Study on the Current Situation and Protection Countermeasures of Wild Plant Resources in Xishuangbanna National Nature Reserve

[Objective] The aim was to study the current situation and protection countermeasures of wild plant resources in Xishuangbanna National Nature Reserve. [Method] The current situation of wild plant resources in Xishuangbanna National Nature Reserve was researched by means of route survey, sample plot survey and literature survey, and then the main impact factors of wild plant resources were analyzed by using participatory rural appraisal and problem tree analysis, finally protection countermeasures were put forward according to current situation and main impact factors. [Result] There were 2 779 species of vascular plants belonging to 214 families and 1 012 genera (including subfamilies and varieties) in Xishuangbanna National Nature Reserve, among them, there existed 261 species of pteridophyte belonging to 41 families and 91 genera, 14 species of gymnosperm belonging to 6 families and 6 genera, and 2 504 species of angiosperm belonging to 167 families and 915 genera. Wild plant resources in reserve were mainly affected by planting under forest, habitat fragmentation, cutting trees, collection and utilization of no-timber products, development of animal husbandry, insufficient recognition of community residents to reserve management establishment and lots of floating population. In the future, wild plant resources in reserve could be protected through strengthening propaganda, education and management, enforcing the law strictly and other countermeasures. [Conclusion] The study could provide theoretical foundation for the protection of wild plant resources in Xishuangbanna National Nature Reserve.

Nutritional evaluation of Kedrostis africana (L.) Cogn:An edible wild plant of South Africa

Objective:To evaluate the nutritional composition and elemental constituents of Kedrostis africana and their safety aspect.Methods:Proximate parameters(moisture,ash,crude fibre,crude fat,proteins,and carbohydrate and energy) were evaluated using ALASA methods,and elemental analysis by ICP-OES technique.Results:The results from nutritional analysis showed that the tuber used for this study had a low content of crude fat and high content of ash,crude protein,crude fibre,carbohydrate and energy having the recommended dietary allowances.The tuber was rich in major minerals Na,K,Ca and Mg,there was sufficient amount of trace elements Fe,Cu,and Zn while the anti-nutrients oxalate,phytate,alkaloids,and saponins were detected in amounts that are not harmful according to Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization.Conclusions:The outcome of this study suggests that this wild plant has very good nutritional potentials to meet the recommended dietary allowance and it could be a cheap source of essential nutrients that may ameliorate most nutritional challenges and can contribute remarkably to the amount of nutrient intake in human and animal diet.

Effect of UV Radiation and Other Abiotic Stress Factors on DNA of Different Wild Plant Species Grown in Three Successive Seasons in Alpine and Subalpine Regions

Plants in natural ecosystems are exposed to a combination of UV radiation,ionizing radiation(IR)and other abiotic factors.These factors change with the altitude.We investigated DNA alterations of some wild plants of different plant families in natural ecosystems at three altitudes in Rila Mountain,Bulgaria(1500,1782,and 2925 m above sea level(a.s.l.)exposed to UV radiation,IR and other abiotic stresses,to assess the tolerance of plant species to the changing environmental conditions in three successive growth seasons.For this purpose,physicochemical,cytogenetic,and molecular methods were applied.DNA damage was assessed by micronucleus test and molecular method comet assay adapted and applied by us to wild plant species from Onagraceae,Rosaceae,Boraginaceae,Saxifragaceae,Orobanchaceae,Asteraceae and Poaceae families,growing at three different altitudes.Variability in the DNA sensitivity and the level of tolerance was observed among the plant species in response to combined abiotic factors assessed by induced DNA damage and gross beta activity.The studied representatives of Poaceae were less susceptible than the other studied species at all three altitudes and showed close level of DNA injuries to that of unaffected control plant grown in laboratory conditions.The lower levels of DNA damage of these wild plant species corresponded to their lower ability to accumulate radionuclides.There was a particularly pronounced low level of DNA injuries in the plant species at the highest altitude.The level of DNA damage showed correlation with the values of some abiotic environmental factors.The results would contribute to the elucidation of the extent of adaptation of plant species to the continuously changing environment and would be useful in selecting sensitive herbaceous monitor species for environmental impact assessment at mountain and alpine sites.

