Akebia ― a valuable wild fruit under domestication

Akebia is a wild fruit originating in the Yangtse river valley and the surrounding areas. It includes mainly three species （subspecies）： Akebia trifoliata, Akebia trifoliata subsp, australis, and Akebia quinata. It has many good traits, such as large fruit size, early fruit-setting and high yield, excellent eating quality, and good environmental adaptability. However, there are some shortcomings with the fruit, including thick skin, excessive number of seeds, and relatively small proportion of edible flesh. Akebia is also a traditional Chinese medicine, which has the functions of relieving internal heat and diuresis, dredging venation and improving blood circulation, cleansing facial chloasma, detoxication and anti-cancer activities. Akebia can be used as fresh fruit, for processing, and for pharmaceutical purposes. We have been undertaking a series of research on the domestication and utilization of Akebia, including cultivar selection, techniques for cultivation, storage and processing, and related basic studies. A Chinese trade name “Hehuanguo” and an English trade name “Joyfruit” have been registered for Akebia to facilitate its commercial development.

Community Characteristics of Wild Fruit Forests Along Elevation Gradients and the Relationships Between the Wild Fruit Forests and Environments in the Keguqin Mountain Region ofⅠii

In this paper,the quantitative relationship between the wild fruit communities and direct environmental factors is discussed on the basis of detailed data on landscape scale habitats obtained through field vegetation investigation.The results from TWINSPAN and DCCA showed that:1) In the distribution sections of the wild fruit forest in the Keguqin Mountain region,the basic patterns characteristic of the different habitats are due to topographic factors,nutrients and moisture conditions;2) The elevation affected the most basic differentiation of plant communities in the study area,indicating that the elevation condition was the most important factor restricting the distribution of the wild fruit communities in the study area;3) The close relationship between the moisture content in the upper soil layer and the elevation reflected the influence of moisture conditions on both wild fruit and herb-layer communities;4) Nutrient differences not only indicated that the habitat conditions were different in themselves but also showed that the present nutrient conditions of the habitats were seriously affected by human activities.In summary,under complicated mountainous topographic conditions,the habitat conditions for the communities differed very significantly,and the combination of elevation,soil moisture content,total nitrogen,slope aspect,and pH value influenced and controlled the formation of community distribution patterns in the study area.

Nutritional Composition of Four Underexploited Wild Fruits in Mali

Malnutrition and food insecurity are major concerns for the Malian authorities. The objective of this study was to strengthen the knowledge about the nutritional and physicochemical values of four underutilized edible wild fruits picked at two cities belonging to different bioclimatic zones of Mali. The physicochemical and nutritional parameters were performed using standard methods. The findings revealed that all these parameters varied from one fruit to another, this outcome could be associated with the provenances of the wild fruits (p-value < 0.05). The protein contents varied from 4.53 g/100g by dry matter (DM) for R. sudanica fruits to 5.34 g/100g DM for those of B. aegyptiaca, all these samples were being harvested from Sikasso. The highest concentrations of vitamins are C (150,800 to 151,000 μg/100g DM), E (1,310 to 1,350 μg/100g DM) and A (38 to 40 μg/100g DM) respectively for the fruits of Z. mauritiana, B. aegyptiaca and S. senegalensis. In addition, these fruits would constitute a potential source of minerals such as iron, phosphorus and calcium. Thereby, these fruits are promising raw materials to be used against the malnutrition linked to the micronutrients deficiencies and the management of certain pathologies related to oxidative stress.

Technical Regulations for Standardized Planting of Rare and Multi-purpose Wild Fruit Kadsura coccinea

The cultivation technology were standardized for improving the yield and quality,and the commodity value and the competitiveness of fruit market,and solving the bottleneck problem—fruit quality and yield that affect the industrial development of rare and multi-purpose wild fruit Kadsura coccinea(Lem.)A.C.Smith.Through the investigation of K.coccinea production area and planting area,collection and analysis of fruit samples,it was found that in most planting area,the varieties of K.coccinea were mixed,with great differences in fruit quality and yield,which makes it impossible to realize large-scale planting.In view of these problems,a series of studies have been carried out and the technical regulations for standardized planting of rare and multi-purpose wild fruit K.coccinea were formulated.

