Numerical Studies of Convective Mass Transfer Enhancement in a Membrane Channel by Rectangular Winglets

Numerical calculations were conducted to simulate the flow and mass transfer in narrow membrane channels with and without flow disturbers. The channel consists of an impermeable solid wall and a membrane surface with a spacing of 2.0 mm. The flow disturbers studied include rectangular winglets, which are often used as longitudinal vortex generators to enhance heat transfer in heat exchanger applications, as well as square prism, triangular prism, and circular cylinder, which are used here to mimic the traditional spacer filaments for comparison of their abilities in enhancing the convective mass transfer near the membrane surface to alleviate the concentration polarization. The disturber performance was evaluated in terms of concentration polarization factor versus consumed pumping power, with a larger factor meaning a more serious concentration polarization.Calculations were carried out for Na Cl solution flow with Reynolds numbers ranging from 400 to 1000. The results show that the traditional flow disturbers can considerably reduce the concentration polarization but cause a substantial pressure drop, while the rectangular winglets can effectively reduce the concentration polarization with a much less pressure drop penalty. The rectangular winglets were optimized in geometry under equal pumping power condition.

Enhanced heat transfer in rectangular duct with punched winglets

Thermal performance of a heat exchanger duct with punched winglets(PWs)mounted on the upper duct wall has been examined for Reynolds number(Re)ranging from 4100 to 25,500.In the present experiment,two types of PWs:punched delta-and elliptical-winglets(P-DW and P-EW)with four punched-hole sizes were tested at a fixed attack angle,optimal relative pitch and height.Also,data of solid delta-and elliptical-winglets(DW and EW)were included for comparison.The investigation has shown that the P-DW yields higher thermal-performance enhancement factor(η)than the P-EW.Although the solid DW and EW with no punch have the highest heat transfer and friction loss,the PWs yield betterηthan the solid ones.For PWs,the P-DW with smaller hole size has the peak heat transfer and friction loss around 5.7 and 40 times over the smooth duct,respectively but the optimumηof 2.17 is seen for the one with a certain hole size.The PWs provideηat about 5%–8%above the solid winglets.

Influence of a Winglet Combined with a Groove Tip on the Performances of a Variable-Pitch Axial Flow Fan

Taking a two-stage variable-pitch axial fan as the research object,five schemes,including a single counter-flow rib layout grooved tip,are numerically simulated using the fluent software.The results indicate that,compared with the original blade tip,the total pressure rise and efficiency of the four proposed schemes have been improved to various degrees,with Scheme 4(groove tip with double counterflow ribs)displaying the best performances.The total pressure and efficiency are increased by 113.44 Pa and 0.955%,respectively.The blade tip leakage flow is reduced to varying degrees under different schemes,according to the following order:Scheme 1,Scheme 2,Scheme 4,and Scheme 3 leading to a reduction of 7.44%,6.46%,5.36%,and 4.35%,respectively.Steady results are used as the initial condition for the ensuing strength check and modal analysis.

Lead-Free Piezoelectric Ceramics as Candidates on the Development of Morphing Winglets in Aircrafts

In this paper we discussed the development of a morphing wingtip device or winglet for aircraft.The aim of this research is enhancing the aerodynamic of aircrafts,by optimizing the winglet shape,angle and torsion,to reduce wingtip vortices at each flight stage,reduce drag,fuel consumption and increase its endurance.The development of a working physical wingtip device with morphing functionality,is possible by using piezoelectric MFCs(Macro Fiber Composites)as actuators in wing structures.Due to their excellent properties like flexibility,light weight,tolerant to damage and long term stability MFC fit most of the requirements and specifications of morphing structures.Unfortunately,they are based on the toxic compound of PbZrxTi1-xO3(PZT).Lead-free materials can replace lead based compounds.Also,other aim of this inquiry is the development of piezoelectric lead-free compounds based on the solid solution Ba1-xCaxTi0.9Zr0.1O3(BCZT)with x=0.1,0.125,0.15.The reason for choosing these compositions is because BZCT compounds could reach a piezoelectricity coefficient d33~400 pC/N.This value is comparable with commercial PZT,therefore it is a great candidate to replace it.

