基于改进Ratio统计量的重尾AR(p)时间序列均值变点检验

文章提出两个改进的Ratio统计量来研究重尾AR(p)时间序列均值变点检验问题,在原假设下推导了统计量的渐近分布,且在备择假设下证明了其一致性。由于重尾指数未知且难以估计,因此结合Wild Bootstrap重抽样方法来确定渐近分布的临界值;在均值变点存在的情形下,给出了变点位置的一致估计量。数值模拟结果表明:统计量的临界值均不受重尾指数和自回归系数的影响,其经验水平和经验势均取得满意的效果;尤其在原假设下,积分型Ratio统计量的经验水平表现出更好的稳健性,而在备择假设下,最值型Ratio统计量则具备更好的显著性。最后,基于一组股票数据,从实际应用角度进一步阐明所提方法的有效性和可行性。

Wild soybean(Glycine soja)transcription factor GsWRKY40 plays positive roles in plant salt tolerance

Wild soybean(Glycine soja),a relative of cultivated soybean,shows high adaptability to adverse environmental conditions.We identified and characterized a wild soybean transcription factor gene,GsWRKY40,that promotes plant salt stress.GsWRKY40 was highly expressed in wild soybean roots and was up-regulated by salt treatment.GsWRKY40 was localized in nucleus and demonstrated DNA-binding activities but without transcriptional activation.Mutation and overexpression of GsWRKY40 altered salt tolerance of Arabidopsis plants.To understand the molecular mechanism of GsWRKY40 in regulating plant salt resistance,we screened a cDNA library and identified a GsWRKY40 interacting protein GsbHLH92 by using yeast two-hybrid approach.The physical interaction of GsWRKY40 and GsbHLH92 was confirmed by co-immunoprecipitation(co-IP),GST pull-down,and bimolecular fluorescence complementation(BiFC)techniques.Intriguingly,co-overexpression of GsWRKY40 and GsbHLH92 resulted in higher salt tolerance and lower ROS levels than overexpression of GsWRKY40 or GsbHLH92 in composite soybean plants,suggesting that GsWRKY40 and GsbHLH92 may synergistically regulate plant salt resistance through inhibiting ROS production.qRT-PCR data indicated that the expression level of GmSPOD1 gene encoding peroxidase was cooperatively regulated by GsWRKY40 and GsbHLH92,which was confirmed by using a dual luciferase report system and yeast one-hybrid experiment.Our study reveals a pathway that GsWRKY40 and GsbHLH92 collaboratively up-regulate plant salt resistance through impeding GmSPOD1 expression and reducing ROS levels,providing a novel perspective on the regulatory mechanisms underlying plant tolerance to abiotic stresses.

Population genetic insights into the conservation of common walnut(Juglans regia)in Central Asia

The common walnut(Juglans regia)is one of the most economically important nut trees cultivated worldwide.Despite its importance,no comprehensive evaluation of walnut tree population genetics has been undertaken across the range where it originated,Central Asia.In this study,we investigated the genetic diversity and population structure of 1082 individuals from 46 populations across Central Asia.We found moderate genetic diversity of J.regia across Central Asia,with 46 populations clustered into three groups with a weak relationship between genetic and geographic distance.Our findings reveal that the western Himalaya might be the core region of common walnut genetic diversity in Central Asia and that,except for two populations in Gongliu Wild Walnut Valley,humans might have introduced walnut populations to Xinjiang,China.The observed distribution of the genetic landscape has probably been affected by historical climate fluctuation,breeding system,and prolonged anthropogenic activity.We propose the conservation of the core genetic diversity resources in the western Himalaya and pay special attention to populations from Gongliu in Xinjiang.These findings enhance our understanding of the genetic variation throughout the distribution range of J.regia in Central Asia,which will provide a key prerequisite for evidence-based conservation and management.