The Register and Characteristics of Chinese Key Protected Wild Plants in Dabie Mountains National Nature Preserve, Hubei Province

A study was conducted on the newly promulgated key protected wild plants distributed in the Dabie Mountains National Nature Reserve in Hubei in 2021.According to statistics,Dabie Mountains National Nature Reserve of Hubei Province has a total of 41 species of wild plants under national key protection,including 7 species in the first class and 34 species in the second class.Among them,6 are cultivated species,4 in the first class,and 2 species in the second class.The characteristics of Chinese key protected wild plants in the Dabie Mountains National Nature Reserve in Hubei Province were analyzed.

Predicted Functional Shifts Due to Type of Soil Microbiome and Watering of Two Wild Plants in Western Region of Saudi Arabia

The present study aimed to predict differential enrichment of pathways and compounds in the rhizosphere microbiomes of the two wild plants(Abutilon fruticosum and Nitrosalsola vermiculata)and to predict functional shifts in microbiomes due to water.Amplicon sequencing of 16S rRNA region V3–V4 was done and gene-based microbial compositions were enrolled in PICRUSt to predict enriched pathways and compounds.The results indicated that“ABC transporters”and“Quorum sensing”pathways are among the highest enriched pathways in rhizosphere microbiomes of the two wild plants compared with those of the bulk soil microbiomes.The highest enriched compounds in soil microbiomes of the two wild plants included five proteins and three enzymes participating in one or more KEGG pathways.Six of these eight compounds showed higher predicted enrichment in rhizosphere soil microbiomes,while only one,namely phosphate transport system substrate-binding protein,showed higher enrichment in the surrounding bulk soil microbiomes.In terms of differentially enriched compounds due to watering,only the dual-specific aspartyl-tRNA(Asn)/glutamyl-tRNA(Gln)amidotransferase subunit A showed higher enrichment in rhizosphere soil of the two wild plants after 24 h of watering.Two of the highly enriched compounds namely branched-chain amino acid transport system ATP-binding protein and branched-chain amino acid transport system substrate-binding protein,are encoded by genes stimulated by the plant’s GABA that participates in conferring biotic and abiotic stresses in plants and improves the plant’s growth performance.The 3-Oxoacyl-[ACP]reductase,a member of the short-chain alcohol dehydrogenase/reductase(SDR)superfamily,participates in fatty acids elongation cycles and contributes to plant-microbe symbiotic relationships,while enoyl-CoA hydratase has a reverse action as it participates in“Fatty acid degradation”pathway.The methyl-accepting chemotaxis protein is an environmental signal that sense“Bacterial chemotaxis”pathway to help establishing symbiosis with plant roots by recruiting/colonizing of microbial partners(symbionts)to plant rhizosphere.This information justifies the high enrichment of compounds in plant rhizosphere.The dual-specific aspartyl-tRNA(Asn)/glutamyl-tRNA(Gln)amidotransferase subunit A contributes to the plant ability to respond to watering as it participates in attaching the correct amino acid during translation to its cognate tRNA species,while hydrolyzing incorrectly attached amino acid.These two actions reduce the influence of oxidative stress in generating misfolded proteins and in reducing fidelity of translation.

Study on Resource Status and Protection Countermeasures of Wild Plant Species with Extremely Small Populations(PSESP)in Xinjiang

