Different people,different wild:Comparing and mapping wilderness representation in Wuyishan National Park,China

It is essential to better integrate wilderness representations of different stakeholders into wilderness conservation.The way in which local residents and other stakeholders frame the construction of wilderness of protected areas in developing countries are poorly understood.In these areas,land use policy and decision may lead to conflicts.This study aims to explore existing public wilderness representations using a questionnaire survey(n=514)administered amongst tourists and other stakeholders in the Wuyishan National Park,in southeast China.The spatial differences in public representations of wilderness across different stakeholder groups were compared against expert knowledge.We found that integrated wilderness representation maps of different stakeholder groups were consistent,namely'area where wild animals live','area with no human influence','a barren and lonely area'.However,three sub-representations of the individual stakeholders varied significantly.Moreover,expert-based wilderness mapping did not reflect public representations accurately,and an integrated wilder-ness quality map considering wilderness representations across both stakeholders and experts can better identify detailed wilderness areas.Our study provides new insights and technical support for future exploration of wilder-ness conservation and mapping in China and other countries with insufficient awareness of wilderness values and investigations in a regional scale.

Chan Buddhism in Wilderness and the Buddhist Tourism

The culture of landscape constitutes one of the vital characteristics of Chinese culture,in which,Chan Buddhism is a typical kind of Buddhist culture expressed by the natural objects.Chinese Buddhism,represented by Chan School,is interpreted by the beautiful natural scenery,therefore it is closely related to the tourism from the ancient time.However,this link is to defend Buddhist tourism,which is inevitably criticized,since the secularization of sacred Buddhism,though Buddhist tourism is beneficial for life,society,economy,and Buddhism itself.But this sort of criticism is a misunderstanding of Chinese Buddhism since that Chinese Buddhism absorbs Zhuang Zi’s thought that“the ultimate truth(道)is in shit(屎尿)”1,so that it purports to the sacred dimension which is overlapped by the secular aspect.For example,the short poems composed by masters in Chan School“The Buddhist dharma is in this world,so that the enlightenment could not be realized outside of the human world”,“where there is bamboo and flower,there is dharma and prajna”,are the best way to express this kind of divine concept,moreover,Buddhist tourism is an effective practice to allocate this divine connotation.

Innovation and Practice of the Cultivation Mode of Application-Oriented Undergraduate Talents in Agricultural and Forestry Colleges under the Guidance of the Spirit of the Great Northern Wilderness

Heilongjiang reclamation area has made great progress since its development and construction, among which the agricultural and forestry colleges in China have played a key role in the input of talents for the production of reclamation area, and the spirit of the Great Wilderness has important strategic significance for the cultivation of agricultural and forestry talents. Taking Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University as an example, this paper analyzes the ways of the Great Northern Wilderness Spirit for cultivating application-oriented undergraduate talents in agricultural and forestry colleges, improving the curriculum system of undergraduate talents through innovation, strengthening the cultivation of students’ innovative ability, leading students’ scientific research and academic level, and enhancing students’ practical ability. To innovate the cultivation mode of application-oriented undergraduate talents in agricultural and forestry colleges under the guidance of the spirit of the Great Northern Wilderness, and to provide a reference mode for the cultivation of undergraduate talents in agricultural and forestry colleges in China.

The Relations of Civilization to Wilderness in Wuthering Heights

This paper aims at the relations of civilization to wilderness in Wuthering Heights.By centering around the unity of Hareton and young Cathy,we shall argue that civilization is a process of negating wilderness and reconcilement with wildness.This paper is largely a rudimentary step to conclude that wilderness can be tamed,and love can overcome all obstacles and civilization will win at last.