Wild Gibbon Optimization Algorithm

Complex optimization problems hold broad significance across numerous fields and applications.However,as the dimensionality of such problems increases,issues like the curse of dimensionality and local optima trapping also arise.To address these challenges,this paper proposes a novel Wild Gibbon Optimization Algorithm(WGOA)based on an analysis of wild gibbon population behavior.WGOAcomprises two strategies:community search and community competition.The community search strategy facilitates information exchange between two gibbon families,generating multiple candidate solutions to enhance algorithm diversity.Meanwhile,the community competition strategy reselects leaders for the population after each iteration,thus enhancing algorithm precision.To assess the algorithm’s performance,CEC2017 and CEC2022 are chosen as test functions.In the CEC2017 test suite,WGOA secures first place in 10 functions.In the CEC2022 benchmark functions,WGOA obtained the first rank in 5 functions.The ultimate experimental findings demonstrate that theWildGibbonOptimization Algorithm outperforms others in tested functions.This underscores the strong robustness and stability of the gibbonalgorithm in tackling complex single-objective optimization problems.

Clinicopathological alterations in wild mammals from the reservoir system of Trypanosoma cruzi:a scoping review

Trypanosoma cruzi is the etiologic agent of Chagas disease.This flagellated protozoan is transmitted to humans as well as different species of domestic and wild animals via vectors from the Reduviidae family(known as"kissing bugs").Despite the fact that hundreds of species of wild mammals are part of the reservoir system,the morphologi-cal changes and clinical manifestations resulting from the pathogenesis of the infection have been largely neglected.The aim of this review is to systematically compile the available information regarding clinicopathological altera-tions in wild mammals due to natural infection by T.cruzi.Information was obtained from six online bibliographic data search platforms,resulting in the identification of 29 publications that met the inclusion criteria.Mortality was the most common clinical manifestation,cardiac damage was the main finding at necropsy,and lymphoplas-macytic inflammation was the most frequent microscopic injury.Thus,regardless of its role as a reservoir,T.cruzi has the potential to affect the health status of wild mammals,a situation that highlights the need for further research to analyze,measure,and compare its effects at both the individual and population levels.

Comparative Study of Genetic Structure and Genetic Diversity betweenWild and Cultivated Populations of Taxus cuspidata,Northeast China

Taxus cuspidata is a rare plant with important medicinal and ornamental value.Aiming at the obvious differences between wild and cultivated populations of T.cuspidata from Northeast China,a total of 61 samples,that is,33 wild yews and 28 cultivated yews were used to analyze the differences and correlations of the kinship,genetic diversity,and genetic structure between them by specific length amplified fragment sequencing(SLAF-seq).Finally,470725 polymorphic SLAF tags and 58622 valid SNP markers were obtained.Phylogenetic analysis showed that 61 samples were classified into 2 clusters:wild populations and cultivated populations,and some wild yews were categorized into the cultivated populations;the genetic diversity analysis showed that the Nei diversity index of wild populations(0.4068)was smaller than that of cultivated populations(0.4414),and the polymorphic information content(PIC)of wild populations(0.2861)was smaller than that of cultivated populations(0.3309).The genetic differentiation analysis showed that the total populations of gene diversity(H_(t))of cultivated and wild populations were respectively 0.8159 and 0.5685,the coefficient of gene differentiation(G_(st))of cultivated and wild populations was respectively 0.3021 and 0.1068,and the gene flow(N_(m))(2.4967)of wild populations was larger than cultivated populations(0.8199).The molecular variance(AMOVA)revealed that inter-population variation accounted for 29.57%of the total genetic variation,while intra-population variation accounted for 70.42% of the total genetic variation(p<0.001),this suggested that the genetic variation in the T.cuspidata is mainly attributed to within-population factors.In conclusion,the genetic distance between geographical ecological groups of wild populations was generally smaller than that of cultivated populations,and the degree of genetic diversity and genetic differentiation was smaller than that of cultivated populations.As evident,the utilization of SLAF-seq technology enables efficient and accurate development of SNP markers suitable for genetic analysis of T.cuspidata species.These developed SNP markers can provide a molecular foundation for T.cuspidata breeding,construction of genetic maps,variety identification,and association analysis of agronomic traits.

