Micropropagation of Pinus densiflora and the evaluation of nematode resistance of regenerated microshoots in vitro

To accelerate the breeding and selection of Pinus densiflora Siebold and Zucc. resistance to pine wilt disease, a micropropagation system was established and nematode resistance evaluated in vitro. Cotyledon-hypocotyl explants from 28-day-old seedlings were first cultured on Gresshoff and Doy medium supplemented with 4.0 mg L^(-1) 6-benzyladenine and 0.2 mg L^(-1) a-naphthaleneacetic acid(NAA) to stimulate the formation of buds. Induced buds were subsequently subcultured on Gupta and Durzan medium supplemented with 0.1%(w/v)activated charcoal for elongation. Stem sections derived from shoots were used as explants for the further multiplication. Roots were formed from shoots transferred to woody plant medium containing 0.2 mg L^(-1) NAA for4 weeks. The nematode resistance test showed that symptoms in micropropagated shoots after infection with pine wood nematode(PWN) were similar to those in plants infected in the field. The wilting rate varied from 20 to100% among different clones 18 days after inoculation.The most susceptible clone was Clone 6-4 with a 100%wilting rate, while Clone 8-4 showed a relatively high resistance with a 20% wilting rate. The number of nematodes recovered from Clone 8-4 shoots was significantly lower(P = 0.05) than from Clones 5-10 and 16-4. This work contributes to the breeding of PWN resistance in P.densiflora.

Effect of an extraction solvent on the antioxidant quality of Pinus densiflora needle extract

Pinus densiflora needle extract (PDNE) is widely reported to have many pharmacological activities including antioxidant potential. However, the solvent system used for extraction greatly affects its antioxidant quality. Hence, in the present study, we investigated the effect of a different ratio (vol/vol) of ethanol to water (0-100%) in the extraction of PDNE with potent antioxidant capacity. The chemical assays, 2,2-diphenyl-1 picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS), were conducted to assess the antioxidant potential of PDNE. Subsequently, the cytoprotective effect of PDNE was determined using tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP)-challenged HepG2 cellular model. The needle extracts from 40% ethanol (PDNE-40) showed greater radical scavenging activity followed by 60%, 20%, 80%, 0% and 100% ethanol extracts. EC50 value of the most active extract, PDNE-40, was 8.56 ± 0.51 μg/mL, relative to 1.34 ± 0.28 μg/mL of the standard trolox (for ABTS radical), and 75.96 ± 11.60 μg/mL, relative to 4.83 ± 0.26 μg/mL of the standard trolox (for DPPH radical). Either PDNE-20 or PDNE-40 pretreatment remarkably decreased the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), lipid peroxides and protein carbonyls in TBHP-challenged HepG2 cells. In addition, both PDNE-20 and PDNE-40 significantly reversed the decreased ratio of reduced (GSH) to oxidized (GSSG) glutathione. Moreover, these two extracts showed a significant inhibitory effect on TBHP-induced nuclear damage and loss of cell viability. In summary, the inclusion of 40% ethanol in water for extraction of Pinus densiflora needle greatly increases the antioxidant quality of the extract.

Below-ground growth characteristics of 13-year-old Pinus densiflora on different contour conditions in a post-fire plantation in Samcheuk,Korea

We estimated the growth volume of artificially reforested Pinus densiflora in a post-fire area on three different contour conditions by comparing and analyzing the vertical and horizontal distributions of below-ground roots on each contour. The main roots at the south-facing slope (SS) developed in a long and straight form, and those on the north-facing slope (NS) in a twisted form. The side roots developed more than the main roots on the Ridge. The depth of taproots decreased in the following order: SS > NS > Ridge. The roots on the SS developed in a pile-form root structure whereas those in the Ridge and NS developed concentrically near the root collar. The amount of root development decreased in the following order: SS > NS > Ridge. The ratio of fine roots from the whole-root development decreased in the following order: Ridge > SS > NS. These results can guide considerations of growth differences according to the planting contour conditions for future establishment of P. densiflora artificial plantations.