In recent years,the protection of PSESP has gradually become a hot issue in biodiversity research.Through the investigation and analysis of PSESP in Xinjiang,it is shown that:①there are 75 species of PSESP in Xinjiang,including 22 species of trees,18 species of shrubs and 35 species of herbs.The habitats are mainly in extremely cold,extremely dry or extremely narrow conditions such as snow line,desert,mountain,wetland and so on.②53 species(70.67%)are listed as national or autonomous region protected plants,and 22 species of PSESP are not listed in the protection;there are 70 species of PSESP listed in the red list,accounting for 93.33%.③The PSESP in Xinjiang are mainly distributed in the Altai Mountains,western Tianshan Mountains,Pamir Plateau and Karakoram Mountains;they are distributed in all kinds of nature reserves,forest parks,wetland parks and other natural ecological protection areas in Xinjiang.Ammopiptanthus nanus(M.Pop.)Cheng F.,Cistanche tubulosa(Schenk)Wight,Calligonum roborovskii A.Los.and Prunus cerasifera Ehrhart have not been found in the literature,indicating that they are distributed in protected areas.In order to provide a theoretical basis for the conservation of biodiversity in Xinjiang,this paper puts forward some suggestions on the protection of PSESP.

Some Wild Plants Consumed as Vegetables in Sanliurfa

This study was carried out to identify wild plants which are widely consumed as vegetables by local communities in Sanhurfa and neighboring provinces. The data were collected in different ways such as face to face interview with who collect these plants for directly consuming and marketing, and used for different purposes. As results of study, evaluation was done through data which were collected on characteristics of some plants usage fields, local and scientific names, and economic importance. Some species were determined （Gundelia tournefortii L., Ornithogalum narbonense L., Mentha pulegium L., Malva neglecta L., Nasturtium officinale R. Br., Anchusa azurea Miller., Arum dioscoridis Sm., Ferula orientalis L., Eryngium billardieri Delar., Capsella bursa-pastoris （L.） Medik. and Apiurn nodiflorum （L.） Lag. etc.） which are naturally grown and more intense in Sanhurfa.

Study on the Tolerance Mechanism of Alkaline Soil-Tolerant Wild Plants

The soil in many agricultural areas, including large parts of China, is becoming increasingly alkaline as a result of exploitation of soil resources. The soil becomes alkaline as a result of hydrolysis of two carbonates (NaH-

Lack of Evidence for Local Adaptation of the Endangered Karner Blue Butterfly to Its Sole Larval Hostplant—The Wild Lupine

Local adaptation is an important process that drives the evolution of populations within species, and it can be generally expressed by the higher fitness of individuals raised in their native habitats versus in a foreign location. The influence of local adaptation is especially prominent in species that subsist in small and/or highly isolated populations. This study evaluated whether the federally endangered Karner blue butterfly, Lycaeides melissa samuelis (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) is locally adapted to its exclusive larval host plant, the wild lupine (Lupinus perennis). To test for local adaptation, individuals from a laboratory-raised colony were reared on wild lupine plants from populations belonging to either their native (Indiana) or a foreign (Michigan and Wisconsin) region. For this purpose, lupine plants from the different populations were grown in a common garden in growth chambers, and one Karner blue larva was placed on each plant. Fitness traits related to growth and development were recorded for each butterfly across populations. Days from hatching to pupation and eclosion showed gender-specific significant differences across wild lupine populations and plant genotypes (within populations). The percent survival of butterflies (from hatching to eclosion) also differed among plants from different populations. These results indicate that wild lupine sources can affect some developmental traits of Karner blue butterflies. However, growth-related traits, such as pupal and adult weight of individuals reared in plants from native populations did not differ from those of foreign regions. The apparent absence of local adaptation to wild lupine suggests that, at least, some individuals of this species could be translocated from native populations to foreign reintroduction sites without experiencing decreased fitness levels. However, future studies including more populations across the geographical range of this butterfly are recommended to evaluate other environmental factors that could influence adaptation on a wider spatial scale.

Wild Ornamental Plant Resources and Their Application to City Gardening in Hainan Province

This paper deals with the wild ornamental plant resources which are suitable for the application to gardening in Hainan Province and with the significance and the influencing factors in the application and extension of these resources to gardening. The strategies for the application of the wild ornamental plant resources have been established as the result of this research.

