Genetic diversity,geographic differentiation and evolutionary relationship among ecotypes of Glycine max and G. soja in China

The knowledge of origin and evolution of cultivated soybeans is one of the basic issues in both biology and agronomy of the crop. In order to investigate the nuclear and cytoplasmic genetic diversity, geographic differentiation and genetic relationship among geographic ecotypes of cultivated (Glycine max) and wild (G. soja) soybeans, the allelic profiles at 60 nuclear simple-sequence repeat (nuSSR) loci and 11 chloroplastic SSR (cpSSR) loci evenly distributed on whole genome of 393 landraces and 196 wild accessions from nation-wide growing areas in China were analyzed. (i) The genetic diversity of the wild soybean was obviously larger than that of the cultivated soybean, with their nuSSR and cpSSR alleles as 1067 vs. 980 and 57 vs 44, respectively. Of the 980 nuclear alleles detected in the cultivated soybean, 377 new ones (38.5%) emerged, while of the 44 chloroplastic alleles in the cultivated soybean, seven new ones (15.9%) emerged after domestication. (ii) Among the cultivated geographic ecotypes, those from southern China, including South-Central China, Southwest China and South China possessed relatively great genetic diversity than those from northern China, while among the wild geographic ecotypes, the Middle and Lower Changjiang Valleys wild ecotype showed the highest genetic diversity. (iii) The analysis of molecular variance, association analysis between geographic grouping and molecular marker clustering and analysis of specific-present alleles of ecotypes demonstrated that the geographic differentiation of both cultivated and wild soybeans associated with their genetic differentiation, or in other words, had their relevant genetic bases. (iv) The cluster analysis of all accessions clearly showed that the wild accessions from Middle and Lower Changjiang Valleys and South-Central & Southwest China had relatively small genetic distances with all cultivated accessions. The UPGMA dendrogram among geographic ecotypes further showed that the genetic distances between all cultivated ecotypes and the Middle and Lower Changjiang Valleys wild ecotype were smaller than those with other wild ones, including their local wild counterparts. Therefore, it is inferred that the wild ancestors in southern China, especially those from Middle and Lower Changjiang Valleys might be the common ancestor of all the cultivated soybeans.

中国野生和栽培大豆11S及7S蛋白质相对含量的比较分析

大豆种质蛋白质11S和7S及其亚基组相对含量的遗传变异是专用型品种选育的基础。以全国各生态区的野生豆138份和地方品种409份,国内育成品种148份、国外育成品种83份,合计778份大豆种质为材料,采用SDS-PAGE电泳技术测定蛋白质11S和7S组分及其亚基组相对含量,研究其遗传变异。在南京同一条件下的结果表明：全国野生豆、地方品种和育成品种11S相对含量平均分别为54.7%、64.8%和71.7%,变幅28.8%～82.6%、38.8%～79.4%和48.2%～88.9%;7S相对含量平均分别为44.7%、34.9%和27.9%,变幅20.6%～71.2%、20.6%～61.1%和15.7%～47.8%;11S/7S比值平均分别为1.4、2.0和2.7,变幅0.4～3.9、0.6～3.9和0.9～4.0。野生豆驯化为栽培豆并经选育后11S相对含量和11S/7S比值上升,7S相对含量下降,变幅均减小;亚基组11S-2和11S-3相对含量增加;7S的6个亚基组,尤其7S-1和7S-6,相对含量下降。11S、7S、11S/7S以及各亚基组在各群体各生态区内均有较大变异,但与来源地纬度、蛋白质和油脂含量均无显著相关。从中优选到11S/7S比值大于3.7、11S相对含量为78.9%～88.9%的8份种质,发现有11S的4个亚基组相对含量分别大于37%、7S的6个亚基组相对含量分别大于24%、以及11S-1和7S的6个亚基组缺失的种质,这些特异种质可供蛋白质组分育种利用。

中国野生大豆和栽培大豆种胚超氧物歧化酶的酶谱型及其地理分布

对中国24个省区226份野生大豆(Glycine soja)和104份栽培大豆(G.max)(地方品种)的种胚进行了超氧物歧化酶(SOD)的酶谱分析。发现大豆种胚DOD存在六种酶谱型,其中野生大豆五种(Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ、Ⅵ),并首次发现SOD_(b2b3)缺失基因型,而栽培大豆98％属于同一酶谱型(Ⅱ型)。比较了种间的酶谱,讨论了大豆进化和起源问题。

野生大豆(Glycine soja)YD63和栽培大豆(G. max)ZD19茎秆解剖结构比较

以野生大豆YD63和栽培大豆ZD19为研究对象,通过组织化学方法观察茎秆解剖结构的差异,分析和阐述这些解剖结构与功能和环境适应性间的关系,旨在为大豆抗逆性研究提供解剖学依据。结果表明:1.野生大豆表皮毛和腺毛多于栽培大豆,且角质层厚度、表皮厚度和表皮比例均大于栽培大豆,表皮和外皮层细胞的木质化和木栓化程度也高于栽培大豆;2.野生大豆皮层、韧皮部、木薄壁组织和髓的比例均大于栽培大豆,茎秆机械强度降低,可塑性升高,抗逆性增强;3.栽培大豆木质部、木纤维和总纤维比例均大于野生大豆,并且表皮细胞壁、韧皮纤维壁、木纤维壁和导管壁厚度均大于野生大豆。栽培大豆组织木质化的比例大于野生大豆,茎秆的机械强度升高,可以更好地维持直立生长和形态构建;4.栽培大豆微管形成层的细胞层数和厚度均大于野生大豆。栽培大豆木质部的比例大于韧皮部的比例,而野生大豆两者比例基本相同;5.野生大豆韧皮部厚壁组织几乎是连续分布,仅在髓射线处中断,而栽培大豆是不连续的,呈片状分布,野生大豆韧皮部厚壁组织的比例大于栽培大豆;6.野生大豆导管壁强度(t/b)2和小导管比例大于栽培大豆,水分运输的安全性较高,但野生大豆木质部的连通性和水分运输的效率低于栽培大豆。