Wake Effects on A Hybrid Semi-Submersible Floating Wind Farm with Multiple Hub Heights

Wind farms generally consist of a single turbine installed with the same hub height. As the scale of turbines increases,wake interference between turbines becomes increasingly significant, especially for floating wind turbines(FWT).Some researchers find that wind farms with multiple hub heights could increase the annual energy production(AEP),while previous studies also indicate that wake meandering could increase fatigue loading. This study investigates the wake interaction within a hybrid floating wind farm with multiple hub heights. In this study, FAST.Farm is employed to simulate a hybrid wind farm which consists of four semi-submersible FWTs(5MW and 15MW) with two different hub heights. Three typical wind speeds(below-rated, rated, and over-rated) are considered in this paper to investigate the wake meandering effects on the dynamics of two FWTs. Damage equivalent loads(DEL) of the turbine critical components are computed and analyzed for several arrangements determined by the different spacing of the four turbines. The result shows that the dynamic wake meandering significantly affects downstream turbines’ global loadings and load effects. Differences in DEL show that blade-root flapwise bending moments and mooring fairlead tensions are sensitive to the spacing of the turbines.

Joint Return Value Estimation of Significant Wave Heights and Wind Speeds with Bivariate Copulas

The joint design criteria of significant wave heights and wind speeds are quite important for the structural reliability of fixed offshore platforms.However,the design method that regards different ocean environmental variables as independent is conservative.In the present study,we introduce a bivariate sample consisting of the maximum wave heights and concomitant wind speeds of the threshold by using the peak-over-threshold and declustering methods.After selecting the appropriate bivariate copulas and univariate distributions and blocking the sample into years,the bivariate compound distribution of annual extreme wave heights and concomitant wind speeds is constructed.Two joint design criteria,namely,the joint probability density method and the conditional probability method,are applied to obtain the joint return values of significant wave heights and wind speeds.Results show that(28.5±0.5)m s^(-1)is the frequently obtained wind speed based on the Atlantic dataset,and these joint design values are more appropriate than those calculated by univariate analysis in the fatigue design.

Long-Term Characterization of Sea Conditions in the East China Sea Using Significant Wave Height and Wind Speed

In this study, the statistical characterization of sea conditions in the East China Sea(ECS) is investigated by analyzing a significant wave height and wind speed data at a 6-hour interval for 30 years(1980–2009), which was simulated and computed using the WAVEWATCH Ⅲ(WW3) model. The monthly variations of these parameters showed that the significant wave height and wind speed have minimum values of 0.73 m and 5.15 ms^(-1) and 1.73 m and 8.24 ms^(-1) in the month of May and December, respectively. The annual, seasonal, and monthly mean sea state characterizations showed that the slight sea generally prevailed in the ECS and had nearly the highest occurrence in all seasons and months. Additionally, the moderate sea prevailed in the winter months of December and January, while the smooth(wavelets) sea prevailed in May. Furthermore, the spatial variation of sea states showed that the calm and smooth sea had the largest occurrences in the northern ECS. The slight sea occurred mostly(above 30%) in parts of the ECS and the surrounding locations, while higher occurrences of the rough and very rough seas were distributed in waters between the southwest ECS and the northeast South China Sea(SCS). The occurrences of the phenomenal sea conditions are insignificant and are distributed in the northwest Pacific and its upper region, which includes the Southern Kyushu-Palau Ridge and Ryukyu Trench.

The seasonal variations in the significant wave height and sea surface wind speed of the China's seas

Long-term variations in a sea surface wind speed （WS） and a significant wave height （SWH） are associated with the global climate change, the prevention and mitigation of natural disasters, and an ocean resource exploitation, and other activities. The seasonal characteristics of the long-term trends in China＇s seas WS and SWH are determined based on 24 a （1988-2011） cross-calibrated, multi-platform （CCMP） wind data and 24 a hindcast wave data obtained with the WAVEWATCH-III （WW3） wave model forced by CCMP wind data. The results show the following. （1） For the past 24 a, the China＇s WS and SWH exhibit a significant increasing trend as a whole, of 3.38 cm/（s.a） in the WS, 1.3 cm/a in the SWH. （2） As a whole, the increasing trend of the China＇s seas WS and SWH is strongest in March-April-May （MAM） and December-January-February （DJF）, followed by June-July-August （JJA）, and smallest in September-October-November （SON）. （3） The areal extent of significant increases in the WS was largest in MAM, while the area decreased in JJA and DJF; the smallest area was apparent in SON. In contrast to the WS, almost all of China＇s seas exhibited a significant increase in SWH in MAM and DJF; the range was slightly smaller in JJA and SON. The WS and SWH in the Bohai Sea, the Yellow Sea, East China Sea, the Tsushima Strait, the Taiwan Strait, the northern South China Sea, the Beibu Gull and the Gulf of Thailand exhibited a significant increase in all seasons. （4） The variations in China＇s seas SWH and WS depended on the season. The areas with a strong increase usually appeared in DJF.