基于双向流固耦合的风力机叶尖小翼优化设计

以WindPACT 1.5 MW风力机为研究对象,以厚度、锥度、倾斜角度为参数进行正交试验来设计叶尖小翼,并对叶片进行双向流固耦合计算。结果表明:添加小翼后叶片的振动频率下降,叶尖小翼最大拉应力为58.707 MPa,最大压应力为29.87 MPa,说明叶片材料能够达到强度要求,不会发生断裂;随着叶尖小翼的厚度、锥度和倾斜角度增加,拉应力和压应力随之增大;对于叶尖小翼的变形,倾斜角度影响最大,锥度其次,厚度影响最小;双向流固耦合可以得到比单向流固耦合更为精确的结果。

基于遗传算法的磁悬浮列车升力翼的翼型及外形结构优化

翼型对于高速列车升力翼的气动性能影响明显,为进一步提高升力翼的增升性能,对磁悬浮列车升力翼的翼型和外形结构优化很有必要。选用翼型NACA BR 63-55-12作为高速列车升力翼的基础翼型,利用遗传算法与CFD相结合的方法对基础翼型进行优化,对基础翼型和优化后的翼型进行气动性能对比分析,在此基础上建立了升力翼的气动仿真模型,研究了翼尖小翼和支撑杆形状对气动性能的影响。结果表明:优化后翼型气动特性出现明显提升,其中升力系数提高23.2%,阻力系数降低0.67%,升阻比提高;升力翼翼尖加装小翼起到增强翼尖涡耗散作用,安装小翼的升力翼的升阻比平均增大约6.7%;升力翼的3种截面中椭圆形的支撑杆阻力最小,在3种截面形状中最大。

Effect of blade tip winglet on the performance of a highly loaded transonic compressor rotor

The tip leakage flow has an important influence on the performance of transonic com- pressor. Blade tip winglet has been proved to be an effective method to control the tip leakage flow in compressor, while the physical mechanisms of blade tip winglet have been poorly understood. A numerical study for a highly loaded transonic compressor rotor has been conducted to understand the effect of varying the location of blade tip wing]et on the performance of the rotor. Two kinds of tip winglet were designed and investigated. The effects of blade tip winglet on the compressor over- all performance, stability and tip flow structure were presented and discussed, It is found that the interaction of the tip winglet with the flow in the tip region is different when the winglet is located at suction-side or pressure-side of the blade tip. Results indicate that the suction-side winglet （SW） is ineffective to improve the performance of compressor rotor. In addition, a significant stall range extension equivalent to 33.74% with a very small penalty in efficiency can be obtained by the pressure-side winglet （PW）. An attempt has been made to explain the fundamental mechanisms of blade tip winglet in detail.

Research Progress of Tip Winglet Technology in Compressor

In the present study,the research progress of tip winglets that control tip clearance leakage flow in compressors is reviewed.Firstly,the effects of tip leakage flow on the aerodynamic performance of the compressor are presented.Subsequently,the development of tip winglet technology is reviewed.Next,a series of studies on compressor tip winglet technology are conducted.Besides,the effects of tip winglets on the aerodynamic performance of rectangular cascades of low-speed and high-subsonic compressors,subsonic compressor rotor and transonic compressor rotor are discussed,respectively,and the control effect of tip winglet technology combined with tip groove design on tip leakage is investigated.Lastly,the subsequent development direction and research prospect of compressor tip winglet technology are presented.

