BER Performance of Space-Time Coded MMSE DFE for Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA)

In recent times, there has been growing interests in integration of voice, data and video traffic in wireless communication networks. With these growing interests, WCDMA has immerged as an attractive access technique. The performance of WCDMA system is deteriorated in presence of multipath fading environment. The paper presents space-time coded minimum mean square error (MMSE) Decision Feedback Equalizer (DFE) for wideband code division multiple access (WCDMA) in a frequency selective channel. The filter coefficients in MMSE DFE are optimized to suppress noise, intersymbol interference (ISI), and multiple access interference (MAI) with reasonable system complexity. For the above structure, we have presented the estimation of BER for a MMSE DFE using computer simulation experiments. The simulation includes the effects of additive white Gaussian noise, multipath fading and multiple access interference (MAI). Furthermore, the performance is compared with standard linear equalizer (LE) and RAKE receiver. Numerical and simulation results show that the MMSE DFE exhibits significant performance improvement over the standard linear equalizer (LE) and RAKE receiver.

Reservation-based dynamic admission control scheme for wideband code division multiple access systems

Call admission control (CAC) and resource reservation (RR) for mobile communication are two important factors that guarantee system efficiency and quality of service (QoS) required for different services in a very scarce resource as the radio spectrum. A new scheme was proposed which extends the concepts of resource sharing and reservations for wideband code division multiple access (WCDMA) systems with a unique feature of soft capacity. Voice and data traffic were considered. The traffic is further classified into handoff and new requests. The reservation thresholds were dynamically adjusted according to the traffic pattern and mobility prediction in order to achieve the maximum channel utilization, while guaranteeing different QoS constraints. The performance of proposed scheme was evaluated using Markov models. New call blocking probability, handoff call dropping probability, and channel utilization were used as benchmarks for the proposed scheme.

Analysis and Simulation for Capacity of Time Division-Synchronous Code Division Multiple Access System

Capcity both in uplink and downlink of TD-SCDMA (time division-synchronous code division multiple access) system is studied in a multi-cell environment. The theoretical expressions of the mean of intercell interference in uplink and the mean of sum of power allocation in downlink are given, by which uplink and downlink capacity is analyzed. Furthermore, we give the simulation models for both uplink and downlink capacity. The results from theoretical analysis and simulation fit very well. In the end, the maximum number of users that TD-SCDMA system can serve for 12.2 k speech service is given.

Performance analysis of quantum access network using code division multiple access model

A quantum access network has been implemented by frequency division multiple access and time division multiple access, while code division multiple access is limited for its difficulty to realize the orthogonality of the code. Recently,the chaotic phase shifters were proposed to guarantee the orthogonality by different chaotic signals and spread the spectral content of the quantum states. In this letter, we propose to implement the code division multiple access quantum network by using chaotic phase shifters and synchronization. Due to the orthogonality of the different chaotic phase shifter, every pair of users can faithfully transmit quantum information through a common channel and have little crosstalk between different users. Meanwhile, the broadband spectra of chaotic signals efficiently help the quantum states to defend against channel loss and noise.

Joint power control based on service factor for code division multiple access system

An important feature of the traffic in mobile networks is burstiness. Drawbacks of conventional power control algorithms for time division duplex （TDD）-code division multiple access （CDMA） systems are analyzed. A joint power control algorithm based on service factor is presented to address the TDD-CDMA mobile services in the burst mode according to the Markov modulated Bernoulli process. The joint power control equation is derived. A function model is developed to verify the new algorithm and evaluate its performance. Simulation results show that the new power control algorithm can estimate interference strength more precisely, speed up convergence of power control, and enhance power efficiency and system capacity. It is shown that the proposed algorithm is more robust against link gain changes, and outperforms the reference algorithms.

A multiple copyright identification watermarking algorithm based on code division multiple access

A multiple watermarking algorithm is presented according to the multiple accessing technique of the code division multiple access （CDMA） system. Multiple watermarks are embedded into digital images in the wavelet transform domain. Each of the watermarks is embedded and extracted independently without impacts to each other. Multiple watermarks are convolution encoded and block interleaved, and the orthogonal Gold sequences are used to spread spectrum of the copyright messages. CDMA encoded water-mark messages are embedded into the wavelet sub-bands excluding the wavelet HH1 sub-bands. The embedment amplitude is decided by Watson＇ s perceptual model of wavelet transform domain, and the embedmeut position in the selected wavelet sub-bands is decided randomly by a pseudo-random noise （PN） sequence. As a blind watermm＇king algorithm, watermarks are extracted without original image. The watermarking capacity of proposed algorithm is also discussed. When two watermarks are embedded in an image at the same time, the capacity is larger than the capacity when a single watermark is embedded, and is smaller than the sum of the capacity of two separately embedded watermarks. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm improves the detection bits error rate （BER） observably, and the multiple watermarks have a preferable robustness and invisibility.