The effect of wilderness and medical training on injury and altitude preparedness among backcountry hikers in Rocky Mountain National Park

BACKGROUND:The purpose of this study was to document the correlation between medical and wilderness training with levels of preparedness for acute mountain sickness(AMS),illness,and injury among backcountry hikers.METHODS:We conducted a cross-sectional,convenience survey in Rocky Mountain National Park in July and August 2015.The study group consisted of 380 hikers who completed a written survey that collected information about demographics,wilderness experience,altitude experience,hiking equipment,communications devices,and trip planning.RESULTS:Factors such as wilderness training(wilderness first aid[WFA],wilderness first responder[WFR],or wilderness emergency medical technician[WEMT]),wilderness experience,and altitude experience all affected hikers’emergency preparedness.Respondents with medical training were more prepared to avoid or respond to AMS(62.3%vs.34.3%[P<0.001]).They were also more prepared to avoid or manage injury/illness than hikers without medical training(37.7%vs.20.7%[P=0.003]).Participants with wilderness training were more likely to be prepared to avoid or respond to AMS(52.3%vs.36.8%[P=0.025])but not significantly more likely to be prepared to manage illness/injury(31.8%vs.22.0%[P<0.11]).Adjusting for experience,wilderness training,age,and gender,we found that medical training was associated with increased preparedness for AMS(OR2.72;95%CI 1.51–4.91)and injury/illness(OR 2.71;95%CI 1.5–4.89).CONCLUSION:Medically trained hikers were more likely to be prepared to avoid or manage AMS,medical emergencies,and injuries than their non-medically trained counterparts.Wilderness training increased hikers’preparedness for AMS but did not significantly alter preparedness for illness/injury.

Wilderness medicine

BACKGROUND: Human activity in wilderness areas has increased globally in recent decades, leading to increased risk of injury and illness. Wilderness medicine has developed in response to both need and interest.METHODS: The field of wilderness medicine encompasses many areas of interest. Some focus on special circumstances(such as avalanches) while others have a broader scope(such as trauma care). Several core areas of key interest within wilderness medicine are discussed in this study.RESULTS: Wilderness medicine is characterized by remote and improvised care of patients with routine or exotic illnesses or trauma, limited resources and manpower, and delayed evacuation to definitive care. Wilderness medicine is developing rapidly and draws from the breadth of medical and surgical subspecialties as well as the technical fields of mountaineering, climbing, and diving. Research, epidemiology, and evidence-based guidelines are evolving. A hallmark of this field is injury prevention and risk mitigation. The range of topics encompasses high-altitude cerebral edema, decompression sickness, snake envenomation, lightning injury, extremity trauma, and gastroenteritis. Several professional societies, academic fellowships, and training organizations offer education and resources for laypeople and health care professionals.CONCLUSIONS: The future of wilderness medicine is unfolding on multiple fronts: education, research, training, technology, communications, and environment. Although wilderness medicine research is technically difficult to perform, it is essential to deepening our understanding of the contribution of specific techniques in achieving improvements in clinical outcomes.

Spatial Analysis of Livestock Grazing and Forest Service Management in the High Uintas Wilderness, Utah

This case study addresses the Forest Service reauthorization for grazing of domestic sheep in Utah’s High Uintas Wilderness, USA. It provides an approach using spatial analysis and aerial imagery to evaluate the lands capable of being grazed based on Forest Service criteria and field surveys. The resulting model and analysis demonstrated that the Forest Service has not applied its own criteria. This has led to the Forest Service overestimating the amount of land and numbers of sheep that can be supported in the study area. Past field studies show this has resulted in environmental damage by grazing sheep. Our analysis concludes that the numbers of domestic sheep should be greatly reduced to protect these lands and wilderness values. Limitations of the study include the lack of a suitably detailed soil survey to determine erosion susceptibility, a lack of ground cover data, a lack of Forest Service data for the level of grazing use, or utilization, and the lack of a Forest Service quantitative measurement of vegetation production in each plant community and soil type. In the end, our use of aerial imagery, GIS determinations of areas of steep slopes and dense forests, and our measurement of vegetation production in the dominant soil types showed most of the land is not capable for grazing domestic sheep even in the absence of this other data.

Reality of the Remote Wilderness―Krakauer’s Into the Wild and the Inner Desert

In Jon Krakauer’s nonfiction writing,Into the Wild(1996),away from the early 1990s’American society filled with products and information,young McCandless headed for the Alaskan Wilderness which was believed as the last frontier.This remote wilderness far beyond several designated wilderness areas in the American West was a destination of his spiritual journey.The image of the wilderness overlaps with the desert in the fourth-century hagiographic literature in terms of solitude,pure and sacred.Although the image of the wilderness is an illusion,harsh experience quite different from daily routine give McCandless a sense of reality.If his purpose of going to wildernesses was searching for“authentic self”through“bodily feelings”(Wang,361),the remote wilderness would be reckoned to have“existential authenticity”(Wang,358)which makes him feel reality.However,when the wilderness experience inspired McCandless to go back home,a sense of reality shifted from the remote wilderness to society.Into the Wild is probably not literature to praise desert solitude,rather,Krakauer focuses on the relative self among people.