Investigation and Analysis of Wild Potted Plant Resources in Xinyang

Author of this paper studied the varieties, resource types, ornamental value and utilization value of wild potted plants in Xinyang based on field investigation, and discussed the utilization ways and protective measures of potted plant resources. The results showed that Xinyang was rich in wild potted plants, with 74 families, 137 genera, and 379 species. Among them, angiosperms were the most common group, with 46 families, 92 genera, and 232 species. Bryophytes and ferns were also common in Xinyang, with 9 families, 22 genera, and 80 species as well as 13 families, 16 genera, and 58 species respectively. According to the purpose, wild potted plant resources can be grouped into three types: tree potted plants, landscape potted plants, and moss potted plants; according to the ornamental part, wild potted plant resources can be classified into five types: foliage plants, flowering plants, fruit-effect plants, synthetic plants, and special plants. Building up the ranks of penjing creators, giving full play to its advantages based on local resources, and producing penjing with local flavor, is the direction for future development of Xinyang penjing.

Chemical Composition, Phenolics, Anthocyanins Concentration and Antioxidant Activity of Ten Wild Edible Plants

Plants were collected and prepared for chemical analysis, total phenolics, anthocyanins concentrations, and free radical scavenging activity. Results showed that, protein concentration of Malva parviflora (22.9%) was the highest among the plants. Ruta chalepensis had high levels of fat and carbohydrates (4.2% and 51.7%, respectively), but had the lowest level of ash (8.7%). Mineral concentrations varied and found to have appreciable amounts of Ca, Na, K, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Zn and P. Total phenolic ranged from 163.1 (Tetragonolobus palaestinus) to 1328.8 mg GAE/100g (Ruta chalepensis). Anthocyanins ranged between 18.1 (Gundelia tournefortii) and 100.1 mg/100g (Rumex acetosella). These plants differed in free radical scavenging activity. It was concluded that these plants could be considered as natural sources for antioxidants and valuable natural resources as a new addition to the diet of inhabitants.

Effect of Plant Density on Wild Oat Competition with Competitive and Non-Competitive Wheat Cultivars

Wild oat （Avena ludoviciana） is one of the worst weeds in wheat fields. The effect of wheat density on wild oat competition with more or less competitive wheat cultivars （Triticum aestivum） was investigated at the Experimental Farm of Plant Pests and Diseases Research Institute, Karaj, Iran. The experiment was established as a factorial combination of wheat varieties Roshan as non-competitive and Niknejad as competitive; three wheat densities （recommended density, recommended＋25%, and recommended＋50%, corresponding respectively with 300, 375, and 450 plants m-2 for Roshan and 400, 500, and 600 plants m-2 for Niknejad） and four wild oat densities （0, 25, 50, and 75 plants m-2） were selected for this experiment. Hyperbolic equations were used to describe relationship between yield and weed density. Increase in wheat density reduced wild oat biomass. Maximum wild oat biomass was achieved at the highest density of the wild oat together with the lowest wheat density. The results showed that higher densities of wheat are able to suppress wild oat dry matter production. Inter-specific competition in Niknejad was 1.7 times more than that in Roshan. Maximum yields of Niknejad and Roshan in the presence of wild oat were obtained at recommended density＋25% and recommended density, respectively. Increase in wheat density leads to a decrease in wheat yield due to an increase in intra-specific competition. Increase in wild oat density results in the reduction of wheat yield through decrease in fertile tiller per plant and spike m-2.

Phenotypic, Stress Tolerance and Plant Growth Promoting Characteristics of Rhizobial Isolates from Selected Wild Legumes of Semiarid Region, Tirupati, India

Rhizobia are vital for nitrogen input, fertility of soil and legume plant growth. Knowledge on rhizobial diversity from arid and semiarid areas is important for dry land agriculture in the context of climatic change and for economic utilization. This study provides morphological, biochemical, stress tolerance and plant growth promoting characteristics of fifteen rhizobial isolates from the nodules of same number of wild legumes and one isolate from cultivated Arachis hypogea from semi-arid region, Tirupati. The bacterial isolates were confirmed as rhizobia based on colony morphology and biochemical tests. Based on the colour change of YMA-BTB medium, eight isolates were identified as slow growers and six were fast growers. The isolates differed in growth pattern, colony morphology, antibiotic resistance at higher concentrations and uniformity in utilization of carbon and nitrogen sources. The isolates are tolerant to NaCl up to one percent, displayed normal growth at temperatures 28℃ - 30℃, at neutral pH and poor growth at pH 5and 9. The isolates varied in the production of EPS and IAA, positive for phosphate solubilization and siderophore formation. This functional diversity displayed by the isolates can be utilised for the legume crop production by cross inoculation.

