其构成因子的影响。[结果]株距和行距对白羊草生殖枝数、花序长、株高、落粒率均有极显著(P<0.01)的交互作用。株距和行距的交互作用对白羊草实际种子产量有极显著(P<0.01)影响。相关性分析表明,株距与生殖枝数、小穗数、理论种子产量和实际种子产量呈显著(P<0.05)正相关关系,与花序长呈显著(P<0.05)负相关关系;行距与生殖枝数、小穗数、千粒重、理论种子产量和实际种子产量呈显著(P<0.05)正相关关系,与花序长呈显著(P<0.05)负相关关系。主成分分析表明,前两个主成分累积贡献率为81.946%,决定第1公因子的主要性状是生殖枝数、小穗数、花序长、落粒率、千粒重、理论种子产量、实际种子产量,第2公因子贡献率为20.994%。产量指标综合评价表明,R_(3)L_(3)(60 cm×60 cm)分数最高,为5.039。[结论]为获得白羊草最高种子产量,将株距和行距均设置为60 cm为宜。

大豆-玉米带状复合种植株行距优化

合理的株行距配置可使大豆-玉米带状复合种植增产增收。为明确适宜界首市推广的大豆-玉米带状复合种植株行距,文章采用6∶4(大豆∶玉米)种植模式,研究4种不同株行距配置对大豆-玉米带状复合种植产量和产值的影响。结果表明,在大豆∶玉米6∶4种植模式下,品种组合1、2、3适宜株行距配置为大豆∶12 cm×30 cm,玉米∶12 cm×60 cm;品种组合4、5适宜株行距配置为大豆∶12 cm×30 cm,玉米∶14 cm×50 cm。在此株行距配置下,各品种组合的产量及产值最高,适宜在界首市推广应用。

不同种植密度与氮肥互作对红花产量及品质的影响

为明确引黄灌区红花(Carthamus tinctorius)最佳种植密度和适宜氮肥施用量,本试验选用红花‘甘红1号’为试验材料,采用裂区设计,主区为施氮量,副区为种植密度,设3个施N水平(45、90、135 kg·hm^(-2))和4个种植密度(株行距分别为30 cm×60 cm、25 cm×60 cm、25 cm×50 cm、27 cm×40 cm),研究不同施氮量和种植密度对红花产量品质及氮素吸收利用的影响。结果表明,施氮量和种植密度显著影响红花产量品质及氮素利用,农艺性状、产量性状及氮素积累量随着两者的增加呈先增大后降低的趋势。籽粒产量、羟基红花黄色素A (HSYA)、氮素积累量、氮肥表观利用率和氮肥农学利用率受交互作用影响显著,干花产量对种植密度反应敏感。其中,施氮量90 kg·hm^(-2)、株行距25 cm×50 cm条件下,HSYA含量最高,其余指标在施氮量90 kg·hm^(-2)、株行距25 cm×60 cm条件下趋于最大。综合考虑产量、品质、氮素利用协同提高,在引黄灌区红花种植最佳施氮量为90 kg·hm^(-2),种植密度以株行距25 cm×50 cm或25 cm×60 cm为宜。