Quality Evaluation of Cardamine macrophylla Willd as an Edible and Medicinal Herb of Tibetan and Qiang Ethnic Groups

[Objectives]To evaluate the quality of Cardamine macrophylla Willd as Tibetan and Qiang medicinal materials,so as to improve its quality standard and evaluate the quality of C.macrophylla Willd in western Sichuan Province.[Methods]C.macrophylla Willd produced from western Sichuan Province was used as the sample,and the contents of moisture,total ash,acid-insoluble ash,extract,total flavonoids and quercetin in the ground part of C.macrophylla Willd were determined in accordance with the methods of Chinese Pharmacopoeia(2020 edition).With the above seven indicators as evaluation indicators,the quality of medicinal materials was comprehensively evaluated by cluster analysis and principal component analysis(PCA).[Results]According to the results of each indicator,the moisture content of C.macrophylla Willd sample should not exceed 11.00%,the total ash content should not exceed 18%,the acid-insoluble ash content should not exceed 6%,the extract content should not be less than 19%,the total flavone content(calculated by quercetin)should not be less than 2%,and the quercetin content should not be less than 0.15%.[Conclusions]The sample S7 has the best quality and S6 has the worst quality.In this study,the quantitative analysis method of total flavonoids(quercetin)and quercetin in C.macrophylla Willd was established,and the limits of each indicator were preliminarily formulated.

商陆(Phytolacca acinosa Roxb.)的锰耐性和超积累

超积累植物的确证对成功实施重金属污染环境植物修复是必不可少的。通过野外调查和营养液培养试验 ,研究超积累植物商陆 (PhytolaccaacinosaRoxb )的锰富集特性 ,结果表明 ,商陆对生长介质中的Mn具有很强的耐性和累积能力。商陆在锰含量高达 114× 10 3 mgkg-1的尾矿废弃地上依然生长良好 ,叶锰含量最高达 19 3× 10 3 mgkg-1。温室培养条件下 ,当生长介质中Mn浓度为 8 0 0 0mmolL-1时 ,虽然其生物量与对照相比有所降低 ,但植株仍能生长。随着生长介质中Mn浓度的升高 ,商陆叶和茎的Mn含量逐渐增加 ,生物富集系数则逐渐降低 ,但是地上部分锰积累量则先增加后减少。当Mn浓度为 5 0 0 0mmolL-1时 ,商陆地上部分锰积累量达到最大值 2 5 8 2mgplant-1;当Mn浓度为 12 0 0 0mmolL-1时 ,商陆仍能完成整个生命周期 ,叶锰含量达到最大值 36 4× 10 3 mgkg-1,生物富集系数为 5 5。不同锰供应水平下 ,商陆吸收的锰有87%～ 95 %被转移到地上部分。这进一步验证商陆的锰超积累特性 ,为利用超积累植物对大面积污染土壤实施植物修复提供了有力证据 。

结缕草属(Zoysia Willd.)植物物候期的差异分析

于2005年至2006年在南京市对结缕草属（Zoysia Willd．）5种1变种共109份种源的物候期进行了系统观测分析。结果表明，不同种源间各植物物候期的时间存在不同程度的差异，其中进入盛花期、枯黄期、返青期、结实期、初花期和孕穗初期的时间分别相差58、56、38、35、33和29d；不同种源的青绿期为215～277d。孕穗初期的早晚与初花期、盛花期、结实期和枯黄期的早晚及青绿期的长短呈显著正相关，返青期早晚与青绿期的长短呈极显著负相关，而枯黄期的早晚与青绿期的长短则呈极显著正相关，说明返青期越早青绿期越长，枯黄期越早青绿期越短。另外，结缕草属植物的返青期、孕穗初期、初花期、盛花期及枯黄期均随原分布地纬度的增加显著提前。