Variable Clearance Characteristics of High Subsonic Compressor Cascades with Blade Tip Winglets

The gas turbine is the main power equipment for naval ship and special civil ship,while the compressor is one of the core structures of the gas turbine.The existing tip clearance could prevent the compressor blade and casing collision.Therefore,the flow loss in the tip region caused by the tip clearance will degrade the performance of the compressor.To improve the variable clearance characteristics of the high subsonic compressor cascades,the cascades with tip clearances of 1%,2%and 3%chord length are studied through experimental measurements and numerical calculations.The research results prove that the pressure surface tip winglet can cause a significant improvement effect under most working conditions.If the blade tip clearance size is gradually increasing within a reasonable range,the improvement effect becomes more remarkable,and the optimal tip winglet case changes.When tip clearance is 1%chord length,the PTW1.0 case(the width of the pressure surface tip winglet is 1.0 time of the original tip)reduces the flow loss by 3.09%compared with the NTW case(No Tip Winglet).When tip clearance is 2%chord length,the flow loss of PTW1.5 case(the width of the pressure surface tip winglet is 1.5 times of the original tip)is reduced by 3.46%.When tip clearance is 3%chord length,all alternative tip winglets reduce the total pressure loss,and PTW2.0 case(the width of the pressure surface tip winglet is 2.0 times of the original tip)is the best choice,which has a 6.53%degree of improvement.

Optimization and analysis of winglet configuration for solar aircraft

Installing winglets can notably improve the aerodynamic performance of solar aircraft.This paper proposes a multi-constraints optimization method of winglets for solar aircraft,aiming to enhance the corresponding uninterrupted cruising capability.An optimization objective function is formed and is separately studied in aerodynamic and structural terms.Qualitative analysis shows that the winglet design parameters are restricted by four special constraints(geometry,aerodynamics,energy and stability)of solar aircraft.The optimization process is constructed on the basis of a multi-island genetic algorithm,and carried out for a 15 m wingspan solar aircraft.Although the designed winglet is not as good as the traditional winglet in terms of drag and structural weight,the designed winglet provides a better 24 h cruising capability.The sensitivity between the objective function and the design parameters is investigated,and the winglet effects vary with respect to the wing aspect ratio(AR=10,15,19.6).The effect of the constraints is analysed quantitatively,and some basic laws are obtained.Moreover,the feasible design region and the possible optimal design parameters of winglets for different wing configurations are explored.The calculation results show that when the aspect ratio exceeds a certain value,the winglets will not benefit the aircraft.

气动升力协同列车升力翼优化设计研究

气动升力协同列车是一种新型高速列车的概念模型,旨在提高运行速度的同时兼顾列车整体耗能与寿命周期成本。其通过加装升力翼,提高列车的气动升力,从而减少列车轮毂磨损。为设计出适合现有高铁限界约束的升力翼,本文采用Hicks-Henne翼型参数化方法和遗传算法,建立了考虑列车外型与高铁限界约束的气动优化方法,并利用此方法开展了翼型优化设计,以优化翼型为基础设计了加装翼梢小翼的三维升力翼模型。研究表明:采用本文优化设计方法得到的优化翼型,相比基础翼型,升力系数提升13%,阻力系数几乎不变。加装翼梢小翼可以有效的减小升力翼的气动阻力,通过对比不同外倾角和后掠角的小翼气动特性,设计出了一种外倾角为15°、后掠角为30°的较优升力翼模型,其最大升力系数可达到1.8247。

Effects of Width Variation of Pressure-Side Winglet on Tip Flow Structure in a Transonic Rotor

Tip leakage flow has become one of the major triggers for rotating stall in tip region of high loading transonic compressor rotors.Comparing with active flow control method,it’s wise to use blade tip modification to enlarge the stable operating range of rotor.Therefore,three pressure-side winglets with the maximum width of 2.0,2.5 and 3.0 times of the baseline rotor,are designed and surrounded the blade tip of NASA rotor 37,and the three new rotors are named as RPW1,RPW2,and RPW3 respectively.The numerical results show that the width of pressure-side winglet has significant influence on the stall margin and the minimum throttling massflow of rotor,while it produces less effect on the choking massflow and the peak efficiency of new rotors.As the width of the pressure-side winglet increases from new rotor RPW1 to RPW3,the strength of leakage massflow has been attenuated dramatically and a reduction of 20%in leakage massflow rate has appeared in the new rotor RPW3.By contrast,the extended blade tip caused by winglet has not introduced much more aerodynamic losses in tip region of rotor,and the new rotors with different width of pressure-side winglet have the similar peak efficiency to the baseline.The new shape of the leakage channel over blade tip which replaces of the static pressure difference near blade tip has dominated the behavior of the leakage flow in tip gap.As both the new aerodynamic boundary and throat in tip gap have reshaped by the low-velocity flow near the solid wall of extended blade tip,the discharging velocity and massflow rate of leakage flow have been suppressed obviously in new rotors.In addition,the increasing inlet axial velocity at the entrance of new rotor has increased slightly as well,which is attributed to the less blockage in the tip region of new rotor.In consideration of the increased inlet axial velocity and the weakened leakage flow,the new rotor presents an appropriately linear increase of the stall margin when the width of pressure-side winglet increases,and has a nearly 15%increase in new rotor RPW3.