Effect of stand density and humus removal on regeneration of Pinus densiflora seedlings in a mixed conifer and broad-leaved forest

We studied the impact of stand density and forest floor humus removal on regeneration ofPinus densiflora in a mixed co- nifer and broad-leaved forest on the Daimonji-Yama Mountain, Kyoto, Japan. Three levels of stand density were set, i.e., a clear-cut site, a heavily thinned site and a lightly thinned site. In each density treatment, comparisons were carried out between humus removal （A0-free） and humus intact （A0-intact） subplots. We counted the emergence of sown pine seeds and measured survival and growth of pine seedlings over the next four years. In addition, light conditions and the recovery of understory were monitored. Results show that thinning intensity and humus removal promoted the establishment and growth of seedlings. One exception, however, was that seedling growth was minimal in the heavily thinned A0-intact subplots. This was due to a strong response of understory vegetation growth on the treatment combination, which hindered the pine seedling growth. Furthermore, we found that the canopy openness measured at 1.3-m height remained at least 35% for the heavily thinned site in 2008. The results suggest that the removal of the A0 layer after heavy thinning is the most effective and labor-saving operation for P. densifiora regeneration.

Decomposition dynamics and ecological stoichiometry of Quercus acutissima and Pinus densiflora litter in the Grain to Green Program Area of northern China

Litter decomposition and ecological stoichiometry of nutrient release is an important part of material cycling and energy flow in forest ecosystems.In a study of the ecological stoichiometry and nutrient release during litter decomposition in a pine–oak forest ecosystem of the Grain to Green Program(GTGP)area of northern China,a typical pine and oak species(PDS:Pinus densiflora Sieb.,QAC:Quercus acutissima Carr.)were selected in the Taiyi Mountain study area.The ecological stoichiometry characteristics of carbon(C),nitrogen(N)and phosphorus(P)and litter decomposition dynamics were studied by field sampling and quantitative analyses.The results showed the following.(1)The decomposition dynamics of both litters was slow-fast-slow.The most important climatic factor affecting the litter decomposition rate from May to October was precipitation and temperature from November to April of the following year.(2)Throughout the 300-day study,in both litters,C of the two litters was released,N first accumulated and was then released,and P exhibited a release-accumulate-release pattern.(3)C:P was significantly higher than C:N and N:P(p<0.05);the C:N of PSD litter was higher than that of QAC(p<0.05),but the N:P of QAC litter was higher than that of PSD litter(p<0.05).The C:N of both litters was very high in the study area,indicating that the nutrient release ability during litter decomposition in the two typical pine–oak forest ecosystems was relatively weak;therefore,more attention should be paid to nitrogen-fixing species and mixed forests in the GTGP area of northern China.

Study on the Practical and Ideal Mature Age of Pinus densiflora

This study was conducted on the analytic tree and got the fitting empirical equation of tree growth, in which the tree growth rate was used as the variable and time as the independent variable. The arithmetical operation to the function got the mature age of tree growth, and the practical and ideal mature ages of Pinus densiflora were 58 and 123.5 a, respectively. In addition, the application research direction and matters needing attention were proposed.

Biomass growth characteristics of 13-year-old Pinus densiflora S.et Z.in a post-fire plantation on different contour conditions in Samcheuk,Korea

We used preliminary data to estimate the growth volume of artificially reforested Pinus densiflora in a post-fire area on three different contour conditions. We compared the growth of P. densiflora on a south-facing slope(Ssth), north-facing slope(Snth) and ridge area(Ridge), using 7 trees selected from each stand aspect. The tree height, diameter and growth volume were measured and the dry weight of each plant part were compared and analyzed. The results revealed that the total dry weight was highest on Ssth(5992.3 g), followed by Snth(4833.2 g) and lowest on Ridge(3160.1 g). The height growth was highest on Snth(285.8 cm), followed by Ssth(274.5 cm) and lowest on Ridge(211.5 cm). The diameter growth was greatest on Ssth(7.37 cm), followed by Snth(7.10 cm) and lowest on Ridge(5.72 cm). The volume growth was highest on Ssth(4257.7 cm3), followed by Snth(3750.7 cm3) and lowest on Ridge(2093.7 cm3). Therefore, we should consider and include the concept of slope orientation together with differences in habitat environments in afforestation projects when creating artificial forests with P. densiflora. These study results can serve as important preliminary data for future establishment of artificial forest of P. densiflora in a post-fire plantation.