Effect of Silicon Amendment on Growth and Nitrogen Status of Common Landscaping Plants

Agriculture and natural vegetations in South Florida face with significant environmental threats such as heat and saltwater intrusion. This study aimed to investigate how silicon application could improve growth parameters and plant health of landscaping plants under extreme temperatures, influenced by global climate changes. Cocoplum (Chrysobalanus icaco), cabbage palm (Sabal palmetto), satinleaf (Chrysophyllum oliviforme), and wild coffee (Psychotria nervosa) plants received an initial slow-release fertilizer of 15 g/pot with an 8N-3P-9K composition. Silicon was applied as a 1% silicic acid solution, with concentrations ranging from 0 g/pot to 6 g/pot of 7.5 L. Evaluations were carried out every 30 days, continuing until 180 days after the treatment was completed. Phenotypic traits, including leaf count and plant height, were assessed alongside measurements from handheld optical non-destructive sensors. These measurements included the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), SPAD-502, and atLEAF chlorophyll meters. Application of 4 g/pot and 6 g/pot of silicon significantly improved NDVI values (0.78). Conversely, cocoplum plants exhibited greater plant height (79.6) at 0 g/pot silicon compared to other treatments. In wild coffee samplings, the control group showed the highest plant height and SPAD readings (93.49) compared to other treatments. Interestingly, the control treatment also demonstrated a superior atLEAF value as compared to other treatments, while the tallest samplings were observed with 6 g/pot of silicon (62.82) in cabbage palm plants. The findings indicate that silicon application positively influenced plant growth, particularly evident in cabbage palms. However, cocoplum and wild coffee exhibited a negative correlation between plant height and silicon concentrations.

A Germplasm Resource Repository:The Book Review of Illustrated Flora of Food Crops and Their Wild Related Plants in China

Illustrated Flora of Food Crops and Their Wild Related Plants in China systematically examines the botanical and morphological characteristics of China's major food crops,such as rice,wheat,corn,sweet potato,potato,mung bean,and buckwheat.Featuring more than 5000 color photos and 200 line drawings,it offers a comparative study that highlights the kinship and internal connections between cultivated and wild species.The book is an invaluable resource for breeders,offering a comprehensive morphological and genetic database that aids in the development of high-yielding,high-quality,and disease-resistant crop varieties.

Successful cetuximab rechallenge in metastatic colorectal cancer:A case report

BACKGROUND Metastatic colorectal cancer(mCRC)treatment has been evolving and increasingly driven by tumor biology and gene expression analysis.Rechallenge with epidermal growth factor receptor(EGFR)inhibitors(anti-EGFR)represents a promising strategy for patients with RAS wild-type(RAS-wt)mCRC and circulating tumor DNA has emerged as a potential selection strategy.Herein,we report the case of a RAS-wt mCRC patient who had a successful response to cetuximab rechallenge.CASE SUMMARY Our patient was diagnosed with stage IV RAS-wt,microsatellite-stable rectosigmoid junction adenocarcinoma.He was started on first-line treatment with FOLFIRI and cetuximab and achieved partial response,allowing for a left hepatectomy(R0),followed by post-operative chemotherapy and an anterior resection;progression-free survival(PFS)of 16 months was obtained.Due to hepatic and nodal relapse,second-line treatment with FOLFOX and bevacizumab was started with partial response;metastasectomy was performed(R0),achieving a PFS of 11 months.After a 15 months anti-EGFR-free interval,FOLFIRI and cetuximab were reintroduced upon disease progression,again with partial response and a PFS of 16 months.Following extensive hepatic relapse,cetuximab was reintroduced and a marked clinical and analytical improvement was seen,after only one cycle.RASwt status was confirmed on circulating tumor DNA.The patient’s overall survival exceeded 5 years.CONCLUSION Our case provides real-world data to support cetuximab rechallenge in later lines of RAS-wt mCRC treatment.

Comprehensive Evaluation of Application Value of Wild Flower Resources in Flower Border in Hefei City

In order to further understand and better develop and utilize wild flower resources in Hefei City,a comprehensive evaluation model of landscape value of wild flowers in the application of flower border was constructed by field investigation and analytic hierarchy process(AHP).The application value of wild flowers in Hefei was evaluated by selecting evaluation indicators from three aspects of ornamental value,adaptability and resource potential.

