Implementation of FPGA Based Hybrid Power Generator for PV and Wind Grid Applications

This paper deals with implementation of Sinusoidal Pulse-Width-Modulation (SPWM) for a single-phase hybrid power filter generator for Photovoltaic (PV) and wind grid applications. Using policy iteration algorithm, an improved variable step-size perturbation and observation algorithm is contrived and it is implemented proficiently using a hard-ware description language (VHDL) (Very High Speed Integrated Circuit Hardware Description Language). Subsequently, the new generated grid source supplements the existing grid power in rural houses during its cut off or restricted supply period. The software is used for generating SPWM modulation integrated with a solar-power & wind power grid system which is implemented on the Spartan 3 FPGA. The proposed algorithm performs as a conventional controller in terms of tracking speed and mitigating fluctuation output power in steady state operation which is shown in the experimental results with a commercial PV array and HPW (Height Weight Proportional) show. Simulation results demonstrate the validity with load of the proposed algorithm.

Hybrid PV/Wind/Diesel Based Distributed Generation for an Off-Grid Rural Village in Afghanistan

Afghanistan has a tremendous resource potential of renewable energy especially solar and the wind. Therefore, utilization of these resources has a special rule for the remote areas where access to the electrical grid or secure power supply is a dream for most of the people. This paper presents a feasibility and usefulness of hybrid power generation based on PV/wind/diesel generator for an off-grid rural village that feeds the load at a rate of average 7.9 kWh/day with 1.32 kW peak load. GsT （geospatial toolkit） is used to obtain the solar and wind data of the site. Windographer software is used to analyze the wind resource data of the site. HOMER Pro software package is used to select the suitable and reliable hybrid generation system and calculate the optimal capacities and costs of the components. Through the study, it is found that this state of the art adaptation could provide vast opportunities for off-grid rural communities such as in Afghanistan where enough high penetration of renewable energy is available.

Composition Modeling and Equivalence of an Integrated Power Generation System of Wind, Photovoltaic and Energy Storage Unit

利用间接组合建模的方法,在建立典型的双馈风机、光伏发电单元和储能单元的装置级机电暂态模型基础上,采用等值方法建立三者电站级的机电暂态模型,最终通过组合建模得到了风光储联合发电系统的机电暂态模型。在大型电力系统分析软件包的PSD-BPA暂态稳定程序中实现了风光储联合发电系统的仿真功能,通过典型算例和张北＂国家风光储输示范工程＂的仿真分析验证了模型的正确性,为风光储联合发电系统的并网研究提供了分析手段。

Experimental Study on a Modified Wind-Solar Hybrid System

Wind-solar hybrid systems are employed extensively due to certain advantages. However, two problems exist in their application: the PV modules operate at high temperatures, particularly during summer, and low wind power cannot be utilized. To solve these two problems, a novel hybrid system is designed based on PV/thermal systems, in which PV modules are cooled with fans driven by a wind turbine. This paper studies the practicability of the novel hybrid system. First, the electrical performance of the wind turbine is compared using a fan and battery load,respectively. Second, different types and numbers of fans are tested to obtain the largest air volume. Third, the height of the air duct on the back of the PV module is optimized and the cooling effect is studied. Results show that a 24 V DC fan is more appropriate for the novel system than a 12 V DC fan, as it provides a greater air volume, and with a switch wind speed of 3.0 m/s the power of PV module shows a maximum increase of 8.0%.

Optimal Sizing of Solar/Wind Hybrid Off-Grid Microgrids Using an Enhanced Genetic Algorithm

This paper presents a method for optimal sizing of an off-grid hybrid microgrid (MG) system in order to achieve a certain load demand. The hybrid MG is made of a solar photovoltaic (PV) system, wind turbine (TW) and energy storage system (ESS). The reliability of the MG system is modeled based on the loss of power supply probability (SPSP). For optimization, an enhanced Genetic Algorithm (GA) is used to minimize the total cost of the system over a 20-year period, while satisfying some reliability and operation constraints. A case study addressing optimal sizing of an off-grid hybrid microgrid in Nigeria is discussed. The result is compared with results obtained from the Brute Force and standard GA methods.