Carbon and nitrogen storage in an age-sequence of Pinus densiflora stands in Korea

The carbon(C) and nitrogen(N) storage capabilities of Pinus densiflora in six different stand ages(10,27,30,32,44,and 71 years old) were investigated in Korea.Thirty sample trees were destructively harvested and 12 were excavated.Samples from the above and belowground tree components,coarse woody debris(CWD),forest floor,and mineral soil(0-30 cm) were collected.Tree biomass was highest in the 71-year-old stand(202.8 t ha-1) and lowest in the 10-year-old stand(18.4 t ha-1).C and N storage in the mineral soil was higher in the 71-year-old stand than in the other stands,mainly due to higher soil C and N concentrations.Consequently,the total ecosystem C and N storage(tree+forest floor+CWD+soil) was positively correlated with stand age:increasing from a minimum in the 10 year old stand(18.8 t C ha-1 and 1.3 t N ha-1) to a maximum in the 71-year-old stand(201.4 t C ha-1 and 8.5 t N ha-1).The total ecosystem C storage showed a similar sigmoidal pattern to that of tree C storage as a function of the age-sequence,while N storage in the CWD,forest floor and mineral soil showed no significant temporal trends.Our results provide important insights that will increase our understanding of C and N storage in P.densiflora stands and our ability to predict changes according to stand age in the region.

赤松防护林森林抚育管理技术研究

防护林建设可调节区域性气候,防止水土流失,为了提高防护林的建设水平,不断创新和完善抚育管理技术,充分发挥防护林作用,该文以曲阜市国有石门寺林场为例,对赤松防护林进行研究。通过分析赤松防护林存在的问题,提出对赤松纯林采取修枝、割灌、间伐、补植等森林抚育管理措施,促进赤松防护林向健康、稳定、高效的生态系统发展。

昆嵛山自然保护区生态系统服务功能价值评估

昆嵛山自然保护区是中国的赤松原生地和天然分布中心,分布有我国面积最大、保护最为完整的天然赤松林生态系统。以昆嵛山自然保护区的自然生态系统为研究对象,从物质量与价值量的角度,采用影子工程法、机会成本法、市场价值法等研究方法,对其生态系统服务功能的直接价值和间接价值进行了评估。结果表明,昆嵛山自然保护区的生态系统服务功能价值达4.99×108元/a,其单位面积的经济价值为32351元/(hm2.a),其中直接价值为0.32×108元/a,仅占到总服务功能总价值的6.42%,而间接价值高达4.67×108元/a,两者之比接近1∶15,间接价值中大小顺序依次为:涵养水源>净化空气>维持生物多样性>土壤保持>固碳释氧>娱乐文化价值。昆嵛山自然保护区面积仅占到烟台市牟平区的9.71%,但贡献的生态服务价值可相当于牟平区2003年GDP的7.00%,从人均来看,当地每人每年可获得其生态服务价值达1039元。研究结果表明,昆嵛山自然保护区对维持当地可持续发展具有举足轻重的作用。

沙地彰武松与樟子松苗木抗旱生理特性比较

通过盆栽控水试验,对4年生彰武松、樟子松苗木在不同水分梯度下形态指标和叶片内丙二醛(MDA)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、叶绿素(Chl)、脯氨酸(Pro)含量和叶片含水率(LWC)5项抗旱生理指标进行测定。结果表明:彰武松总干质量、根干质量、茎干质量和根茎比等4个指标都显著高于樟子松,而单片针叶面积显著小于樟子松,针叶厚度略大。在不同水分梯度下,彰武松的MDA含量都小于樟子松,CAT活性、Pro含量都高于樟子松。轻度干旱区〔(40%田间持水量(FMC)〕樟子松叶片中MDA,CAT和Pro含量较对照区(100%FMC)均呈现上升趋势,在中度干旱区(30%FMC)这3个指标继续明显升高,在重度干旱区(20%FMC)它们达到最大值;而轻度干旱区中彰武松叶片的这3个生理指标反而低于对照区,在中度干旱区它们才开始增大,尤其是CAT含量较对照区显著增加,这些指标也在重度干旱区中达到了最大值。这表明彰武松幼苗在更低的土壤含水率下才表现出胁迫伤害,并且在开始受到胁迫伤害时就迅速提高保护酶(CAT)活性,增加渗透调节物质含量(Pro),实现对干旱胁迫较强的忍耐性和较好的适应性。在不同水分梯度下,彰武松Chl含量和LWC均大于樟子松,这2个指标在同一树种中的变化趋势也相同,大小排序均为:对照区>轻度干旱区>中度干旱区>重度干旱区。