Glycemic Index and Glycemic Load of Juice from Edible Wild Fruits (Adansonia digitata, Tamarindus indica and Parkia biglobosa) Consumed in Cote d’Ivoire

The diabetes mellitus is a public health problem in C?te d’Ivoire. The Glycemic index (GI) and the Glycemic load (GL) determination of commonly consumed foods such as juice fruits is an alternative to prevent metabolic diseases. This study carried out three wild fruits locally named Baobab (Adansonia digitata), Tomi (Tamarindus indica) and Néré (Parkia biglobosa) collected at maturity stage. The juices from the pulp of fruits have been elaborated, pasteurized, submitted to microbiological and physicochemical analysis before GIs/GLs determination. Ten healthy subjects with body mass index and age average respectively 21.57 ± 1.06 and 28 ± 2 years old tested the three juices and glucose (50 g) as reference food. Blood samples have been collected at 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120 min after foods consumption. The GIs/GLs has been determined according to ISO/FDI 26642:2010 protocol. Data showed that pasteurized juices has a weak microbiologic load (1.0102 - 2.4102 of Mesophylls Aerobic Germs) and not contain pathogen germs. The GI and GL of Néré juice are high with respective values of 89.54 ± 1.63 and 29.22 ± 4.09 whereas those of Baobab and Tomi juice are moderate with respective GI/GL values of 66.48 ± 2.12/13.24 ± 1.99 and 60.41 ± 2.63/12.87 ± 1.67. The juice of Néré should be consumed occasionally when those of Baobab and Tomi should be consumed with moderation. It would be suitable to know more about the GI and GL of all the juice fruits produced locally so as to prevent efficiently diabetes mellitus in the country.

Wild fruit resources and exploitation in Xiaoxing'an Mountains

The ornamental characters, nutritious composition, edible value and medical value of thirteen kinds of major wild fruit resources in Xiaoxing’an Mountains Region were synthetically analyzed such as Rosa spp,, Actinidia spp. and so on. The results showed that the wild fruit resources in this region had important garden ornamental value, edible value and medical value. A lot of good germplasm resources and honey plant resources hadnt been effectvely protected and enough utilized. The right way of appropriate arrangement and reasonable exploitation of wild fruit resources in this region should be benefit to got rid of economic crisis early in this region.

Wild Fruits Traditionally Gathered by the Malinke Ethnic Group in the Edge of Niokolo Koba Park (Senegal)

In rural areas, the local population draws from several forest resources needed for survival including food. Then it is a granary for these native people. Unfortunately, useful wild plants are highly threatened, especially by various human activities. Because of this situation we started with open semi-structured interviews to identify wild fruit plants, their consumed organs and their seasonality in the rural community of Tomboronkoto. Tomboronkoto is located at the edge of the Niokolo-Koba National park (Senegal) and is mainly inhabited by Malinke. We identified 45 wild fruit species belonging to 38 genera that can be divided in 28 botanical families. The more diversified are successively the Anacardiaceae, Tiliaceae, Apocynaceae and Caesalpiniaceae. More than half of the plants inventoried are trees (53%). We can distinguish three categories of fruits depending on their Fidelity Level (FL) that informs us about their popularity: the well-known or common fruits, moderately known fruits and little known fruits. A dozen wild fruits happen to be greatly appreciated with very high fidelity level (100% to 84%). The fruits of Saba senegalensis, Adansonia digitata, Parkia biglobosa, Tamarindus indica and Vitellaria paradoxa are the most variously used because they are appreciated being fresh or cooked. Only fruits of Ficussur are available all year long. The large majority of the most consumed fruits are available between the end of the hot dry season until the middle of the rainy season. This period coincides with the period where crops from the previous rainy season are depleted and the new crops are not yet ripe. Thus, these wild fruits would greatly contribute to food security in this area during the lean period.