Joint Occurrence Period of Wind Speed and Wave Height Based on Both Service Term and Risk Probability

Return periods calculated for different environmental conditions are key parameters for ocean platform design.Many codes for offshore structure design give no consideration about the correlativity among multi-loads and over-estimate design values.This frequently leads to not only higher investment but also distortion of structural reliability analysis.The definition of design return period in existing codes and industry criteria in China are summarized.Then joint return periods of different ocean environmental parameters are determined from the view of service term and danger risk.Based on a bivariate equivalent maximum entropy distribution,joint design parameters are estimated for the concomitant wave height and wind speed at a site in the Bohai Sea.The calculated results show that even if the return period of each environmental factor,such as wave height or wind speed,is small,their combinations can lead to larger joint return periods.Proper design criteria for joint return period associated with concomitant environmental conditions will reduce structural size and lead to lower investment of ocean platforms for the exploitation of marginal oil field.

A STUDY ON THE APPLICATION OF FY-2E CLOUD DRIFT WIND HEIGHT REASSIGNMENT IN NUMERICAL FORECAST OF TYPHOON CHANTHU(1003) TRACK

In this paper, we first analyzed cloud drift wind(CDW) data distribution in the vertical direction, and then reassigned the height of every CDW in the research domain in terms of background information, and finally, conducted contrast numerical experiments of assimilating the CDW data before and after reassignment to examine the impacts on the forecast of the track of Typhoon Chanthu(1003) from 00:00(Coordinated Universal Time) 21 July to 00:00 UTC23 July, 2010. The analysis results of the CDW data indicate that the number of CDWs is mainly distributed in the midand upper-troposphere above 500 h Pa, with the maximum number at about 300 h Pa. The height reassigning method mentioned in this work may update the height effectively, and the CDW data are distributed reasonably and no obvious contradiction occurs in the horizontal direction after height reassignment. After assimilating the height-reassigned CDW data, especially the water vapor CDW data, the initial wind field around Typhoon Chanthu(1003) became more reasonable, and then the steering current leading the typhoon to move to the correct location became stronger. As a result, the numerical track predictions are improved.

Applicability evaluation of ERA5 wind and wave reanalysis data in the South China Sea

Wind and wave data are essential in climatological and engineering design applications.In this study,data from 15 buoys located throughout the South China Sea(SCS)were used to evaluate the ERA5 wind and wave data.Applicability assessment are beneficial for gaining insight into the reliability of the ERA5 data in the SCS.The bias range between the ERA5 and observed wind-speed data was-0.78-0.99 m/s.The result indicates that,while the ERA5 wind-speed data underestimation was dominate,the overestimation of such data existed as well.Additionally,the ERA5 data underestimated annual maximum wind-speed by up to 38%,with a correlation coefficient>0.87.The bias between the ERA5 and observed significant wave height(SWH)data varied from-0.24 to 0.28 m.And the ERA5 data showed positive SWH bias,which implied a general underestimation at all locations,except those in the Beibu Gulf and centralwestern SCS,where overestimation was observed.Under extreme conditions,annual maximum SWH in the ERA5 data was underestimated by up to 30%.The correlation coefficients between the ERA5 and observed SWH data at all locations were greater than 0.92,except in the central-western SCS(0.84).The bias between the ERA5 and observed mean wave period(MWP)data varied from-0.74 to 0.57 s.The ERA5 data showed negative MWP biases implying a general overestimation at all locations,except for B1(the Beibu Gulf)and B7(the northeastern SCS),where underestimation was observed.The correlation coefficient between the ERA5 and observed MWP data in the Beibu Gulf was the smallest(0.56),and those of other locations fluctuated within a narrow range from 0.82 to 0.90.The intercomparison indicates that during the analyzed time-span,the ERA5 data generally underestimated wind-speed and SWH,but overestimated MWP.Under non-extreme conditions,the ERA5 wind-speed and SWH data can be used with confidence in most regions of the SCS,except in the central-western SCS.