赤松木材管胞形态特征及密度的变异规律

研究分析了人工林赤松木材管胞形态和密度的变异规律 ,得出了管胞长度、管胞直径、管胞长宽比和生长轮密度等材性指标的变异规律的数学模型 。

昆嵛山天然赤松种群的数量特征及更新动态

Pinus densiflora Sieb.et Zucc. forest is a zonal coniferous forest in Shandong Peninsula. The age structure, diameter at breast height(DBH) and height of natural P. densiflora population in mount Kunyu showed that the population was in an increasing stage. The distributed characteristics of seed bank and seedlings also indicated P. densiflora is more adaptable to native environment. Moreover, the species diversity of shrub and herbaceous layer under natural P. densiflora forest was remarkably greater than that under cultivated P. thunbergii forest. To realize natural restoration and sustainable development of vegetation in Shandong Peninsula, we must conserve and develop P. densiflora forest.

赤松一新变种

本文发表了赤松一新变种即彰武松ＰｉｎｕｓｄｅｎｓｉｆｌｏｒａＳｉｅｂ．ｅｔＺｕｃｃ．ｖａｒ．ｚｈａｎｇｗｕｅｎｓｉｓＺｈａｎｇ，ＬｉｅｔＹｕａｎｖａｒ．ｎｏｖ．

彰武松生长及适应性初步研究

彰武松是赤松的天然杂交新变种,经繁殖观察研究表明,其顶芽饱满、长势旺盛,无性嫁接愈合能力强,生长速度快,1年生、2年生彰武松实生苗的地径和苗高均大于同龄樟子松、赤松、油松,2年生苗高分别为樟子松、赤松、油松的136％、151％和133％。彰武松与11年生樟子松树高比为1.82:1,地径比为1.47:1,差异显著。彰武松有较强的抗旱和抗病能力,是“三北”地区很育发展前景的优良造林树种,值得大力繁殖推广。

彰武松、樟子松光合生产与蒸腾耗水特性

采用Li-6400光合测定系统对性成熟(18 a)阶段彰武松(Pinus densiflora var.zhangwuensis)和樟子松(Pinus sylvestris var.mongolica)光合及蒸腾指标不同季节日变化进行了测定,并采用切枝蒸腾法对两个树种叶片气孔蒸腾和角质层蒸腾进行对比测定,评价了气孔开闭敏感性,探讨了两个树种光合生产与蒸腾耗水特性。结果表明:在同样生境条件下,彰武松比樟子松有较大的光合速率(Pn)和较小的蒸腾速率(Tr)。在5月和7月,彰武松的Pn和Tr日变化呈现明显双峰型,其Pn和Tr"午休"现象均主要受气孔限制;在10月呈单峰型。樟子松的Pn和Tr日变化在整个生长季均呈单峰型,而且,彰武松日光合量(DAP)均高于樟子松,是樟子松的163.4%(5月)、211.1%(7月)和183.6%(10月)。光响应曲线参数表明:在不同月份,彰武松最大光合速率(Pmax)均大于樟子松,且光饱和点(LSP)较高,光补偿点(LCP)较低。在任意被测时刻,彰武松气孔导度(Gs)和Tr都小于樟子松。彰武松具有较小气孔和角质层蒸腾速度,并且在同样干旱条件下,彰武松气孔下陷,其气孔的开闭反应更加敏感。彰武松水分利用效率(WUE)较高,约是樟子松的2.29倍。这些结果暗示,彰武松以其高的光合速率和低的蒸腾耗水特性,提高水分利用效率,以其敏感的气孔开闭机制和旱生叶片结构进而实现在干旱半干旱地区的速生特性。