Research on Hybrid Power System with Dual Stator-winding and Its Decoupled Control Strategy

For the bi-power system adopted widely in future armored vehicles,a hybrid power generator with dual stator-winding was proposed.Its structure and working principle were analyzed first,and its main parameters were determined and verified according to the power requirements.The system's mathematical model was established,and a decoupled control method was put forward on the basis of the instantaneous reactive power theory.For the voltage building-up,a voltage control strategy was designed on the basis of mixed reactive power compensation to implement stabilized 28V and 270V outputs simultaneously.The simulation results show that the stabilization accuracy and disturbance rejection ability of the system are improved much more than other ordinary generators.

Performance of a Wind-Diesel Hybrid Power System with STATCOM as a Reactive Power Compensator

The paper deals with automatic reactive power control of an isolated wind-diesel hybrid power system. The power is generated by diesel engine and wind turbine as prime movers with electrical power conversion by permanent-magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) and permanent-magnet induction generator (PMIG) respectively. The mathematical model of the system developed is based on reactive power flow equations. The paper investigates the dynamic performance of the hybrid system for 1% step increase in reactive power load with 1% step increase in input wind power.

Supercharging of Diesel Engine with Compressed Air: Experimental Investigation on Greenhouse Gases and Performance for a Hybrid Wind-Diesel System

Supercharging is the process of supplying air for combustion at a pressure greater than that achieved by natural or atmospheric induction, as applied to internal combustion engines. As a consequence of demonstrated technological, economical and energetic advantages in multiple literature evaluations concerning the large scale wind-compressed air hybrid storage system with gas turbines, the utilization of a hybrid wind-diesel system with compressed air storage (HWDCAS) has been frequently explored. These will mainly have average or small scale application such as the powering of isolated sites. It has been proven in numerous studies that the HWDCAS combined with an additional supercharging of the diesel engines will contribute to the increase of the power and efficiency of the diesel engine, the reduction of both fuel consumption and the emission of greenhouse gases (GHG). This article presents the obtained results from experimental validation of the selected design with an aim to valorize this innovative solution and become trustworthy.

Study Optimization of a Hybrid Solar-Wind System from an Individual in Ouagadougou

This work is a contribution to the study of hybrid systems for converting solar and wind energy into electricity in Burkina Faso. The approach consists of evaluating and analyzing the production of a wind turbine and a solar field in order to optimize the production of all the technologies. The results obtained made it possible to evaluate the operating performance of the installation and to show the complementarity between the two energy sources with regard to temporary and seasonal variations in resources. During nighttime periods or periods of low sunlight, the wind turbine is a good alternative to energy storage by batteries, the output of the wind turbine can be up to 853.76 W. It was also a question of proposing solutions for optimizing the hybrid system through the automation of the hybrid charge regulator. A minimum height of 30 m above the ground has been chosen as the optimum height for the wind turbine.

Numerical Modeling and Technico-Economic Analysis of a Hybrid Energy Production System for Self-Consumption: Case of Rural Area in the Comoros

This study aims to provide electricity to a remote village in the Union of Comoros that has been affected by energy problems for over 40 years. The study uses a 50 kW diesel generator, a 10 kW wind turbine, 1500 kW photovoltaic solar panels, a converter, and storage batteries as the proposed sources. The main objective of this study is to conduct a detailed analysis and optimization of a hybrid diesel and renewable energy system to meet the electricity demand of a remote area village of 800 to 1500 inhabitants located in the north of Ngazidja Island in Comoros. The study uses the Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewable (HOMER) Pro to conduct simulations and optimize the analysis using meteorological data from Comoros. The results show that hybrid combination is more profitable in terms of margin on economic cost with a less expensive investment. With a diesel cost of $1/L, an average wind speed of 5.09 m/s and a solar irradiation value of 6.14 kWh/m2/day, the system works well with a proportion of renewable energy production of 99.44% with an emission quantity of 1311.407 kg/year. 99.2% of the production comes from renewable sources with an estimated energy surplus of 2,125,344 kWh/year with the cost of electricity (COE) estimated at $0.18/kWh, presenting a cost-effective alternative compared to current market rates. These results present better optimization of the used hybrid energy system, satisfying energy demand and reducing the environmental impact.