叶尖小翼周向最宽位置对高负荷压气机级特性影响的研究

针对叶尖小翼扩稳技术,采用数值方法在改变叶尖小翼宽度的基础上,考虑了叶尖小翼几何形状的周向最宽位置对高负荷压气机级性能的影响。研究结果表明,叶尖小翼宽度越大且最宽位置靠近叶片两端时,压气机级的稳定工作裕度的提升越明显。叶尖小翼宽度为2.0倍叶顶宽度时,且周向最宽位置位于转子前缘25%轴向弦长时,叶尖小翼最多使叶顶泄漏流的质量流量减少了7.66%,提升了压气机级通道内流体的轴向速度,抑制了转子及静子叶片叶表的分离情况,从而延缓了压气机级的失速,压气机级的稳定工作裕度提升了29.18%。

基于双因素优选法和Taguchi法的涡流发生器结构及布置优化

为提高换热器性能,在雷诺数为1 000~4 400时,通过数值模拟方法研究新型双面交错排布式的涡流发生器的开孔方案及数量变化对翅片管式换热器传热和流阻特性的影响。采用双因素优选法设计涡流发生器结构,通过Taguchi法对布置位置进行优化设计,利用换热因子、摩擦因子和综合性能评价系数等指标对不同方案下翅片管式换热器的热工性能进行比较。结果表明:与单面布置涡流发生器的方式相比,双面布置方式综合性能更佳;涡流发生器开孔数量增多并不能使得摩擦因子持续下降,靠近涡流发生器尾端且仅开一个孔时综合性能较优;涡流发生器在第四排管布置与否对换热及流阻的影响不大,综合性能差异不大,但是随着涡流发生器继续减少,综合性能出现较大衰减。

Effect of Winglet Geometry Arrangement and Incidence on Tip Clearance Control in a Compressor Cascade

An experimental study is conducted to investigate the influences of blade tip winglet on the flow field of a compressor cascade. The tests are performed in a low speed linear cascade with stationary endwall, with three blade tip configurations, including the baseline tip, the suction-side winglet tip and the pressure-side winglet tip. The fiowfield downstream of the cascade is measured using five-hole probe, from which the three-dimensional velocity field, vorticity field and pressure field are obtained. Static pressure measurements are made on the endwall above the blade row using pressure taps embedded in the plywood endwall. All measurements are made at both design and off-design conditions for tip clearance level of about 2 percent of the blade chord. The results revealed the incidence variation significantly affects the secondary flow and the associated loss field downstream of the cascade, where the tip leakage vortex and passage vortex exist as the major contributors on the field. The winglet geometry arrangements can change the trajectory of the tip leakage vortex. The suction-side winglet tip blade provides a lower overall total pressure loss coefficient when compared to the baseline tip blade and pressure-side winglet tip blade at all incidence angles.