赤松离体培养植株再生体系的建立

以无菌条件下萌发21～28d的赤松(Pinus densiflora)幼苗子叶-胚轴材料为起始外植体建立了植株再生体系。结果表明:在添加4mg/L6-BA和0.05mg/L NAA的GD培养基上培养5周可诱导丛生芽形成,无6-BA但添加0.1mg/L NAA的DCR培养基促进了芽的进一步生长,DCR培养基中添加0.5～1.0g/L活性炭促进了芽的伸长,在添加2mg/L6-BA和0.1～0.2mg/L NAA的GD培养基上丛生芽大量增殖。伸长的丛生芽接种在附加0.2mg/L NAA的1/2GD培养基中培养4周后,不定根发生率达68.4%,转移至无激素但添加0.5g/L活性炭的1/2GD中不定根迅速伸长。将完整的再生植株移栽于蛭石-珍珠岩-河沙等比混合的基质中,12周后成活率约为60%。

赤松纯林林分特征对昆嵛山鳃扁叶蜂发生量的影响

为探讨昆嵛山鳃扁叶蜂的发生与天然赤松纯林的林分特征及其自然分布的关系,依托昆嵛山森林生态定位研究站所设立的40块永久性样地,比较了群落自然演替13 a的赤松种群特征以及林内灌草多样性指数,并分析了虫口密度与赤松林分特征的关系。结果表明,13 a自然生长,赤松种群的径级分布和高度结构出现显著变化。赤松种群中占总数60%的林木径级为5 cm<DBH≤25 cm,比1996年高51%;而约占67%的赤松个体高度在2 m到10 m之间,比1996年高57%。同时种群密度从1996年的平均超过13000株/hm2降到了2008年的平均2377株/hm2。赤松林内灌草Shannon多样性指数(H)和均匀度指数(JS)分别为2.50和0.79,分别低于1996年的(H)2.69和(JS)0.85,暗示赤松纯林生物多样性有降低的趋势。昆嵛山鳃扁叶蜂的虫口密度与赤松林分的郁闭度和赤松分布的海拔高度呈极显著相关关系、相关系数分别为R=0.931、P=0.002和R=0.924、P=0.003;与林分密度(R=0.780,P=0.038)、林木胸径(R=0.816,P=0.025)呈显著相关关系,而与树高以及树龄关系不显著。昆嵛山鳃扁叶蜂虫口密度的分布格局似乎非常符合"资源集中"假说。

长白山区天然更新赤松幼树的构型分析

在长白山区东北部天然赤松林内 ,针对赤松幼树 (树高 4～ 5m)探讨了构型与微小生境的关系 ,统计分析了幼树的分枝格局 ,并与生长在林中空地的赤松幼树 (树高 4～ 5m)的构型进行了比较。结果表明 :同林中空地的个体相比 ,林隙内赤松幼树冠幅相对狭窄 ,侧枝的分枝角在树干上从下到上缓慢减少 ;林隙内赤松个体树干上侧枝的平均分枝数比林中空地的少 11% ,侧枝上二级枝条的平均分枝数则比林中空地的赤松个体少 5 % ;当林隙面积在 10 0～ 12 0m2 时 ,侧枝上发生的二级侧枝在不同方位上的分布不均匀 ,在东南 -西 (SE4 5°～SW90°)

抗松材线虫病赤松胚性愈伤组织的诱导及增殖

以抗松材线虫病赤松未成熟合子胚为外植体,研究了合子胚发育阶段、激素种类及浓度以及碳源等对胚性愈伤组织诱导的影响。结果表明：发育至2-4阶段的合子胚为胚性愈伤组织诱导的适宜外植体,2,4-D和6-BA是最优激素组合,麦芽糖比蔗糖、葡萄糖更有利于胚性愈伤组织的诱导。抗松材线虫病赤松胚性愈伤组织诱导率总体较低,以DCR为基本培养基,添加2 mg/L 2,4-D和1 mg/L 6-BA时诱导率最高为5.0%,诱导的胚性愈伤组织在增殖培养基上能够稳定增殖。