Comparison of Genomic DNA Extraction Methods for Chenopodium quinoa Willd

To rapidly obtain high-quality genomic DNA from Chenopodium quinoa Willd, the genomic DAN in different tissues （leaves, stems and roots） of Chenopodi- um quinoa Willd was extracted by modified CTAB method, SDS method and high- salt Iow-pH method, respectively. The quality and yield of extracted DNA was deter- mined using agarose gel electrophoresis and UV spectrophotometry. At the same time, the PCR-SSR and SSCP molecular detection was also performed. The results showed that the gel test strips, without obvious decomposition, of all the extraction methods were relatively obvious; the genomic DNA yield extracted by modified CTAB method was highest, followed by that by SDS method, and the genomic DNA extracted by high-salt Iow-pH method was lowest： the genomic DNA yields extracted by different methods from Chenopodium quinoa Wiltd leaves were all high- er than those from roots and stems; the quality of Chenopodium quinoa Willd ge- nomic DNA extracted by modified CTAB method and high-salt Iow-pH method was better, and polyphenols, polysaccharides and other impurities were removed more completely. The PCR-SSR and SSCP detection results showed that the genomic DNA extracted by different methods from different tissues of Chenopodium quinoa Willd all could be better amplified, and high-quality strips could be obtained. So the Chenopodium quinoa Willd genomic DNA extracted by the three methods all can be used for subsequent molecular biology research.

蒙古族利用冷蒿（Artemisia frigida Willd．）的民族植物学研究

运用民族植物学的研究方法，报道了蒙古族时冷蒿的牧草利用、药物利用以及冷蒿在民族文化中的影响．

复盐胁迫对结缕草(Zoysia Willd.)生理和生长的影响研究

以盐生植物沟叶结缕草(Zoysia matrella)和非盐生植物中华结缕草(Zoysia sinica)为材料,研究了0.5%复盐胁迫对其过氧化氢酶(CAT)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、可溶性总糖和游离脯氨酸含量、相对电导率和叶片相对含水量以及相对生长率和坪用价值的影响。结果表明:盐胁迫过程中2种结缕草的CAT活性、脯氨酸含量和叶片相对电导率逐渐增加;相对生长率、坪用质量、SOD活性、可溶性总糖含量呈现先增加后降低趋势;而叶片相对含水量逐渐下降。2种结缕草相比较,盐胁迫过程中沟叶结缕草能保持较大的SOD和CAT酶活性,积累较多的渗透调节物质,保持较好的细胞膜完整性和持水能力,从而表现出较大的相对生长率和坪用质量,这也可能是沟叶结缕草更耐盐的原因。

刺桐(Erythrina arborescens Roxb.)原形成层向维管形成层转化的研究

作者对刺桐原形成层向维管形成层转化的研究表明 ,刺桐的维管形成层为叠生形成层 ,由分散的、排列成环的原形成层束转化而来 ,其转化过程是渐进的 .在初生生长的很早阶段就出现了长、短两类细胞 ,即原初的纺锤状原始细胞和原初的射线原始细胞 .它们分别发育转化为维管形成层中的纺锤状原始细胞和射线原始细胞 .在转化过程中 ,长细胞的端壁由平截转变为尖削 ,短细胞则由短的长方形转变成近等径的多边形 .原初的射线原始细胞和射线原始细胞皆含有淀粉粒 ,纺锤状原始细胞的叠生状态直到次生生长出现以后才由于连续的径向垂周分裂而获得 .在 1～ 4年生枝中 ,随着年龄的增长 ,射线高度减小 ,宽度增加 .射线原始细胞可以伸长而转变成纺锤状原始细胞 ,从而将轴向的高射线隔分成矮射线 ,纺锤状原始细胞也可以由于横分裂而产生新的射线 .纺锤状原始细胞的长度一般为 170～ 2 90 μm ;射线原始细胞的长度一般为 2 8～ 5 3μm .

Analysis of Genetic Differences between Luffa acutangula(L.) Roxb. and Luffa cylindrica(L.)Roem. by ISSR Markers

The genetic differences among Luffa acutangula （L.） Roxb., Luffa cylindnca （L.） Roem. and their F1 hybrid and F2 population were analyzed by ISSR technolo- gy. The results showed that the genomic DNA of test materials showed a high diversity; the genetic similarity coefficient between both parents was only 0.395; the bands of F1 hybrid mainly consisted of both parents＇; neither FI nor F2 was inherit- ed singly from male or female parent; there was greater genetic variation among F2 population.