Bioinventory and documentation of traditional ecological knowledge of wild edible fruits of Kodagu-Western Ghats, India

Forty-five species of wild edible fruits were identified and traditional local knowledge of their usage was recorded in 40 villages of Kodagu district in Central Western Ghats, India one of the eight top hotspots of biodiversity in the world. We combined biodiversity inven-tory of trees with village interviews to record traditional ecological knowledge. Wild edible fruits were an opportunistic source of food for rural people. Wild edible fruits were rich in minerals, vitamins, carbohy-drates, proteins, fats and fiber. In recent years there has been a decline in numbers of wild fruit trees due to changes in land use from uncultivated private wooded area to cardamom and coffee cultivation. The availability of wild edible fruits that were once very common on private cultivated areas has declined and their distributions are now restricted more to jungles and wildlife sanctuaries. We propose methods for conservation and describe the need for sustainable utilization to provide supplemen-tary sources of nutritional and pharmaceutically useful edible wild fruits.

A method to evaluate the bioactive function of fruit extracts of Chinese wild Citrus with microtubular activity

China is one of the most important centers of origin for Citrus genetic resources. Due to the high content of secondary metabolites, mining wild Chinese Citrus for novel medical applications is promising. In this study, extracts of Chinese wild species from different taxonomical groups were screened for potential effects on microtubules （MTs） in vitro. MT density as a readout for nucleation, and frequency distribution over MT lengths as a readout for elongation and decay were determined by quantitative image analysis via a standardized coverslJp assay using fluorescently labelled neurotubulin. Extract from peels of Citrus ichangensis Swing. strongly increased the density of MTs; whereas, extract from peels of Cfurs limon （L.） Burm.f. exerted the opposite effect. Extract from pulp of Citrus limonia Osbeck promoted MT elongation, and in addition induced a small population of very long MTs. These data suggest that wild Chinese Citrus harbour compounds that act specifically on different aspects of MT nucleation, elongation, and decay.

基于草本群落、牧道特征对野果林放牧干扰强度的评价

客观、综合评价野果林放牧强度对正确认识林牧矛盾,制定科学合理的放牧制度具有重要意义。目前的研究主要集中在野果林放牧对植被群落特征和物种多样性影响上,然而野果林放牧活动本身的关注以及放牧强度的量化方法等方面尚不明确。基于此以新疆野果林6个典型放牧区为试验地,分析对比各放牧区的草本群落组成结构、生长特征、物种多样性以及牧道特征,并筛选出评价放牧干扰强度的主导因子,对其放牧干扰强度进行定量评价。结果表明:(1)草本群落特征方面,杏花沟物种数最多,且以禾本科种属植物为优势种;但莫乎儿沟草本密度比杏花沟高1.26%;各放牧区物种多样性水平存在显著差异,与其他放牧区相比,莫乎儿沟Shannon-Wiener多样性、Simpson优势度指数最高,分别为1.92、0.84,而吾都布拉克沟的Pielou均匀度指数最大;(2)牧道特征方面,伊勒格代沟的牧道密度显著大于匹里青沟,分别为19.23%、14.77%,而杏花沟的牧道宽度显著大于大西沟;在牧道分布格局上,除匹里青沟外,其他放牧区皆为均匀分布;(3)相关性分析表明草本群落结构特征、物种多样性水平及牧道特征指标间均存在较好的相关关系,对其12个指标主成分分析筛选出草本群落盖度、生物量、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Simpson优势度指数以及牧道密度与格局指数可作为评价放牧干扰强度的主导因子,依据牧压指数判定杏花沟与莫乎儿沟为轻、中度放牧干扰,大西沟、伊勒戈代沟、吾都布拉克沟与匹里青沟为重度或极度放牧干扰。当前新疆野果林整体受到放牧重度干扰,急需优化或者制定科学的放牧制度维护野果林的可持续发展。