A passive optical network based on optical code division multiplexing and time division multiple access technology

A passive optical network （PON） scheme based on optical code division multiplexing （OCDM） for the downstream traffics is proposed and analyzed in detail. In the PON, the downstream traffics are broadcasted by OCDM technology to guarantee the security, while the upstream traffics pass through the same optical fiber by the common time division multiple access （TDMA） technology to decrease the cost. This schemes are denoted as OCDM/TDMA-PON, which can be applied to an optical access network （OAN） with full services on demand, such as Internet protocol, video on demand, tele-presence and high quality audio. The proposed OCDM/TDMA-PON scheme combines advantages of PON, TDMA, and OCDM technology. Simulation results indicate that the designed scheme improves the OAN performance, and enhances flexibility and scalability of the system.

Performance Analysis of Multiple User Optical Code Division Multiple Access

In this paper, we discuss and analyze an optical code division multiple access for multiple user system. Media access control implementation has been considered. For fulfilling the huge need of bandwidth services, technology tends to move to optical networks and three major optical systems come into existence. Code division of the optical network is most used and real concept interacted with users up to this time. Optical code division multiple access provides complete spectrum to each and every user for the time of accessing the channel. In the paper, we have proposed network architecture with optical encoder and decoder along with optical code translator which is supporting multiple user systems. We integrate the code translator with encoding and decoding of optical code to use the optical network at full extent and present the simulation validation results of 6 Gb/s 3-hop transmission by use of proposed architecture. Further, we have implemented experimentation with 6 users 3 Gb/s optical code division multiple access network. Through simulation structure, it is shown that the combination of encoding with EDFA in multiple user environment system provides improvement in bit error rate and also improves the multiple access interference. With increase of users in the network, MAI value increases and our proposed scheme controls interference in the network.

A Low Complexity VCS Method for PAPR Reduction in Multicarrier Code Division Multiple Access

This paper investigates a peak to average power ratio （PAPR） reduction method in multicarrier code division multiple access （MC-CDMA） system. Variable code sets （VCS）, a spreading codes selection scheme, can improve the PAPR property of the MC-CDMA signals, but this technique requires an exhaustive search over the combinations of spreading code sets. It is observed that when the number of active users increases, the search complexity will increase exponentially. Based on this fact, we propose a low complexity VCS （LC-VCS） method to reduce the computational complexity. The basic idea of LC-VCS is to derive new signals using the relationship between candidature signals. Simulation results show that the proposed approach can reduce PAPR with lower comtational pucomplexity. In addition, it can be blindly received without any side information.

Hybrid Deep Learning-Based Adaptive Multiple Access Schemes Underwater Wireless Networks

Achieving sound communication systems in Under Water Acoustic(UWA)environment remains challenging for researchers.The communication scheme is complex since these acoustic channels exhibit uneven characteristics such as long propagation delay and irregular Doppler shifts.The development of machine and deep learning algorithms has reduced the burden of achieving reli-able and good communication schemes in the underwater acoustic environment.This paper proposes a novel intelligent selection method between the different modulation schemes such as Code Division Multiple Access(CDMA),Time Divi-sion Multiple Access(TDMA),and Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing(OFDM)techniques using the hybrid combination of the convolutional neural net-works(CNN)and ensemble single feedforward layers(SFL).The convolutional neural networks are used for channel feature extraction,and boosted ensembled feedforward layers are used for modulation selection based on the CNN outputs.The extensive experimentation is carried out and compared with other hybrid learning models and conventional methods.Simulation results demonstrate that the performance of the proposed hybrid learning model has achieved nearly 98%accuracy and a 30%increase in BER performance which outperformed the other learning models in achieving the communication schemes under dynamic underwater environments.

Frameworks of Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access Techniques in Cognitive Radio Communication Systems

Recently,the increasing demand of radio spectrum for the next generation communication systems due to the explosive growth of applications appetite for bandwidths has led to the problem of spectrum scarcity.The potential approaches among the proposed solutions to resolve this issue are well explored cognitive radio(CR)technology and recently introduced non-orthogonal multiple access(NOMA)techniques.Both the techniques are employed for efficient spectrum utilization and assure the significant improvement in the spectral efficiency.Further,the significant improvement in spectral efficiency can be achieved by combining both the techniques.Since the CR is well-explored technique as compared to that of the NOMA in the field of communication,therefore it is worth and wise to implement this technique over the CR.In this article,we have presented the frameworks of NOMA implementation over CR as well as the feasibility of proposed frameworks.Further,the differences between proposed CR-NOMA and conventional CR frameworks are discussed.Finally,the potential issues regarding the implementation of CR-NOMA are explored.

Design and Implementation of Single Chip WCDMA High Speed Channel Decoder

A memory and driving clock efficient design scheme to achieve WCDMA high-speed channel decoder on a single XILINX’ XVC1000E FPGA chip is presented. Using a modified MAP algorithm, say parallel Sliding Window logarithmic Maximum A Posterior (PSW-log-MAP), the on-chip turbo decoder can decode an information bit by only an average of two clocks per iteration. On the other hand, a high-parallel pipeline Viterbi algorithm is adopted to realize the 256-state convolutional code decoding. The final decoder with an 8×chip-clock (30 72MHz) driving can concurrently process a data rate up to 2 5Mbps of turbo coded sequences and a data rate over 400kbps of convolutional codes. There is no extern memory needed. Test results show that the decoding performance is only 0 2～0 3dB or less lost comparing to float simulation.