多叶姜黄(Curcuma comosa Roxb.)的化学成分

目的对泰国产姜科姜黄属植物多叶姜黄（Curcuma comosa Roxb．）干燥根茎甲醇提取物的化学成分进行分离和结构鉴定。方法C.comosa Roxb．的甲醇提取物经乙酸乙酯-正丁醇-水依次萃取后，对各萃取部分采用正一反相硅胶柱色谱和制备型HPLC进行分离，经理化常数测定、核磁共振技术分析等方法鉴定了化合物的结构。结果分离得到8个化合物，分别被鉴定为异蓬莪术环二烯酮（isofuranodienone，1），蓬莪术环二烯酮（furanodienone，2），1（10）Z，4Z-蓬莪术二烯-6-酮[1（10）Z，4Z-furanodiene-6-one，3]，泽泻醇（alismol，4），2，2，6-三甲基-1-氧螺[2，5]辛-5-烯-4-醇（2，2，6-trimethyl-1-oxaspiro[2，5]oct-5-en-4-ol，5），卜羟基-α，α，4-三甲基-3-环己烯-1-甲醇（1-hydroxy-α，α，4-trimethyl-3-cyclohexene-1-methanol，6），6-羟基-3（卜羟基-1-甲基乙基）-6-甲基-2-环己烯-1-酮（6-hydroxy-3（1-hydroxy-1-methylethyl）-6-methyl-2-cyclohexen—1—one，7），（1S，2S，4R）-1，8桉叶素-2—O-β-D-葡萄糖苷（（1S，2S，4R）-2-hydroxy-1，8-cineole β-D-glucopyranoside，8）。结论化合物3—8为首次从该属植物中分离得到。

沉香(Aquilaria agallocha Roxb.)茎次生木质部结构的研究

利用光学显微技术和扫描电镜技术,对沉香(Aquilaria agallocha Roxb.)茎次生木质部结构进行解剖研究,探讨其构造特点。结果表明,茎材横切面为散孔材,生长轮不明显,导管分子单穿孔板,木材分子非叠生,绝大多数射线为异形Ⅲ型,管孔排列方式多为茎向复管孔或管孔团,具有内函韧皮部。

Optimization of the Callus Induction System of Chenopodium quinoa Willd

Callus induction effects of nine varieties of Chenopodium quinoa Willd. were compared by taking stem segments and cotyledons of C. quinoa as the ex- plants. At the same time, callus JnductJon of stem segments was optimized, as well as the callus proliferation system. Research results showed that the optimal explant for callus induction was stem segment. The average callus induction rate of nine varieties reached 90% in culture medium MS ＋ 0.5 mg/L 2, 4-D. In the callus opti- mization test, treatment VI （MS ＋ 0.5 mg/L 2, 4-D ＋ 0.5 mg/L KT ＋ 0.5 mg/L NAA） and treatment II （MS ＋ 0.5 mg/L 2, 4-D） had close induction rate, but the callus morphology was greatly different. The latter had loose, glossy and yellowish white calluses. Therefore, culture medium MS ＋ 0.5 mg/L 2, 4-D was the optimal for callus induction. And using 2, 4-D together with KT and NAA could significantly increase the proliferation rate of calluses.

An investigation of cellular distribution of manganese in hyperaccumlator plant Phytolacca acinosa Roxb. using SRXRF analysis

Phytolacca acinosa Roxb. （P acinosa） is a recently discovered manganese hyperaccumulator plant from southern China. It is a good candidate for phytoremediation of manganese（Mn） polluted soil for its high biomass and fast growth. Knowledge of the tissue localization and identification of heavy metals can provide essential information on metal toxicity and bioaccumulation mechanisms. Synchrotron radiation X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy （SRXRF） microprobe was used in this study to investigate the cellular distributions of Mn and other elements in root, stem, leaf, petiole and midrib of P. acinosa. The highest Mn content was found in the vascular tissues of root, stem, petiole and midrib. Cortex in root played a key role in Mn absorption and Mn was limited in the vascular bundle during the process of transportation in stem. Moreover, Mn content in leaf epidermis was higher than that in mesophyll, which suggested that the sequestration of Mn in leaf epidermis might be one of the detoxification mechanisms of P. acinosa. The significance of other elemental （such as P, S, K, Ca, Fe, Zn and Cu） distribution patterns and the correlation with Mn were also discussed.