新疆新源县野果林气象要素年变化特征

为了给新疆新源县野果林的更新与复壮工作提供气象资料支撑,对2019—2021年新源县野果林平地、阴坡和阳坡3种生境类型的气象观测数据进行监测分析,探讨气温、空气相对湿度、光照、土壤温湿度、降雨、风速与风向关键气象要素的年变化规律。结果显示:气温呈现明显的单峰年变化模式,7月气温最高,月平均温度为22.87℃,而1月气温最低,月平均温度为-8.59℃,不同试验地间的温差不超过2.04℃;空气相对湿度在6—7月达到峰值,并且极端湿度事件频繁发生;光照强度从1—6月逐渐增强,随后在7—12月逐渐减弱,3种试验地的年均光照强度差异小于1876 lx;随着深度的增加,土壤温度和含水量变化幅度减小,7月土壤温度达到最高,而1月最低,3月和9月为土壤温度的交汇期;土壤含水量在5—6月达到最高,在8—9月降至最低;降水主要集中在4—6月,占全年降水量的49.1%;年均风速为1.19 m·s-1,东南风向占主导地位,占比45.45%;除了风向外,其他气象要素之间存在显著的正相关性。总体而言,新源县野果林全年气候条件普遍适宜野果林的自然更新,但冬季极端天气对生态系统的稳定性和更新能力构成了显著挑战,需要在生态保护过程中予以重视。

海拔对塔城地区野果林生态位与种间关联影响

新疆塔城地区野果林作为新疆野果林的重要组成部分,在维持当地物种资源多样性中起到至关重要的作用,为探索该地区野果林生境因子对其生态位与种间关联的影响,在本地区的额敏县、裕民县和托里县,设立30 m×30 m的样方80个,记录海拔、坡度、坡向、土壤含水量、pH和草本盖度6种生境因子参数,通过Mantel检验分析生境因子对物种分布的影响,并将影响最大的生境因子分成4级,采用Levins生态位宽度指数(O ik)、Spearman秩关联系数(r ik)、Shannon-wiener指数和Simpson指数等进行分析。结果表明,(1)在6种生境因子中,海拔因子对树种分布影响最大(Mantel指数为0.2615),且呈现极显著性(P=0.0001);其次是土壤含水量、草本盖度(Mantel指数分别为0.1092、0.0987)。(2)塔城地区野果林主要树种为新疆野苹果(Malus sieversii)、红果山楂(Crataegus pinnatifida)和大叶绣线菊(Spiraea salicifolia),主要分布在海拔1100~1300 m。(3)新疆野苹果的频度和生态位宽度在各个等级均最高,而其余树种在不同等级下却表现出较大的差异,随着海拔的增加,树种的频度与生态位宽度出现了先增长后减少的趋势。(4)在4个海拔(第1等级为700~900 m,第2等级为900~1100 m,第3等级为1100~1300 m,第4等级为1300~1500 m)下,O ik>0分别占比树种间生态位重叠的83.33%、65.38%、60.44%和76.19%;生态位重叠指数随着海拔的增加呈现出先减少后增加的趋势。(5)4个海拔下,r ik≥0分别占比相对应海拔树种间正关联性66.67%、58.97%、35.16%和38.10%;树种在第1和第2等级下表现为以正关联性为主,而第3、第4等级则以负关联性为主,同时,正关联性、显著正关联性、显著负关联性随着海拔的增加呈现出先减少后增加的趋势,而无明显关联性却表现出先增加后减少的趋势。研究显示,海拔是塔城地区野果林物种分布最主要的影响因子,随着海拔增加,树种频度与生态位宽度出现了先增长后减少的趋势,生态位重叠指数、种间关联性呈现出先减少后增加的趋势,在海拔为1100~1300 m时,树种有着更好的分布与种间关系。

基于GEE的天山野果林分布区土地利用变化分析

基于谷歌地球引擎(Google earth engine,GEE)遥感大数据云平台,通过Landsat系列影像,运用随机森林算法,结合光谱指数、地形特征进行土地利用分类,通过地学信息图谱、土地利用动态度分析天山野果林分布区1997—2021年土地利用时空变化特征。结果表明,通过GEE平台,利用随机森林算法,可以快速实现土地利用分类,总体分类精度均大于90.00%,Kappa系数均高于0.85;1997—2021年天山野果林分布区主要为耕地、林地和草地,三者占总面积的90%以上;土地利用变化以草地向耕地的转变以及林地向草地的转变为主;建设用地、耕地、水域面积持续增加,变化呈聚集分布,林地先减后增,总体占地面积减少严重;建设用地增长速度最大,变化最为剧烈,未利用地、林地总体减少速度较大,变化较为剧烈。