Sojourners in Time： Revisiting Thornton Wilder＇s The Happy Journey to Trenton and Camden

Thornton Wilder＇s works are often characterized as transcending time. Our Town （1938） remains a widely produced piece of dramatic literature nearly 75 years after winning the Pulitzer Prize in 1938. However, many of Wilder＇s one-act plays are less well-known and subsequently are less often produced. The Happy Journey to Trenton and Camden （193 l） predates Our Town （1938） and yet is written in a similar style, utilizes the stage manager motif, and reflects upon issues of life and death found in Our Town （1938）, The Bridges of San Luis Rey （1927） and many other of Wilder＇s works. ＂Sojourners in Time＂ reflects upon the time period and place in Wilder＇s one-acts within the context of a contemporary journey in order to determine what, if any, aspects of this piece translate to current times.

Analysis of Female Image in Thornton Wilder's Our Town

Our Town was Thornton Wilder’s most influential drama which had been widely performed in theaters and enjoyed constant popularity over the past eighty years.In Our Town,the scenes of female characters doing housework and having daily chatting took a large part of the play.Firstly,the three major female characters in Our Town were depicted as traditional housewives who were devoted and confined to their families.Their personal dreams had all fallen through due to social conventions and the unrequited love to their families.As the story went on,unfortunate fates seized those weak females and left them miserable endings.Although gender stereotype is observed in the play,from the elaborate carving of female images,readers can still see Wilder’s special care for female characters.He made them the critical narrators of the story and let them tell the truth of human life.Plain though those housewives in Our Town were,they never failed to touch the audience and reveal the profound theme.

理解美国“荒野”——论"wilderness"(“荒野”)的实质与翻译

"wilderness"既是美国生态思想的一个关键词,也是美国生态批评的重要概念。国内生态文学研究普遍使用“荒野”这个译法,该译法可能源于杰克·伦敦小说的中文译本《荒野的呼唤》。但是,“荒野”的含义根植于中国传统农业文明、实用理性、人文情怀与正统意识,"wilderness"的观念根植于西方蛮族狩猎文化、宗教信仰、海洋文化与边缘意识,二者差异显著。因此,在尊重历史的基础上,因地制宜采用各种译法翻译"wilderness",体现后者复杂的内涵,并符合中美文化传统在生态观念与审美意识方面的深刻差异,是更好的选择。

The Spiritual Evolution and Integration of the Archetype ＂the Fictitious Land of Peace and Happiness＂ in Chinese Literature and the Archetype ＂the Wilderness＂ in American Literature

The fictitious land of peace and happiness in Chinese literature and the wilderness in American literature are a pair of archetypes which are typical and crystallize collective unconsciousness.Seeming quite different each other,the two archetypes in fact have similar spiritual implication and develop into the exploration of ecological consciousness in the present cultural dilemma and the ecological literature bearing the global literary characteristics which emphasize both aesthetics and ecological consciousness.It shows that cultures of different nations have similarities and can communicate with each other.Only through cultural communication and abandoning the binary opposition of self and non-self can the glorious vision of multi- culture of human beings be formed.

美国现代荒野保护运动的兴起和早期发展

美国现代荒野保护运动兴起于两次世界大战之间。它以美国社会主流荒野观的变化为背景,直接促成因素是汽车旅游的普及对荒野构成了威胁。在奥尔多·利奥波德和罗伯特·马歇尔等荒野保护主义者的推动下,联邦林务局在该时期推出了一系列保护荒野的举措,通过制定行政法规等方式,将一些荒野区纳入保护。该时期的荒野保护是由白人“精英”发起的,要保护的主要是荒野的审美娱乐和精神文化价值。两次世界大战之间的荒野保护是在19世纪末20世纪初兴起的自然保护主义的基础上发展起来的,而二战后荒野保护的发展也并非完全是环境主义影响的结果,它实际上是此前的荒野保护运动在二战后的延续和深入。两次世界大战之间的荒野保护在美国现代荒野保护史上占有重要地位,它为二战后的荒野保护奠定了思想和组织基础,提供了重要的立法先例。