Robust Solution for Boundary Layer Height Detections with Coherent Doppler Wind Lidar

Although coherent Doppler wind lidar(CDWL)is promising in detecting boundary layer height(BLH),differences between BLH results are observed when different CDWL measurements are used as tracers.Here,a robust solution for BLH detections with CDWL is proposed and demonstrated:mixed layer height(MLH)is retrieved best from turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate(TKEDR),while stable boundary layer height(SBLH)and residual layer height(RLH)can be retrieved from carrier-to-noise ratio(CNR).To study the cause of the BLH differences,an intercomparison experiment is designed with two identical CDWLs,where only one is equipped with a stability control subsystem.During the experiment,it is found that the CNR could be distorted by instrument instability because the coupling efficiency from free-space to the polarization-maintaining fiber of the telescope is sensitive to the surrounding environment.In the ML,a bias up to 2.13 km of the MLH from CNR is found,which is caused by the CNR deviation.In contrast,the MLH from TKEDR is robust as long as the accuracy of wind is guaranteed.In the SBL(RL),the CNR is found capable to retrieve SBLH and RLH simultaneously and robustly.This solution is tested during an observation period over one month.Statistical analysis shows that the root-mean-square errors(RMSE)in the MLH,SBLH,and RLH are 0.28 km,0.23 km,and 0.24 km,respectively.

Research of Sail Height Adjustment on Sail-Assisted Ship in Different Loading and Wind Conditions

The relationship between ship stability and sail area is firstly investigated based on the sail-assisted ship＇s stability in this paper. Then a height-adjustable sail structure is proposed that could be automatically adjusted according to the wind conditions, ship loading and other requirements. The influences on the sail height in different ship load conditions, different wind apparent velocity and wind direction are analyzed of a sail-assisted bulk carrier. Finally a control procedure of sail height adjustment in real time is proposed according to the actual load conditions, wind conditions, ship velocity and other parameters to make the best use of wind energy, which is significant for the practical application of sail-assisting technology in the future.

Some Experiments with Multivariate Objective Analysis Scheme of Heights and Winds Using Optimum Interpolation

A two-dimensional, multitvariate objective analysis scheme for simultaneous analysis of geopotential height and wind fields has been developed over Indian and adjoining region for use in numerical weather prediction. The height-height correlations calculated using daily data of four July months (1976-1979), are used to derive the other autocorrelations and cross-correlations assuming geostropic relationship. A Gaussian function is used to model the autocorrelation function. Since the scheme is multivariate the regression coefficients (weights) are matrix.Near the equator, the geostrophic approximation relating mass and wind is decoupled in a way similar to Bergman (1979). The objective analyses were made over Indian and adjoining region for 850, 700, 500, 300 and 200 hPa levels for the period from 4 July to 8 July 1979, 12 GMT. The analyses obtained using multivariate optimum interpolation scheme depict the synoptic situations satisfactorily. The analyses were also compared with the FGGE analyses (from ECMWF) and also with the station observations by computing the root mean square (RMS) errors and the RMS errors are comparable with those obtained in other similar studies.

超强台风“莫兰蒂”(1614)边界层结构的风廓线雷达观测分析

利用翔安风廓线雷达和厦门探空雷达资料,对2016年超强台风“莫兰蒂”外雨带(距离台风中心120~220 km)和外围晴空(距离台风中心400~630 km)边界层结构进行观测分析,结果表明:在超强台风“莫兰蒂”外雨带,风廓线雷达反演的最大切向风速高度分布在入流层下方0.5~1.0 km处,并且随着台风中心的靠近,最大切向风速和入流层高度都有降低的趋势,受降雨粒子的影响,风廓线雷达只能定性反映台风外雨带最大切向风速高度和入流层高度分布特征。在超强台风“莫兰蒂”外围晴空天气下,最大切向风速高度与入流层高度具有一致性,其边界层高度变化比较平稳,高度分布在1.2~1.6 km之间,能够定量反映台风外围晴空边界层高度分布;相对于传统热力驱动的湍流,台风系统边界层湍流主要由风切变驱动,台风外围湍流活动的增强主要发生在最大切向风速高度附近,除了风切变还有其他比较重要的驱动源,表明在台风边界层顶部附近有更加复杂的湍流活动,需要更加精细的湍流通量试验确定其来源。