Therapeutic strategies targeting the epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway in metastatic colorectal cancer

More than 1.9 million new colorectal cancer(CRC)cases and 935000 deaths were estimated to occur worldwide in 2020,representing about one in ten cancer cases and deaths.Overall,colorectal ranks third in incidence,but second in mortality.More than half of the patients are in advanced stages at diagnosis.Treatment options are complex because of the heterogeneity of the patient population,including different molecular subtypes.Treatments have included conventional fluorouracil-based chemotherapy,targeted therapy,immunotherapy,etc.In recent years,with the development of genetic testing technology,more and more targeted drugs have been applied to the treatment of CRC,which has further prolonged the survival of metastatic CRC patients.

The Influence of Chuang Tsu on Oscar Wilde’s Literary Works

Oscar Wilde,the renowned British writer,was deeply influenced by Eastern culture,particularly by Chuang Tsu’s“Thought of Doing Nothing”,a Taoist concept of human conduct.Wilde not only embraced this philosophy,but also incorporated it into his literary creations and art criticism,enhancing the steadfastness of his own value judgments.

Lightning in a Forest (Wild) Fire: Mechanism at the Molecular Level

The mechanism of lightning that ignites a forest fire and the lightning that occurs above a forest fire are explained at the molecular level. It is based on two phenomena, namely, internal charge separation inside the atmospheric cloud particles and the existence of a layer of positively charged hydrogen atoms sticking out of the surface of the liquid layer of water on the surface of rimers. Strong turbulence-driven collisions of the ice particles and water droplets with the rimers give rise to breakups of the ice particles and water droplets into positively and negatively charged fragments leading to charge separation. Hot weather in a forest contributes to the updraft of hot and humid air, which follows the same physical/chemical processes of normal lightning proposed and explained recently[1]. Lightning would have a high probability of lighting up and burning the dry biological materials in the ground of the forest, leading to a forest (wild) fire. The burning of trees and other plants would release a lot of heat and moisture together with a lot of smoke particles (aerosols) becoming a strong updraft. The condition for creating lightning is again satisfied which would result in further lightning high above the forest wild fire.

Peutz-Jeghers syndrome without STK11 mutation may correlate with less severe clinical manifestations in Chinese patients

BACKGROUND Peutz-Jeghers syndrome(PJS) is an autosomal dominant genetic disease with skin mucosal pigment spots and gastrointestinal(GI) multiple hamartoma polyps as clinical characteristics. At present, it is considered that the germline mutation of STK11 gene is the genetic cause of PJS. However, not all PJS patients can be detected STK11 germline mutations. The specific clinical characteristics of these PJS patients without STK11 mutation is an interesting clinical question. Or, like wild type GI stromal tumor, whether these PJS without STK11 mutation are also called PJS is worth discussing. Therefore, we designed the study to understand the clinical characteristics of these PJS patients without STK11 mutation.AIM To investigates whether PJS patients with known STK11 mutations have a more severe spectrum of clinical phenotypes compared to those without.METHODS A total of 92 patients with PJS admitted to the Air Force Medical Center from 2010 to 2022 were randomly selected for study. Genomic DNA samples were extracted from peripheral blood samples, and pathogenic germline mutations of STK11 were detected by high-throughput next-generation gene sequencing. Clinicalpathologic manifestations of patients with and without STK11/LKB1 mutations were compared.RESULTS STK11 germline mutations were observed in 73 patients with PJS. Among 19 patients with no detectable STK11 mutations, six had no pathogenic germline mutations of other genes, while 13 had other genetic mutations. Compared with PJS patients with STK11 mutations, those without tended to be older at the age of initial treatment, age of first intussusception and age of initial surgery. They also had a lower number of total hospitalizations relating to intussusception or intestinal obstruction, and a lower load of small intestine polyps.CONCLUSION PJS patients without STK11 mutations might have less severe clinical-pathologic manifestations than those with.

Evolution of wheat architecture,physiology,and metabolism during domestication and further cultivation:Lessons for crop improvement

In recent decades,genetic advances in yield improvement in the major cereal crops,including wheat,has stagnated or proceeded at a slower rate than is required to meet future global food demand,particularly in the face of climate change.To reverse this situation,and in view of the future climate scenario,there is a need to increase the genetic diversity of wheat to increase its productivity,quality,stability,and adaptation to local agro-environments.The abundant genetic resources and literature are a basis for wheat improvement.However,many species,such as wild relatives,landraces,and old cultivars have not been studied beyond their agronomic characteristics,highlighting the lack of understanding of the physiological and metabolic processes(and their integration) associated with higher productivity and resilience in limiting environments.Retrospective studies using wheat ancestors and modern cultivars may identify novel traits that have not previously been considered,or have been underestimated,during domestication and breeding,but that may contribute to future food security.This review describes existing wheat genetic diversity and changes that occurred during domestication and breeding,and considers whether mining natural variation among wheat ancestors offers an opportunity to enhance wheat agronomic performance,spike architecture,canopy-and organ-level photosynthetic capacity,and responses to abiotic stress,as well as to develop new wheat hybrids.