红毛草Rhynchelytrum repens(Willd.)C.E.Hubbard的繁殖特性

从繁殖生态学的角度对红毛草Rhynchelytrum repens(Willd.)C.E.Hubbard的繁殖特性进行了研究。采用盆栽试验与发芽试验,分别研究了4种不同种植密度下红毛草的资源分配情况和4年内红毛草的种子寿命与萌发情况。结果显示:①盆栽试验中,低密度种植红毛草的单株总生物量、茎叶生物量、根生物量与根冠比高于高密度种植差异达显著水平(p<0.05);花的生物量在相对低密度下低于高密度的量,差异显著(p<0.05);②高密度种植红毛草的RE(Reproductive effort)值大于低密度种植的RE值,而且差异显著(p<0.05),显示红毛草在生长胁迫下分配更多的资源到繁殖器官中;③发芽试验中,红毛草种子在高温胁迫下(45℃)发芽率显著下降(p<0.05),但仍维持在一定的水平(30.2%),显示了红毛草对高温的适应能力;④红毛草种子的发芽率在贮藏两年后开始显著下降(p<0.05),但在贮藏的第四年仍维持在一定的水平(11.1%),说明红毛草有较长的种子寿命;⑤红毛草种子发芽迅速,在发芽的第1天就开始萌动,发芽的高峰期出现在发芽的第2-3天。以上繁殖特性均与红毛草能够成为先锋植物密切相关。

A new glycoside from Polygala tenuifolia Willd

A new tdterpenoid glycoside, 3-β-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl presenegenin 28-O-α-L-arabipyranosyl（1 → 3）-6-β- xylopyranosyl（1 → 4）-[β-D-apiofuranosyl（1 → 3）]-Ct-L-rhamnopyranosyl（1 → 2）-[α-L-rhamnopyranosyl（1 → 3）]-β-D-fucopyranosyl ester （1） was isolated from the Polygala tenuifolia Willd., together with two known saponins, including polygalasaponinXXIV （2） and polygalasaponinXXVIII （3）. The structure of new compound was elucidated by spectroscopic methods.

Ultrasonically Assisted Extraction of Isoflavones from Stem of Pueraria lobata （Willd.） Ohwi and Its Mathematical Model

Ultrasonically assisted extraction of isoflavones from the stem of Pueraria lobata （Willd.） Ohwi has been carried out with an ultrasonic extracting apparatus （20kHz, electrical power input to the transducer in 0-650W）. The influence of the electrical power input and extraction time on the＇extraction yield is investigated in water, n-butanol, and 95% （by volume） and 50% （by volume） ethanol aqueous solution. The experimental results indicate that the yields of total isoflavones are higher in ultrasonically assisted extraction than those obtained from con-ventional extraction.Moreover,a mathematical model is proposed,by introducing the electrical power input to index the ultrsound intensity,to describe the behavior of ultrasonically assisted extraction.It is found that the model calcuations are in good agreement with the experimental data.

Bibliometric Analysis on Pennisetum Sinese Roxb. in China during 2006-2016

The development prospect of Pennisetum Sinese Roxb. is receiving much concern of domestic researchers. In this paper,literature of Pennisetum Sinese Roxb. was taken as basis,and bibliometric analysis method was used to make statistics of distribution of years,research institutions,authors,and research fields. The results showed that research fields of Pennisetum Sinese Roxb. in China were mainly ecological restoration,accounting for 13. 27% of the total literature; the research took on dynamic and diversified cooperation trend. In recent 5 years,the number of papers significantly increased,accounting for 93. 04% of the total literature. The distribution of authors and regions were relatively concentrated,but the overall level of research is low.

Chemical profiling and antimicrobial activity of essential oil from Curcuma aeruginosa Roxb.,Curcuma glans K.Larsen&J.Mood and Curcuma cf.xanthorrhiza Roxb.collected in Thailand

Objective: To investigate chemical constituents and new antimicrobial agents among essential oils from the rhizomes of Curcuma aeruginosa(C. aeruginosa) Roxb., Curcuma glans K. Larsen & J. Mood and Curcuma cf. xanthorrhiza Roxb.Methods: The essential oils were obtained by hydro-distillation and analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy. Agar-well diffusion assay was used to study the antimicrobial activity and also broth-micro dilution techniques were examined for minimum inhibitory concentration(MIC) against four bacterial strains and yeast.Results: The gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy analysis showed monoterpenes predominantly(88.53%) in the rhizome oil of Curcuma cf. xanthorrhiza. Sesquiterpenes(50.10%) was the most abundant component in the essential oil of C. glans, while monoterpenes(45.55%) and sesquiterpenes(45.81%) were found in C. aeruginosa with a significant amount. The major components of C. aeruginosa were characterized as camphor(29.39%) and germacrone(21.21%). Germacrone(15.76%), b-pinene(9.97%)and camphor(9.96%) were found as major compounds in the rhizome oils of C. glans while a-terpinolene(24.86%) and p-cymen-7-ol(12.17%) were found as major compositions in Curcuma cf. xanthorrhiza. The essential oils were tested against four bacterial strains and yeast. As a result, the rhizome oil of C. aeruginosa exhibited potent activity against Staphylococcus aureus [inhibition zone(21.94 ± 0.24) mm, MIC 125 μg/mL],Bacillus cereus [inhibition zone(20.83 ± 0.36) mm, MIC 125 μg/mL], and Candida albicans [inhibition zone(11.60 ± 0.30) mm, MIC 250 μg/mL].Conclusions: The essential oils from three Curcuma species possessed greater activity against the gram-positive bacteria(Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus) than gram-negative bacteria(Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa). The results suggest that the essential oils from the fresh rhizome of Curcuma spp. might be a potential source of natural antimicrobial substances.