河北省野生红树莓果实品质差异分析及评价

【目的】探究野生红树莓(Rubus idaeus L.)的果实品质差异,为红树莓高效栽培和品种选育提供理论依据。【方法】以河北省冀东区(秦皇岛市)、冀北区(承德市)、冀西北区(张家口市)以及冀西太行山区(保定市)4个野生红树莓种质资源主要分布区域的13个县域野生红树莓为研究对象,通过对果实外在表型性状和内在营养成分等指标的测定,对比分析不同区域野生红树莓的果实特性差异,运用相关性分析、主成分分析和聚类分析法,对野生红树莓的果实品质进行综合评价。【结果】冀北区野生红树莓的果实大小显著大于冀东区、冀西太行山区和冀西北区,纵径与横径分别在9.64~14.41 mm、9.48~16.30 mm之间,且该区的单果质量和单株产量更高,最高单株产量为306.70 g,各区域果形无显著差异;冀西太行山区的红树莓可溶性蛋白含量(w,后同)高于其他地区,在1.78~1.84 mg·g^(-1)之间;冀西北区的红树莓具有较高的维生素C含量(22.83~29.79 mg·100 g^(-1))和较高的氨基酸含量(12.47~12.96 mg·g^(-1));冀东区的红树莓花青素含量较为突出,在587.82~599.19 mg·kg^(-1)之间;经主成分分析,将18个指标经简化为4个相对独立的综合指标,累积方差贡献率为88.530%,综合得分排名前三位的地区为宽城、兴隆和围场;通过聚类分析,将13个样地的野生红树莓果实分为3类。【结论】结合河北省分区综合评价果实品质,得出冀北区的野生红树莓产量大、风味佳,适合鲜食生产,而冀西北区、冀西太行山区和冀东区的野生红树莓果实有机物含量突出,适合不同需求的加工生产。

2007—2020年新疆额敏县野果林时空分布和重心动态变化

以额敏县野果林分布区域为研究区,利用2007年快鸟(Quick bird)遥感影像、2013年和2020年高分一号卫星遥感影像、野果林野外实测数据等,实现野果林的信息解译和面积提取,基于动态度模型、转移矩阵模型、重心迁移模型,分析了2007—2020年研究区野果林的时空分布特征和动态变化情况,掌握了各类地物与野果林之间的相互转换,剖析了野果林空间分布的重心偏移规律,探讨了影响研究区野果林时空分布变化的原因。结果表明,2007—2020年,野果林面积增加了3.91 km2,呈持续缓慢增加趋势,旅游景区的开发,直接导致建筑用地面积有所增加;14年间,野果林面积逐步增加,归因于草地和裸土向野果林的转换较为频繁,其中草地向野果林的转化最为显著;野果林的重心变化幅度较小,空间分布较为稳定。

旱区野生铁线莲种实表型分析

为探明旱区野生铁线莲的种实表型特征,对其种实表型观赏、园林绿化植物选择及旱区铁线莲进一步开发和利用提供参考,以甘肃省野生的甘青铁线莲(Clematis tangutica)、粉绿铁线莲(Clematis glauca)、短尾铁线莲(Clematis brevicaudata)、灌木铁线莲(Clematis fruticosa)和小叶铁线莲(Clematis nannophylla)为研究对象,采用相关性分析、主成分分析、聚类分析等方法对其16个种实表型性状进行分析。结果表明,铁线莲种实性状在种间存在丰富的遗传分化(46.92%),种内存在一定的遗传变异(45.56%),果表型性状差异较种子大。甘青铁线莲的果实最大,与粉绿铁线莲的种实表型相似,短尾铁线莲的果实最小,小叶铁线莲与灌木铁线莲的种实表型相似,灌木铁线莲的种子最大,甘青铁线莲的种子最小。铁线莲能够通过增加果观赏性提高其观赏价值,五种铁线莲中甘青铁线莲和粉绿铁线莲果观赏性较好,优先推荐其选择应用及开发利用。

