BACKGROUND As research on diabetes continues to advance,more complex classifications of this disease have emerged,revealing the existence of special types of diabetes,and many of these patients are prone to misdiagnos...BACKGROUND As research on diabetes continues to advance,more complex classifications of this disease have emerged,revealing the existence of special types of diabetes,and many of these patients are prone to misdiagnosis and underdiagnosis,leading to treatment delays and increased health care costs.The purpose of this study was to identify four causes of secondary diabetes.CASE SUMMARY Secondary diabetes can be caused by various factors,some of which are often overlooked.These factors include genetic defects,autoimmune disorders,and diabetes induced by tumours.This paper describes four types of secondary diabetes caused by Williams–Beuren syndrome,Prader–Willi syndrome,pituitary adenoma,and IgG4-related diseases.These cases deviate significantly from the typical progression of the disease due to their low incidence and rarity,often leading to their neglect in clinical practice.In comparison to regular diabetes patients,the four individuals described here exhibited distinct characteristics.Standard hypoglycaemic treatments failed to effectively control the disease.Subsequently,a series of examinations and follow-up history confirmed the diagnosis and underlying cause of diabetes.Upon addressing the primary condition,such as excising a pituitary adenoma,providing glucocorticoid supplementation,and implementing symptomatic treatments,all patients experienced a considerable decrease in blood glucose levels,which were subsequently maintained within a stable range.Furthermore,other accompanying symptoms improved.CONCLUSION Rare diseases causing secondary diabetes are often not considered in the diag-nosis of diabetes.Therefore,it is crucial to conduct genetic tests,antibody detection and other appropriate diagnostic measures when necessary to facilitate early diagnosis and intervention through proactive and efficient management of the underlying condition,ultimately improving patient outcomes.展开更多
N,N-Bis(2-pyridylmethyl)-amine-N-ethyl-2-pyridine-2-carboxamide was synthesized and characterized according to the literature. At 25 ℃, I=0.1 mol/L KNO 3, the stability constants of the binary system formed by the li...N,N-Bis(2-pyridylmethyl)-amine-N-ethyl-2-pyridine-2-carboxamide was synthesized and characterized according to the literature. At 25 ℃, I=0.1 mol/L KNO 3, the stability constants of the binary system formed by the ligand with metal ions in ethanol aqueous solution were studied by pH potentiometric titration and the appropriate structures with respect to the titration species were proposed. The results show that the stability order of divalent metals binding to the ligand is Co<Ni>Cu<Zn which does not conform to the order of the Irving-Williams series. Then the abnormal property of copper complex is discussed.展开更多
文摘BACKGROUND As research on diabetes continues to advance,more complex classifications of this disease have emerged,revealing the existence of special types of diabetes,and many of these patients are prone to misdiagnosis and underdiagnosis,leading to treatment delays and increased health care costs.The purpose of this study was to identify four causes of secondary diabetes.CASE SUMMARY Secondary diabetes can be caused by various factors,some of which are often overlooked.These factors include genetic defects,autoimmune disorders,and diabetes induced by tumours.This paper describes four types of secondary diabetes caused by Williams–Beuren syndrome,Prader–Willi syndrome,pituitary adenoma,and IgG4-related diseases.These cases deviate significantly from the typical progression of the disease due to their low incidence and rarity,often leading to their neglect in clinical practice.In comparison to regular diabetes patients,the four individuals described here exhibited distinct characteristics.Standard hypoglycaemic treatments failed to effectively control the disease.Subsequently,a series of examinations and follow-up history confirmed the diagnosis and underlying cause of diabetes.Upon addressing the primary condition,such as excising a pituitary adenoma,providing glucocorticoid supplementation,and implementing symptomatic treatments,all patients experienced a considerable decrease in blood glucose levels,which were subsequently maintained within a stable range.Furthermore,other accompanying symptoms improved.CONCLUSION Rare diseases causing secondary diabetes are often not considered in the diag-nosis of diabetes.Therefore,it is crucial to conduct genetic tests,antibody detection and other appropriate diagnostic measures when necessary to facilitate early diagnosis and intervention through proactive and efficient management of the underlying condition,ultimately improving patient outcomes.
文摘N,N-Bis(2-pyridylmethyl)-amine-N-ethyl-2-pyridine-2-carboxamide was synthesized and characterized according to the literature. At 25 ℃, I=0.1 mol/L KNO 3, the stability constants of the binary system formed by the ligand with metal ions in ethanol aqueous solution were studied by pH potentiometric titration and the appropriate structures with respect to the titration species were proposed. The results show that the stability order of divalent metals binding to the ligand is Co<Ni>Cu<Zn which does not conform to the order of the Irving-Williams series. Then the abnormal property of copper complex is discussed.