Novel QTLs from Wild Rice Oryza longistaminata Confer Strong Tolerance to High Temperature at Seedling Stage

Global warming poses a threat to rice production.Breeding heat-tolerant rice is an effective and economical approach to address this challenge.African rice is a valuable genetic resource for developing heat-tolerant crops due to its intricate mechanism for adapting to high temperatures.Oryza longistaminata,a widely distributed wild rice species in Africa,may harbor an even richer gene pool for heat tolerance,which remains untapped.In this study,we identified three heat tolerance QTLs from O.longistaminata at the seedling stage,including novel heat tolerance loci qTT4 and qTT5.Our findings demonstrated that the O.longistaminata alleles for these two QTLs can enhance the heat tolerance of rice seedlings.Remarkably,qTT5 was mapped to a region spanning approximately 287.2 kb,which contains 46 expressing genes.Through the analysis of Gene Ontology and expression differences under heat induction,we identified four candidate genes.Our results lay the foundation for discovering heat tolerance genes underlying O.longistaminata and developing new genetic resources for heat-tolerant rice breeding.

Signaling interactions among neurons impact cell fitness and death in Alzheimer's disease

The pathology of Alzheimer’s disease involves a long preclinical period,where the characteristic clinical symptoms of the changes in the brain are undetectable.During the preclinical period,homeostatic mechanisms may help prevent widespread cell death.Evidence has pointed towards selective cell death of diseased neurons playing a potentially protective role.As the disease progresses,dysregulation of signaling pathways that govern cell death contributes to neurodegeneration.Aberrant activation of the c-Jun N-terminal kinase pathway has been established in human and animal models of Alzheimer’s disease caused by amyloid-beta 42-or tau-mediated neurodegeneration.Clonal mosaic studies in Drosophila that examine amyloid-beta 42 in a subset of neurons suggest complex interplay between amyloid-beta 42-expressing and wild-type cells.This review examines the role of c-Jun N-terminal kinase signaling in the context of cell competition and short-range signaling interactions between amyloid-beta 42-expressing and wild-type neurons.Cell competition is a conserved phenomenon regulating tissue integrity by assessing the fitness of cells relative to their neighbors and eliminating suboptimal cells.Somatic clones of amyloid-beta 42 that juxtapose genetically distinct neuronal cell populations show promise for studying neurodegeneration.Generating genetic mosaics with labeled clones of amyloid-beta 42-or tau-expressing and wild-type neurons will allow us to understand how short-range signaling alterations trigger cell death in neurons and thereby contribute to the progression of Alzheimer’s disease.These approaches have the potential to uncover biomarkers for early Alzheimer’s disease detection and new therapeutic targets for intervention.

Metagenomic Analysis of Environmental Samples from Wildlife Rescue Station at Poyang Lake, China

Objective To improve the understanding of the virome and bacterial microbiome in the wildlife rescue station of Poyang Lake,China.Methods Ten smear samples were collected in March 2019.Metagenomic sequencing was performed to delineate bacterial and viral diversity.Taxonomic analysis was performed using the Kraken2 and Bracken methods.A maximum-likelihood tree was constructed based on the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase(RdRp)region of picornavirus.Results We identified 363 bacterial and 6 viral families.A significant difference in microbial and viral abundance was found between samples S01–S09 and S10.In S01–S09,members of Flavobacteriia and Gammaproteobacteria were the most prevalent,while in S10,the most prevalent bacteria class was Actinomycetia.Among S01–S09,members of Myoviridae and Herelleviridae were the most prevalent,while the dominant virus family of S10 was Picornaviridae.The full genome of the pigeon mesivirus-like virus(NC-BM-233)was recovered from S10 and contained an open reading frame of 8,124 nt.It showed the best hit to the pigeon mesivirus 2 polyprotein,with 84.10%amino acid identity.Phylogenetic analysis showed that RdRp clustered into Megrivirus B.Conclusion This study provides an initial assessment of the bacteria and viruses in the cage-smeared samples,broadens our knowledge of viral and bacterial diversity,and is a way to discover potential pathogens in wild birds .