公众认知下的成都城市荒野景观价值

【目的】不同于以往单纯的理论研究,通过构建多元化的评估体系并进行实地调研,了解公众对城市荒野的认知状况,提出符合实际的解决策略,为成都市荒野化公园的后续发展及公园城市生态景观建设提供参考。【方法】通过文献研究法和专家咨询法建立评估体系,采用公众参与地理信息系统(public participation geographic information system,PPGIS)法对500名公众进行实地访谈并获取人口统计学特征、价值认知及空间定位数据,之后对数据进行信度与效度检验、相关性分析以及核密度、空间占比分析。【结果】1)公众对城市荒野(景观)概念的了解程度及总体认知偏低,与人口统计学特征具有相关性;2)价值因子之间呈现出不同的空间特征,分布较为分散;3)公众认为中等质量荒野的景观价值最高,高等质量荒野的景观价值最低,与荒野质量等级存在关联性。【结论】后续应着重提升公众对荒野景观的了解程度,平衡荒野公园自然要素与人工要素的占比,保留或营造不同质量的荒野景观,并根据受众的差异制定不同的改造策略,以更好地指导成都市荒野化公园的转型和更新。

功能断联与精神联结——河西走廊止语徒步者的本真自我实践过程研究

现代社会中,青年群体普遍遭遇自我迷失与生存性焦虑的精神危机,经常出现身体在场但精神断联的状况。近些年,青年群体通过荒野徒步户外旅游活动进行本真自我实践,逐渐找到上述问题的应对之道。文章以河西走廊止语徒步活动为例,对18位参与者进行深度访谈,探索活动参与者在荒野徒步中的本真自我实践过程,并剖析了其中的关键性条件与内在性机理。研究表明:(1)河西走廊止语徒步活动参与者成功完成了存在主义本真自我实践,这种本真自我具有多维结构,以包括身体本能与自我认知的内在本真自我为基础,在与自然、历史、他者紧密联结中又塑造出自然本真性、时间本真性、人际本真性组成的关系本真自我;(2)参与者的本真自我实践经历了陷入自我怀疑、学会自我掌控、促进自我反思和建立联结能力4个阶段,是一个“向内看见自己、向外联结世界”的过程;(3)身心挑战的荒野自然环境与功能断联的强行设置(断网与禁言)在其中起到了关键性作用,真正为参与者创造了一个能够回归身心的行走环境,呈现出功能断联与精神联结的辩证关系。文章揭示了荒野徒步这类户外旅游与严肃休闲活动在当代青年应对精神危机中的重要作用及过程机制,同时也扩展了现有研究对旅游世界与日常生活关系的理解。

黑龙江省荒野格局分析

【目的】荒野具有重要的生态功能和保护价值。黑龙江省作为中国北方重要的生态安全屏障,定量和可视化分析其荒野空间分布特征不仅可以综合反映人类对自然的干扰程度,判断自然保护区范围划定的合理性,也有助于当地荒野保护策略的制定。【方法】以黑龙江荒野为研究对象,结合经典荒野制图方法,选取距聚居点的遥远度、距可达道路的遥远度、人口分布密度和生物物理自然度4项指标绘制荒野质量指数图谱,并分析黑龙江省荒野空间分布格局及驱动因素。【结果】1)黑龙江省荒野空间格局呈现轴带式分布,即“西南东南低,中间轴带高”;低质量等级以上的荒野占研究区总面积的79.8%,较高质量等级以上荒野占比53.52%,荒野储量大。2)荒野质量越高,景观破碎度越低。3)研究区域内58.27%的高质量荒野未被纳入自然保护区,现有自然保护区划定范围未对全省荒野形成完全覆盖。4)经济发展及气候舒适度是荒野景观格局形成的重要驱动因素。【结论】黑龙江省荒野资源储量丰富,整体质量较高且高质量荒野分布集中,但当前未对荒野资源进行完整有效的保护;经济及气候是影响荒野空间分布格局的重要驱动因素。扩大荒野空间保护范围,构建荒野空间保护体系,加大高质量荒野保护力度,平衡好经济发展与生态保护的关系,有助于实现黑龙江省荒野的有效保护。