极小种群野生植物坡垒的研究现状和展望

极小种群野生植物因其分布范围狭窄且个体数量稀少,加之解濒技术不完善等随时面临灭绝风险,亟需进行拯救性保护。由于各极小种群野生植物自身生物学特性和致濒机理存在差异,针对特定物种开展基础性研究有助于为其保护和种群复壮提供科学依据。坡垒(Hopea hainanensis)曾是海南热带雨林的关键树种和表征种,但在人类活动和更新困难等因素的影响下,该极小种群野生植物的种群数量急剧减少。尽管已开展了较多研究工作,但资源现状不明、机理性研究缺乏、未来研究重点不清和科研未能有效指导保育实践等问题仍十分突出,长期性、深入性和系统性研究亟待加强。该文在全面检索相关文献的基础上,从生物学特性、自然分布区域、野生种群数量、适应性、就地和迁地保护、人工繁育技术和潜在濒危机制等方面系统回顾了坡垒的研究进展,讨论了极小种群野生植物保育工作中存在的问题和未来的研究重点,并基于目前的研究现状提出具体建议,以期为坡垒的保护和拯救提供参考。

贵州两地野生茶树叶片解剖结构比较及抗逆性分析

为更好地开发和利用贵州省盘州市及三都县的野生茶树种质,以24份野生茶树为材料,比较两地野生茶树叶片形态特征和叶片解剖结构特征共23个叶片性状,并结合隶属函数法分析野生茶树的抗逆性。结果表明,盘州和三都两地的野生茶树,在叶片表观上存在明显区别,盘州野生茶树的叶长、叶宽和叶面积极显著大于三都野生茶树,长宽比则极显著小于三都野生茶树。盘州和三都野生茶树在叶片厚度、栅栏组织厚度、细胞数、主脉厚度、草酸钙晶体密度等16个叶片解剖结构性状上存在显著或极显著差异,相较于三都野生茶树,盘州野生茶树的叶片厚度、栅栏组织厚度、海绵组织厚度、主脉厚度更厚,栅栏组织细胞排列更紧密,草酸钙晶体密度更大,上(下)表皮细胞厚度更薄。相关性分析显示,23个叶片性状间相关性较强,有43对呈极显著正相关,23对呈显著正相关,17对呈极显著负相关,12对呈显著负相关。聚类分析结果显示,24份野生茶树可分为4类,主脉厚度和维管束短径是主要划分依据。抗性评价结果显示,盘州野生茶树在抗旱性和抗寒性上略优于三都野生茶树。根据平均隶属函数值排序,筛选出SD-20-2、SD-20-3、PZ-05和PZ-09四份综合抗性较优的野生茶树,可作为高抗野生茶树种质选育抗逆性茶树品种。

云南省极小种群野生植物拯救保护规划研究

以《云南省极小种群野生植物保护名录(2021版)》收录的101种云南省极小种群野生植物物种为规划研究对象,分析物种数量与分布现状,总结拯救保护成效与存在问题,从保护体系和科研管理支持体系两大领域进行规划研究并提出保障措施,旨在全面提升云南省对极小种群野生植物认识水平和关注度,将极小种群拯救保护作为云南省生态文明建设的重要组成和亮点。