不相关多子集零相关区序列集的构造

在多小区环境下的准同步码分多址(quasi-synchronous code-division multiple-access,QS-CDMA)系统中,不相关多子集零相关区(zero correlation zone,ZCZ)序列集不仅可以消除一定时延内来自相同小区的信号干扰,而且可以完全消除来自相邻小区的信号干扰。针对如何基于仿酉矩阵构造多子集ZCZ序列集的问题,设计了两种构造方法。具体地,通过构造具有一定特性的多个初始矩阵,再结合仿酉矩阵,进而利用不同的初始矩阵产生不同的ZCZ序列集,且序列集间互不相关。所提方法的核心是多个初始矩阵的设计,方法1通过对离散傅里叶变换(discrete Fourier transform,DFT)矩阵进行分块与叠加实现,方法2利用已有的不相关多子集ZCZ序列集实现。由两种方法得到的构造结果,其参数趋近于最优,为解决多小区环境下的干扰抑制问题提供了新的序列设计方法。

大规模卫星星座组网的码分多址干扰分析

码分多址(CDMA)的通信体制是大规模卫星星座组网的主要部分,针对星间多通道通信存在多址干扰的情况,对其接收链路建立模型,描述灵敏度与比特能量噪声密度比(BENR)、设备采样信噪比(SNR)的关系,并分析多址干扰和加性白噪声对SNR的影响。在MATLAB仿真不同接收、干扰功率时的BENR与灵敏度,仿真结果表明,信干比(SIR)大于0 dB时,干扰信号对灵敏度影响较小,而维持高灵敏度时可抵抗−6 dB干扰。建立3个发射器和1个接收器的实验平台,由Chipscope、MATLAB软件处理数据,得到符合实际应用需求的接收灵敏度,实验结果表明,SIR大于0 dB时,接收灵敏度可达−107 dBm,高灵敏度下可抵抗−9 dB干扰,误差影响因素为电路噪声。理论分析与实测相符,为实际低轨卫星星座组网的设计奠定了基础。

基于免疫计算的WCDMA网络基站选址优化

为了解决WCDMA网络基站选址优化问题,该文给出了一个基于免疫计算的选址优化方案。研究了容量约束下的小区面积,给出了免疫优化算法框架,并与文献算法进行了对比实验。实验结果表明:该文算法方案能以较小的网络建设代价满足覆盖要求,具有较好的应用价值。

基于WCDMA系统的传播模型校正的研究

为获得适合我国城市环境的WCDMA(Wideband Code Division Multiple Access)网络的通用室外传播模型,更好地进行WCDMA无线网络规划。在现有传播模型的基础上,采用最小二乘法,对CW(Continuous Wave)测试所获得的数据进行曲线拟合,得到适合中小城市WCDMA网络的传播模型。仿真结果表明,该模型校正方法适合地形较为平坦的中小城市。校正后模型预测值与实测数据的最大误差比校正前降低了40 dB,且具有对数字地图依赖程度低的优点,对指导我国WCDMA网络规划具有应用价值。

WCDMA线性功率放大器设计

针对WCDMA信号具有高峰均功率比的特点,应用微波CAD软件对所设计的电路进行了仿真和优化,输出匹配电路采用微带加并联电容的混合结构实现共轭匹配。设计了一个高线性功率放大器,制作了功率放大器模块,并对该功率放大器模块进行了基本参数测试。测试结果为当输出功率达到40dBm、峰均比为10.57dB时,邻道抑制为50.64dB(@5MHz)、66.29dB(@10MHz),EVM=1.85%,输出效率为12%,满足国际标准3GPP的要求。

WCDMA主同步信道匹配滤波器的改进与实现

根据 WCDMA主同步信道的帧结构 ,利用主同步码的构成特点改进了传统匹配滤波器的结构 ,提出了一种二维级联匹配滤波器结构 .并对该结构进行了定点仿真 ,通过 FPGA实现了这种匹配滤波器 .该二维级联结构大大节省了硬件资源 ,提高了运行速度 .

一种基于负载均衡的WCDMA基站站址选择算法

提出一种基于负载均衡的移动台分配策略,充分考虑了宽带码分多址(WCDMA)网络的小区呼吸效应,在移动台分配过程中,对移动台与基站的链路连接关系进行了优化,使得各个基站的负载相对均衡.理论分析与仿真实验结果表明,在完成同样的覆盖时,采用所提出的移动台分配策略可以显著减少规划区域内所有基站所需的发射总功率.

WCDMA系统中Turbo码译码器的FPGA实现——高效实现Log-MAP算法的硬件结构

在深入研究 Turbo码译码算法的基础上 ,提出一种高效实现 log- MAP算法的硬件结构 ,基于此结构实现的用于宽带码分多址系统的