新型PV/T太阳能利用复合系统的实验研究

为提高PV/T系统太阳能利用率,同时获得可利用的热水和电力,将铝合金背板型单晶硅光伏组件和自行设计制作的不锈钢扁盒式集热板相结合,用导热硅胶加以粘接制成新型光伏光热一体化(PV/T)复合系统,该系统实现了光伏组件与集热板之间良好的粘接性、绝缘性和热传导,并在昆明地区对系统进行测试,分析了系统在不同水箱水容量及不同天气工况下运行的光电光热性能。结果表明,系统在75kg水箱水容量(m)晴天工况下运行效率更高,系统的平均电效率、热效率、综合效率及综合性能效率分别在14%、37%、51%、70.72%左右,与系统在50kg水箱水容量晴天或75kg水箱水容量多云工况下运行相比,综合性能效率约提高了11.86%或2.09%。与独立的光热或光伏系统相比,具有占地面积小、太阳能利用率高、更经济等优势。

基于Hybrid2仿真的风光柴蓄复合发电系统设计与分析

由于传统能源的日益枯竭,风光互补发电已成为重要的研究方向。依据西藏地区气象数据和连队驻地用电情况,设计了风光柴蓄复合发电系统结构图,并利用Hybrid2软件对系统设计方案进行建模和仿真分析。根据仿真结果和经济性等因素,最终得到最优条件下光伏与风机系统设计数据。

Design of a Hybrid System for Rural Area Electricity Supply in Comoros

Comoros Islands suffering from energy stress due to rolling power cuts in the country mainly due to problems with failures heat engines fuelled with diesel. These blackouts induce shortages of energy while demand for energy does not cease to grow with the population. An alternative way for the Comoros Islands to get out of this energy crisis is to exploit the existing energy renewable sources, in particular to invest in the hybrid energy, a promising technology in terms of economic efficiency. The north of Ngazidja Island, in the region of Mitsamiouli, is considered among the economic lungs of this Island. It is spread in the field of tourism but also an area developed in agriculture and fishing. The Village of Koua Mitsamiouli located in rural area of this region is well known for its efficient yield in agricultural production, although the latter suffers from an energy stress in its last years. This lack of energy and water permanently to farmers has caused its production capacity to fall. In order to increase its agricultural profitability, and to satisfy the needs of the population for their activities such as trade, health, education, banking transactions, product preserving in retail stores, the energy autonomy of this village is more than necessary. It is important to notice that, the use of renewable energies in Comoros is very limited by photovoltaic (PV) solar panels. Hybrid technology and other renewable energy sources are not yet developed in Comoros Island. The main objective of this work is to propose the best possible sizing of a hybrid system for the production of electricity from renewable and non-renewable energy resources in order to satisfy the electrical needs in a reliable manner of the remote of village, Koua Mitsamiouli, for energetic autonomy. Indeed, two energy resources, composed by solar photovoltaic (PV) system and diesel generator are considered in the hybrid system. This study estimates the community demand with HOMER analysis. In order to check the performance of the overall system combination photovoltaic (PV)/generator, several numerical simulations were performed with the HOMER software using data from the national meteorological agency in Comoros and the results obtained by authors are satisfactory in terms of cost and reliability of the system.

Maximum Power Extraction Control Algorithm for Hybrid Renewable Energy System

In this research,a modified fractional order proportional integral derivate(FOPID)control method is proposed for the photovoltaic(PV)and thermoelectric generator(TEG)combined hybrid renewable energy system.The faster tracking and steady-state output are aimed at the suggested maximum power point tracking(MPPT)control technique.The derivative order number(μ)value in the improved FOPID(also known as PIλDμ)control structure will be dynamically updated utilizing the value of change in PV array voltage output.During the transient,the value ofμis changeable;it’s one at the start and after reaching the maximum power point(MPP),allowing for strong tracking characteristics.TEG will use the freely available waste thermal energy created surrounding the PVarray for additional power generation,increasing the system’s energy conversion efficiency.A high-gain DC-DC converter circuit is included in the system to maintain a high amplitude DC input voltage to the inverter circuit.The proposed approach’s performance was investigated using an extensive MATLAB software simulation and validated by comparing findings with the perturbation and observation(P&O)type MPPT control method.The study results demonstrate that the FOPID controller-based MPPT control outperforms the P&O method in harvesting the maximum power achievable from the PV-TEG hybrid source.There is also a better control action and a faster response.

Frequency Control of Power System with Solar and Wind Power Stations by Using Frequency Band Control and Deadband Control of HVDC Interconnection Line

In recent years, environmental problems are becoming serious and renewable energy has attracted attention as their solutions. However, the electricity generation using the renewable energy has a demerit that the output becomes unstable because of intermittent characteristics, such as variations of wind speed or solar radiation intensity. Frequency fluctuations due to the installation of large scale wind farm (WF) and photovoltaics (PV) into the power system is a major concern. In order to solve the problem, this paper proposes two control methods using High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) interconnection line to suppress the frequency fluctuations due to large scale of WF and PV. Comparative analysis between these two control methods is presented in this paper. One proposed method is a frequency control using a notch filter, and the other is using a deadband. Validity of the proposed methods is verified through simulation analyses, which is performed on a multi-machine power system model.