中国省级重点保护野生植物的种类组成和多样性分析

为揭示我国省级重点保护野生植物的主要特征,对我国已公布省级重点保护野生植物名录的24个省份数据进行了整理,并初步分析其种类组成、生活型谱和濒危等级。结果显示:(1)我国省级重点保护野生植物共有2044种,隶属于208科,844属。其中,大型真菌有23种,苔藓植物有14种,石松类和蕨类植物有63种,裸子植物有50种,被子植物有1894种。不同省份的重点保护植物种数介于17~448种,平均种数为115种。(2)植物的生活型共有10种。其中以草本植物最多,有1200种,占总种数的58.71%;其次为常绿乔木,有262种,占总种数的12.82%;再次为落叶乔木,有225种,占总种数的11.01%。(3)根据世界自然保护联盟(IUCN)红色名录的濒危等级划分,这2044种植物可分为6种类型。其中以无危(LC)最多,有1224种,占比59.88%;其次为易危(VU),有248种,占比12.13%;再次为近危(NT),有198种,占比9.69%;濒危(EN)有173种,占比8.46%;极危(CR)有128种,占比6.26%。值得注意的是,濒危植物类群(包括CR、EN、VU、NT)的植物合计有747种,占比36.55%。研究发现,我国省级尺度的重点保护野生植物名录涵盖的植物类群广泛,但是各省制定的名录涉及的植物种数和比例差异很大。不同省份的重点保护野生植物的生活型多样,但是总体上以草本植物为主;这些植物的濒危等级相对较高,这可能与其地理分布相对狭窄、种群规模往往较小以及受到一定人为活动的影响有关。因此,建议国家及省级相关职能部门在省级尺度上对重点保护野生植物名录制定加强指导,在强调物种的珍稀、濒危和特有性的同时,更好地兼顾管理的可操作性、有效性和充分性。

仿野生种植三叶青不同部位总黄酮分析及其抗炎、抗氧化能力比较

目的:比较仿野生种植三叶青不同部位中总黄酮含量、抗氧化活性以及抗炎能力差异。方法:采用醇提工艺对仿野生种植三叶青茎叶、块根、根须进行提取,比较不同部位间总黄酮含量差异;通过DPPH自由基、ABTS^(+)自由基、羟自由基清除实验以及铁离子还原力测定,比较仿野生种植三叶青不同部位间抗氧化能力的强弱;采用脂多糖(LPS)诱导RAW264.7细胞作为炎症模型,通过细胞NO的释放量比较仿野生种植三叶青不同部位间的抗炎能力差异。结果:在最佳提取工艺条件下,测得仿野生种植三叶青茎叶、块根、根须总黄酮含量分别为11.86±0.23、8.48±0.10、7.52±0.02 mg·g^(-1);建立三叶青HPLC指纹图谱,共标定了10个共有峰,通过对照品指认出6号峰为芦丁、8号峰为槲皮素、9号峰为山奈酚,并对其含量进行检测,结果显示块根中三种指标成分含量均最高,其次根须,茎叶最低。检测仿野生种植三叶青不同部位对DPPH自由基、ABTS^(+)自由基以及羟自由基的IC_(50)值,茎叶分别为0.2107、0.2315、0.7625 mg/mL;块根分别为0.3134、0.3758、0.8967 mg/mL;根须分别为0.2058、0.2587、0.7856 mg/mL。三叶青茎叶、块根、根须对铁离子还原能力的吸光度值分别为0.172、0.153、0.184。当仿野生种植三叶青三部位的质量浓度在25~200μg/mL之间时,它们不会对RAW264.7细胞造成毒性,能够有效地抑制LPS诱导的NO释放,从而达到良好的抗炎效果。结论:本研究结果为仿野生种植三叶青不同部位的质量评价提供参考,并对仿野生种植三叶青非药用部位废物再利用及后续全资源开发提供理论依据。

尤溪九阜山省级自然保护区野生园林保健植物资源调查

为更好地开发和利用园林保健植物资源,采用室外调查、资料检索与访谈相结合的方法,对福建省尤溪九阜山省级自然保护区野生园林保健植物资源进行调查,探究其资源概况和保健作用,并提出相应的开发对策。结果表明,该区野生园林保健植物共有60科87属105种(含种下分级),其保健植物的保健类型、生活型、生境、海拔分布和保健作用具有多样性,开发利用价值大。调查结果为野生园林保健植物资源的进一步研究与开发提供了参考。