不同种源野生油茶果实表型性状多样性分析

本研究旨在探明不同种源野生油茶(Camellia oleifera)果实表型性状的遗传多样性,为油茶良种选育和遗传种质资源改良提供理论依据。以广东、广西、江西、安徽、四川、湖北、湖南、陕西和贵州9个省(自治区)16个种源地的218株生长良好的野生油茶为研究对象,采用多重比较、变异分析、巢式方差分析、相关性分析、主成分分析和聚类分析方法,对不同种源的8个果实表型性状进行统计和分析。结果表明,16个种源的8个果实表型性状变异系数均值范围为12.03%~35.08%,种源间变异系数均值(42.83%)大于种源内变异系数均值(23.99%),表型分化系数均值为88.63%,说明不同种源野生油茶果实表型性状变异丰富。相关性分析结果表明,鲜果重、果高、果径、果皮厚度、鲜籽重和每果籽数间互相呈极显著正相关,果皮厚度和鲜出籽率呈极显著负相关。主成分分析结果显示,前3个主成分的累计贡献率为90.773%,表明野生油茶果实表型性状的大部分信息基本可以用前3个主成分来反映,其中,第1主成分主要反映果实大小特征,第2主成分主要反映果实出籽率特征,第3主成分主要反映果实形状特征。聚类分析表明,16个种源在欧式距离10处被分为Ⅰ和Ⅱ类,同时进一步在欧氏距离5处分成不同的亚类,第Ⅰ类在生产加工中比较方便,第Ⅱ类在产量和收益上更具优势。本研究野生油茶果实表型性状变异丰富,可根据育种目标选择不同类群种源作为育种材料。

不同授粉树对“脆蜜”滇刺枣着果和果实品质的影响初探

为了探究不同滇刺枣品种辅助授粉对“脆蜜”滇刺枣着果的影响,观测4年生以上“脆蜜”“越南野枣”“高朗一号”开花习性和自然授粉结果情况,设置“脆蜜”母树相同位置短截枝条上分别嫁接“越南野枣”和“高朗一号”接穗1枝辅助授粉处理,以“脆蜜”自花授粉为对照,观测3个处理的“脆蜜”的果实纵横径变化和着果情况,并测定单果质量、果实可溶性固形物含量等果实品质指标。结果表明,嫁接“高朗一号”接穗处理的着果率>嫁接“越南野枣”接穗处理>对照(“脆蜜”自花授粉),且两两之间差异极显著(p<0.01)。花后不同时间,3个处理的果实纵横径快速增长,变化趋势基本类似。3个处理对果实品质产生一定影响,果形指数、单果质量、可食率、果实蛋白质含量、可溶性固形物含量等指标间差异不大。采后0~28 d时,3个处理室温(19℃左右)贮藏的果实烂果率呈增长趋势;采后28 d时烂果率均达到100%。其中,嫁接“高朗一号”接穗处理的果实烂果率发展速度较慢,采后21 d时其烂果率极显著低于其他两个处理。说明试验条件下,“脆蜜”滇刺枣以嫁接“高朗一号”接穗辅助授粉处理的效果较好。

江西九连山森林水果和野生蔬菜初探

【目的】森林水果和野生蔬菜是森林大食物观中粮食的重要组成部分,为了调查统计江西九连山分布的森林水果和野生蔬菜资源组成和种数。【方法】采用路线调查法对公路两侧、常绿阔叶林和针叶林等各种林分中的森林水果和野生蔬菜进行摄影、采集标本,记录其地理位置、种群数量和生境信息。【结果】建立了九连山森林水果和野生蔬菜名录;分析了江西九连山森林水果和野生蔬菜的科属结构、地理区系、生活型、营养和药用价值,并统计了九连山地区森林水果的果期,同时提出了九连山森林水果和野生蔬菜的开发建议。【结论】江西九连山森林水果资源和野生蔬菜资源丰富,营养药用价值高,开发潜力大,可为保障粮食安全提供数据支撑和实践指导。

利用野生松蘑子实体碎屑扩大其发生面积及产量的试验

野生松蘑的总产量除受自然气候影响外,着生面积大小也是主要因素。野生松蘑在自然条件下着生面积扩展缓慢,因此尝试通过播撒子实体碎屑扩大其着生面积,以提高其总产量。试验结果显示,当松蘑碎屑土(松蘑子实体碎屑与细土的混合物)播撒量为30 kg·667^(-1)m^(-2),撒播间隔为12 d时,效果最好。