风电机组运行动态数字孪生建模及半物理仿真

面向数字孪生技术所提出的精准映射与实时仿真需求,针对大型风电机组复杂非线性运行特性,提出了一种多输入-多输出(multi-input multi-output,MIMO)有限差分域-混合半机理(finite difference domain-hybrid semi-mechanical,FDD-HSM)数字孪生建模方法,建立了含物理控制器的风电机组数字孪生半物理仿真系统。推导机组集成动态MIMO-FDD-HSM模型结构;定义可表征机组运行工况的有限差分回归向量,完成全工况下有限差分空间紧致凸划分、参数模型辨识以及非参数模型训练;联合物理控制器搭建风电机组数字孪生仿真系统,开展硬件在环实时仿真。结果表明:该仿真系统具有高精度、实时逼近能力。

边防哨所风光耦合制氢系统的配置优化

为解决边防哨所地处偏远、环境复杂、对能源需求大且上网成本高的问题,利用风光资源的互补性及氢能的能量密度高、绿色清洁等特点,提出了建立以风能和太阳能作为主要发电能源的风光耦合制氢系统,并选择氢能单元作为系统的储能单元,以满足边防哨所对能源多样性的需求,提高哨所从周边环境获取能量的能力。建立风光耦合制氢系统各子系统数学模型,以减小系统成本、提高可再生能源利用率、增大氢能产量为目标进行系统建设配置优化,选择系统各组件的额定功率作为设计变量,具体地区气象数据作为输入,利用第三代非支配排序遗传算法(NSGA-Ⅲ)进行求解,对优化得到的帕累托解集进行决策。通过层次图的绘制实现多维帕累托前沿可视化,得到了最优配置方案,并与未优化配置方案等进行对比,保障供电可靠性的同时可大幅度提高能源利用率、降低配置成本。

风光氢耦合系统的经济随机模型预测控制方法研究

针对风光氢耦合系统源荷两侧不确定性对系统运行造成的影响,提出一种基于经济随机模型预测控制的优化方法。根据风光氢耦合系统中设备的特性,建立计及设备启停的状态空间模型;利用场景生成技术对风光出力及电负荷预测数据进行处理,以生成描述系统不确定性的场景集;基于生成的场景集,在设计的经济随机模型预测控制框架下,构造系统的混合整数线性规划问题,进而对系统进行经济优化控制。由于经济随机模型预测控制方法需提供准确描述系统不确定性的场景集,为此提出一种基于非参数预测的场景生成机制。通过案例仿真分析,相较于常规随机模型预测控制方法,所提控制方法降低5.89%的运行成本;相较于常规模型预测控制方法,降低13.25%的运行成本,验证了所提方法能有效解决风光氢耦合系统的不确定性。

考虑风光出力动态相关性的场景生成方法

针对风光出力的不确定性问题提出一种利用混合Copula函数结合多元正态分布的风光出力场景生成方法。基于风电功率和光伏功率的历史数据建立风光出力的联合分布模型,进一步通过多元正态分布和协方差矩阵生成具有动态相关的风光出力联合分布序列;采用马尔科夫链蒙特卡洛抽样法生成风光出力场景的随机分布数,通过逆变换法得到相应的风光出力场景;对不同方法生成出力场景进行对比,分析动态相关下风光出力场景的拟合效果和耦合效应。结果验证所提方法的有效性,生成的出力场景能够较好地刻画风光单独出力和耦合出力时的不确定性。

计及风光不确定性的风-光-光热联合发电系统中光热电站储热容量优化配置

传统新能源电站之间联合形式单一且未考虑风光出力不确定性,弃风、弃光现象严重。为此,提出了一种考虑风光不确定性的风-光-光热联合系统的光热电站储热容量优化配置策略,利用电转热技术使风光电站和光热电站有效耦合,明确联合系统框架与原理;采用改进拉丁超立方抽样方法抑制风光出力的不确定性。最后,构建基于风光出力典型场景的光热电站储热容量双层优化配置模型,并进行算例求解,结果表明所提方法显著降低了系统总投资与运行成本,提高了清洁能源消纳能力。