Characterization and QTL identification in eggplant introgression lines under two N fertilization levels

Lowering nitrogen inputs is a major goal for sustainable agriculture.In the present study,a set of 10 Solanum melongena introgression lines(ILs)developed using Solanum incanum as the exotic donor parent were grown under two nitrogen fertilization doses supplied with the irrigation system:1)8.25 mmol·L-1NH4NO3,corresponding to the high nitrogen treatment(HN),and 2)no external nitrogen supply,corresponding to the low nitrogen treatment(LN).Twenty traits,including plant growth and yield parameters,fruit size and morphology,nitrogen and carbon content in leaf and fruit,and phenolics content in fruit,were evaluated.The aim was to select of potential materials for eggplant breeding under low N inputs,as well as to identify and locate putative QTLs associated with the traits evaluated.No significant differences were observed between the soil characteristics of the HN and LN treatments,except for nitrogen and iron content,which was slightly lower in the HN,probably as a consequence of higher nutrient removal from soil by plants in the latter group.Analysis of variance showed that lowering nitrogen inputs did not significantly affect the final yield,fruit morphology,size and phenolics content.Most agronomic traits were highly and positively correlated with each other under both treatments,as well as total phenolics with chlorogenic acid content.The assessment of the differences between each IL and the recipient parent resulted in the identification of 36 QTLs associated with most of the traits—12 were specific to the HN,17 specific to the LN,and 7 were stable across treatments.The introgressed fragment of S.incanum generally had a negative effect on the trait,except for QTLs for fruit dry matter,for fruit length on chromosome 10 under the HN,and for fruit pedicel length on chromosome 9 under the LN.The increase over AN-S-26 of the allele of S.incanum for the QTLs detected ranged between-73.98% and 26.03% in HN and-73.67%and 34.43% in LN.These findings provide useful tools for the utilization of S.incanum in eggplant breeding under lower nitrogen fertilization.

Assessing anthropogenic pressure and threats on Paeonia emodi Wall.ex Royle habitats in Garhwal Himalaya

The Garhwal Himalaya is among the major repositories of immensely valuable wild edible plants and provides food security to the local population.Among the valuable plant species that grow in this region,Paeonia emodi(family Paeoniaceae)is an important wild edible species that found in temperate regions with an altitude range between 1800 and 2800 m.The species is facing a severe threat to its sustainability due to overharvesting,habitat disturbances,and a lack of effort regarding conservation.For the first time,this study investigated anthropogenic pressure,population decline perceptions in the natural habitat,and vulnerability assessment of P.emodi under selected study sites(n=23 villages).A semi structured questionnaire was used to interview approximately 45%of the local inhabitants,including herbal practitioners(Vaidhyas or Dais)of each village.On the basis of demographic characteristics,the perceptions and responses of 464 local people were documented regarding potential causes of deterioration and feasible options for sustainable utilization.Using the weight survey method,we estimated the actual amount of collection based on personal interaction and direct observation.In order to determine the threats status,a rapid vulnerability assessment(RVA)was performed and were used based on the current exploitation and usage.The present study revealed that leaf(100%)was the most frequently harvested part,followed by stem(95.65%),seed(26.09%),root(21.74%)and flower(13.04%).The village Triyuginarayan and Pothivasa recorded the highest collection scores while the purpose of the collection was mostly edible(100%),medicinal(100%),and least commercial(8.70%).According to the literature review and the present survey,the RVA(total=21)is categorized as category II(intermediate side of the RVA index),indicating a degree of vulnerability.The study revealed that P.emodi faces extinction in the Garhwal Himalayas.Growing this species through agro-production techniques may alleviate the pressure on the existing population as a result of the availability of raw materials for commercial and household uses.These findings will provide an effective framework for conservation and management decisions and plans.