建筑底层架空对行人高度处风环境及污染物扩散影响的数值模拟

在规则建筑群内,考虑建筑底层的架空设计,利用realizable k-ε紊流模型数值模拟了6种工况下的风场和污染物浓度场,并采用时均风速比M_(VR)、风速面积占比A_(RSi)和无量纲浓度K等指标对行人高度处的风环境和污染物浓度进行了评价。建筑底层的架空设计能有效增加行人高度处的M_(VR),上游建筑的架空对M_(VR)的增加效果更显著。架空设计能减小低风速ARSi,增加中风速和中高风速A_(RSi),当建筑群中有2列及以上的建筑采用架空设计时,A_(RSi)的改善效果更好。当污染源位于建筑群上游地面时,架空设计对行人高度处的K分布影响不大,架空导致的回流使得污染物难以扩散至建筑群内,还会因其架空导致紧邻污染源的建筑迎风面行人高度处的K显著变小。

基于CFD仿真植保无人机在各工况下对施药效果的影响

为探究多旋翼植保无人机在不同工况下对施药效果的影响,明确两款多旋翼植保无人机结构设计优缺点,规范植保无人机在飞防作业中的参数设置。试验以两款多旋翼植保无人机为对象,采用CFD仿真模拟植保无人机在不同工况下的流场分布、风场幅宽、飘移情况。结果表明:两款植保无人机主要风场幅宽可达6~12 m,次要风场幅宽可达12~20 m;增加飞行高度、飞行速度可以获得较大的喷洒面积,但风场穿透力减弱、雾滴飘移距离增加,顺风作业有利于改善施药效果;四旋翼植保无人机相较于六旋翼植保无人机平衡性更好,下压力及抗飘移能力都有一定优势,且风场分布均匀规整,更有利于喷洒均匀。可为后续植保无人机机型结构优化提供思路和为植保无人机飞防作业参数设置提供理论依据。

考虑时间相关性的风速和波浪高度短期预测

风与波浪高度是海洋工程设计的重要参数之一,其准确预测具有重要的工程意义。针对波浪高度复杂多变、难以预测的挑战,本文考虑时间相关性,利用长短时记忆(Long-Short-Term Memory,LSTM)神经网络方法建立风和波浪高度的短期预测模型。首先,对波浪高度和风速等海洋环境原始时间序列进行分析,并选取不同时间间隔对浪高和风速极值进行取值;其次,对风速与波浪高度开展相关性分析,并基于LSTM方法,构建风和波浪高度单步预测模型。在时间间隔为0.5 h时,波浪的预测误差为0.12 m;进而构建风和波浪联合预测模型,预测风速下的波高预测误差仅为0.12m,与实测风速下的波浪预测误差基本一致。

基于工具变量法的PM_(2.5)浓度对每日死亡影响的效应估计

目的大量环境流行病学研究表明PM_(2.5)浓度短期变化与人群每日死亡相关,但是大多数关于PM_(2.5)对每日死亡的急性效应的研究是通过回归来控制混杂因素,而通常可用的人群资料里仅包含少量测量的混杂因素,这就面临着大量未观测的混杂因素未纳入模型的问题从而导致估计有偏,而工具变量法可以较好地解决未观测混杂带来的效应估计问题,本文通过工具变量法估计PM_(2.5)对每日死亡的急性效应。方法收集中国某市2016—2019年PM_(2.5)日均浓度、气象数据及每日非意外死亡人数,采用边界层高度和风速作为工具变量,分析该地PM_(2.5)浓度对每日非意外死亡的影响;采用阴性暴露对照法检验工具变量假设;采用时间序列的bootstrap方法估计置信区间。并与广义相加模型的效应估计进行比较。结果工具变量法得出PM_(2.5)浓度与人群每日非意外死亡存在相关,PM_(2.5)浓度每升高10μg/m^(3),人群每日非意外死亡增加0.94%(95%CI:0.39%~1.55%);阴性暴露对照结果显示阴性暴露与人群日非意外死亡不相关(P=0.19),说明前述工具变量模型不受未测量且未控制混杂的影响。传统广义相加模型估计PM_(2.5)浓度每升高10μg/m^(3),人群每日非意外死亡增加0.24%(95%CI:0.01%~0.47%)。结论经工具变量法估计,该地PM_(2.5)浓度与居民每日非意外死亡存在相关,边界层高度和风速可以作为工具变量估计PM_(2.5)浓度对人群每日非意外死亡的急性效应。