基于人类活动视角的中国陆域荒野地评估方法

随着人类活动逐渐增加,自然生境向人工基质的转换已成为全球野生动物生存的严重威胁,准确识别荒野地的空间范围对生态治理和生物多样性保护具有重要意义。当前,利用较高精度的新型数据,考虑区域尺度上的地理特征构建指标模型,并识别国家尺度荒野地的实践还较少。从人类活动对自然影响的视角出发构建荒野地识别模型,首先考虑微观视角下人类活动对复杂地理环境的响应特征,构建多要素综合的人类非持续性活动强度计算模型;引入新型数据源,构建空间特征提取算法并建立人工环境和光污染影响指标,明确人类长期活动区;刻画可能的荒野地空间范围,并定量评价其荒野程度。对中国陆域荒野地的识别结果表明:(1)基于人类活动视角构建的荒野地识别模型可有效模拟中国陆域范围内的荒野度分布,其大致呈现“西高东低”的空间格局;(2)中国荒野地占中国陆域面积的22.47%,主要分布在大小兴安岭、青藏高原、内蒙古高原、塔里木盆地等地区;(3)结果与基于人类足迹法的荒野地数据对比,重合率超过80%,表现出良好的识别能力,且为部分区域提供了具有参考性的识别结果。

城市荒野的生态与文化价值研究进展

【目的】在当前中国生态文明建设的背景下,城市荒野的生态价值和文化价值日益凸显。理解城市荒野的综合价值可以为城市规划和管理提供重要参考,进而引导城市荒野的保护和恢复工作,促进社区参与和公众教育,提升居民的生活质量和福祉。【方法】在解析城市荒野概念内涵的基础上,聚焦其生态价值与文化价值,对30年来国内外研究进展进行梳理,总结共识,探讨未来可深入推进的方向。【结果】发现学界对城市荒野的理解可归纳为3种倾向:注重特定地点生态特性的城市荒野地、强调居民野性感知的野性体验点、结合生态与体验的城市荒野景观及城市野境。从生态视角来看,不同类型的城市荒野对应着保持或恢复自然主导作用的不同历程,其高度的自我调节能力形成的野性自然为城市提供了多种生态系统服务;从文化视角来看,居民的自然形象、景观偏好和景观体验与城市荒野的意象、评价、求趣与寄情相关联。【结论】基于对城市荒野生态价值与文化价值的辨析,总结出3个方面的联系以供后续研究探讨:1)城市荒野的动态演变是促进荒野感知的关键特征;2)城市荒野以自然过程为主导的特征对文化感知具有双重作用;3)生态与文化视角的融合共同影响着城市荒野生态系统的稳定性和发展前景。可为风景园林领域的从业者和研究者提出建议。

中国城市荒野地保护策略研究

具有高度自我调节系统的荒野作为最具有原始自然属性特征的一类景观对城市气候调节、生物多样性的保护具有重要意义。然而荒野在城市中难以融合的特点逐渐显现,探讨中国城市荒野地面临的机遇和挑战,提出中国城市荒野地的保护策略及建议:(1)加强荒野地城市荒野分类保护,将城市荒野分为4大类并提出针对性的保护和修复策略。(2)基于社会认知论构建荒野价值认同行为三元交互模型,强调个体、社会和环境之间的互动,以塑造荒野价值认同行为。(3)基于景观生态学原理加强荒野廊道连通性,强调耦合结构与功能的连通性,以达到生态系统最优化。(4)增强荒野在城市中的接受度,提高荒野可达性,控制荒野景观病态分布,建立荒野过渡区,以此平衡人与自然之间的可持续相处。通过以上策略保护荒野景观在城市中的生存状态,以促进生物多样性的良性发展。

野外本草实践课程在部队野外生存培训中的优化研究概论

高质量的野外本草实践课程对发挥中医药特色优势、培养部队野外生存与救治能力有着重要作用。脱离书本知识、深入当地民俗、深入野外丛林、与当地民众交流以及邀请当地野外应急救援专家参与教学,都能够对既往的本草应用认知产生革新和提高,使教学成果更加符合实训和实战需求。作者通过总结前期对特战官兵开展野外本草实地培训的经验,探讨目前野外本草实践课程存在的问题,以及野外生存培训中需要优化或改进的内容,以期完善和提高课程教学水平。