Analysis of Genetic Relationship of 64 Local Varieties of Morus atropurpurea Roxb.in Guangdong Based on ISSR Marker

[Objective] The study aimed at analyzing the genetic relationship of 64 local varieties of Morus atropurpurea Roxb.from the Pearl River Basin in Guangdong and Guangxi Provinces.[Method] Genetic diversity of 64 local varieties of Morus atropurpurea Roxb.was analyzed by ISSR molecular marker technique.The genetic relationship among these local varieties was researched by UPGMA method based on the genetic similarity coefficient.[Result] 128 bands were amplified from the total DNA of 64 local varieties using 13 ISSR primers,of which 109 bands accounting for 85.15% were polymorphic.It meant that there was rich genetic diversity among the local varieties tested.The genetic similarity coefficients among 64 local varieties were relatively high with a range of 0.500 0-0.929 7.In addition,64 local varieties were divided into two categories and the second could be further divided into 10 subcategories.It was suggested that the genetic relationship of 64 local varieties of Morus atropurpurea Roxb.based on ISSR marker analysis has a certain correlation with geographical distribution.[Conclusion] ISSR marker technology was suitable for evaluating genetic relationship and genetic diversity of local varieties of Morus atropurpurea Roxb.in Pearl River Basin,and could provide scientific basis for DNA fingerprinting and identification of varieties of Morus atropurpurea Roxb.

Cytotoxicity study of ethanol extract of the stem bark of asam kandis (Garcinia cowa Roxb.) on T47D breast cancer cell line

Objective:To investigate the cytotoxic effect of ethanol extract of the stem bark of asam kandis[Garcinia cowa Roxb.(G.cowa)]on T47 D breast cancer cell line.Methods:The cytotoxicity of ethanol extract was carried out against human breast cancer cell line(T47D) by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide colorimetric assay.The extract was added at various concentrations(0.1.1,10 and 100 μg/mL).The level of cytotoxicity was determined by calculating the level of IC_(50),that was based on the percentage of the cell death after 24 h treatment with the extract.Cell morphological changes were observed by using inverted microscope.Results:The 3-(4.5-dimelhylthiazol-2-yl)-2.5-diphenyltelrazolium bromide assay showed that ethanol extract of G.cowa exhibited significant cytotoxic effect on T47 D with IC_(50) value of(5.10+1.68) μg/mL.Morphological alteration of the cell lines after exposure to ethanol extract of G.cowa was observed under phase contrast microscope in a dosc-dependent manner.ConclusionsThe results suggest the possible use of ethanol extract of asam kandis for preparing herbal medicine for cancer-related ailments.

Determination of contents of eight alkaloids in fruits of Macleaya cordata (Willd) R. Br. from different habitats and antioxidant activities of extracts

A reliable ultrasound-assisted extraction （UAE） method combined with HPLC-UV for quantification of eight active alkaloids in fruits of Macleaya cordata （Willd） R. Br. was developed. The optimization conditions of UAE were obtained by using Box-Behnken design of response surface methodology. Chromatography was carried out using a Kromasil C18 column by gradient elution with 0.1% phosphoric acid aqueous solution for HPLC-UV. All calibration curves showed good linear correlation coefficients （R^2〉0.999 6） and recoveries （from 97.3% to 104.9%） were acceptable. 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl （DPPH） method was employed to test the antioxidant activity of the extract from the samples. The proposed method was successfully applied to quantifying eight components in nine samples of M.cordata, and significant variations of alkaloid contents and antioxidant aetivity of the samples from different habitats were demonstrated. It presents a powerful proof for the selection of the best sources to extract eight kinds of alkaloids.