飞机气动除冰系统试验研究

气动除冰技术具有能耗低、可靠性高的优点,广泛应用于小型商用飞机以及通用航空飞机。研究不同参数对气动除冰效果的影响,是飞机气动除冰系统设计和优化的基础。本文通过对气囊膨胀高度的研究,发现充气时间3 s、充气气压0.2 MPa是实现气囊最佳膨胀高度的条件。在此基础上,先后在地面冷环境以及结冰风洞中建立气动除冰系统试验平台,开展了不同参数对气动除冰效果的试验研究。试验结果表明,充气时间、充气气压、气囊宽度及结冰温度对除冰率均有一定程度的影响。并且,要想实现最好的气动除冰效果,靠近前缘驻点的气囊需达到一定宽度。此外,相较于霜冰,明冰的除冰效果更佳。

树干高度耦合壁面热效应对城市街谷内污染扩散的影响研究

在半封闭的街道峡谷内,交通排放和二次污染物容易在通风不良的区域积聚,严重威胁人们的健康。在影响街道峡谷流场和污染物扩散特性的诸多因素中,太阳辐射引起的壁面热浮力以及不同树干高度对空气动力学的影响一直没有得到足够的重视。通过设置5种树干高度(0.18H、0.40H、0.62H、0.84H、1.06H,H为建筑高度)耦合4种壁面加热配置,研究不同树干高度(耦合树木遮阴效应)和墙体加热条件对城市街道峡谷内气流流动和污染物扩散的影响。结果表明,不同树干高度及壁面热效应对城市街道峡谷内气流流动和污染物扩散有显著影响。当树干高度低于建筑物高度时,壁面加热产生的热浮力作用会降低街谷内污染物浓度并增强通风性能;当树干高度超过建筑物高度时,迎风面加热所产生的热浮力会对污染物扩散造成阻碍。采用全壁面加热能够实现更低的污染物积累。研究结果可为城市绿色设施的优化设计,实现对局部微气候环境和空气质量精准调控提供技术指导。

2021年山东夏季降水异常特征及成因分析

基于NCEP再分析资料和山东省122个国家地面观测站数据,对2021年山东夏季降水异常特征及成因进行研究。2021年夏季山东平均降水量较常年偏多25.3%,降雨过程较多,其中,6月降水偏多主要是由于西太平洋副热带高压(简称“副高”)北抬造成;7月中旬降水偏多主要是由于副高强度偏强,副高边缘暖湿气流为山东降水提供了充足水汽,下旬降水偏多是由于台风“烟花”带来强降水;8月降水偏多主要是下旬副高强度偏强,水汽输送充沛造成。此外,2021年夏季山东降水空间分布不均匀,呈西多东少的空间分布。进一步分析近3次拉尼娜事件发现,夏季副高强度偏强是造成近3个拉尼娜衰减年夏季山东降水空间分布异常的主要原因。夏季副高强度是拉尼娜次年山东夏季降水的重要预测因子。

气象卫星大气导风研究进展和未来展望

本文主要回顾了气象卫星导风的发展历程并对未来发展方向进行了阐述.引言部分首先回顾发展历程并介绍了导风发展史上的一些里程碑事件,分别对中国、美国、欧洲以及日本的气象卫星导风情况进行了简要介绍.第一节详细总结了多种传统气象卫星导风算法的特点和关键技术,介绍了交叉相关法、形态辨认法以及亚像元法.此外,还描述了五种较为常用的高度指定算法,对传统导风追踪算法以及高度指定算法的原理进行了详细地描述.第二节归纳了最近几年基于计算机视觉和机器学习技术发展起来的多种新体制的气象卫星导风产品,分别介绍了光流法、三维导风以及中尺度导风的优势和研究背景.最后,对比了传统与新型气象卫星各种导风算法的优缺点,展望了未来的发展趋势和应用前景.特别是指出光流法导风有着空间分辨率高、三维导风能得到更多层风场的信息、中尺度导风则能对特殊天气如热带气旋实现高时空分辨率的观测的优势,并提出三维导风与中尺度导风的应用研究将是未来重要发展方向.

深水海上风机吸力桶导管架基础承载特性

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