Experimental study by PIV of swirling flow induced by trapezoid-winglets

The characteristics of the longitudinal vortex induced by trapezoid-winglets in a circular tube are investigated by the Particle Image Velocimetry （PIV） Technique with flow Reynolds number in the range of 500-13 000. In the experimental test section, four trapezoid-winglets are fixed symmetrically on the tube wall in two different ways： up-flow and down-flow. The results show that a counter-rotating vortex pair is formed behind each winglet and they distribute as a symmetrical vortex array in the transverse section. Between the two vortexes in a vortex pair the fluid flows towards the wall in the up-flow winglet case and away from the wall in the down-flow winglet case, corresponding also to the regions of peak values of the velocity components normal to the mainstream. Both of the flow patterns enhance the velocity in the near wall region, leading to the intensification of the transverse mixing and the mass transfer in the tube. With Reynolds number increasing, the flow maintains the vortex pattern in the case of the up-flow winglets, indicating better persistence of the longitudinal vortex, while the vortexes in the case of the down-flow winglets are more scattered and tend to breaking into small eddies. The trapezoid winglet shows the preferable turbulent disturbance characteristics in the tube and the experimental results provide benchmark data for further CFD studies.

融合式翼梢小翼对飞机尾涡演化的影响

随着空中交通流量的增长,尾流间隔精细化、动态化缩减成为民航发展的一种趋势,研究尾流演化过程也成为民航领域关注的前沿科学问题。基于此,采用雷诺平均N-S方程方法研究了B737-800飞机有无融合式翼梢小翼对飞机尾涡的演化过程影响。利用美国国家航空航天局(National Aeronautics and Space Administration,NASA)动态尾流系统中尾涡消散模型(aircraft vortex spacing system prediction algorithm,APA)计算了不同气象环境参数下有无小翼的尾涡环量变化。结果表明:融合式翼梢小翼可以分割翼尖涡,有效改变翼尖气流的流动特性,增大速度梯度,减小尾涡速度、尾涡能量集中程度和尾涡强度;不同大气湍流耗散率和大气层结稳定度下,小翼对尾涡强度的减小量不同。

基于MFC压电纤维复合材料的智能小翼驱动性能研究

智能微型导弹可以通过控制可变形智能弹翼结构改变飞行状态,满足作战需求。针对此类可变形智能小翼结构,本文以压电纤维复合材料(Macro Fiber Composite,MFC)作为驱动器,通过使用MFC碳纤维复合材料悬臂梁仿真和试验相结合的方法验证压电复合材料的驱动性能。随后,设计了MFC复合材料小翼驱动机构并进行驱动试验,验证了所设计的MFC驱动智能小翼变形方案的可行性。在此基础上,研究了智能小翼复合材料蒙皮铺层设计对小翼压电驱动性能的影响。结果表明,增大智能小翼蒙皮45°铺层占比、减小0°铺层占比,或将45°铺层置于蒙皮表层、0°铺层置于蒙皮芯层时,有利于智能小翼驱动性能提升。

带有三角翼涡发生器的螺旋通道强化换热研究

采用数值模拟方法探究了带有三角翼型涡发生器的半圆形截面螺旋通道内流体流动与强化传热性能,考察了相邻三角翼间隔角φ、长高比Г对强化传热性能的影响。结果表明:通道内安装三角翼的φ值越小,对流体的整体扰动作用越强,强化换热效果越好,但同时流动阻力也越大;研究范围内,φ=180°布置的三角翼综合强化传热效果最佳。同一雷诺数Re条件下,三角翼Г值越大综合传热系数PEC值越高。φ=180°、Г=2.50时,综合传热系数PEC在1.029~1.062之间。

八边形翼攻角对翅片管空气侧流动与换热特性的影响

在传统翅片管上加装八边形翼涡发生器以强化传热。利用FLUENT软件对八边形翼翅片管模型进行了数值模拟,研究了不同雷诺数(Re)下八边形翼攻角(10°,20°,30°,40°)对翅片管空气侧流动与换热特性的影响。结果表明,八边形翼攻角对管后尾迹区换热影响显著;与平直翅片管相比,加装八边形翼的翅片管空气侧在不同攻角、Re下的平均努塞尔数(Nu)提高了13.1%~43.1%,相应的阻力系数(f)增加了6.9%~61.1%;通过对综合传热性能评价因子(PEC)的分析发现,在Re为862~3735时,八边形翼攻角为20°的翅片管综合传热性能最佳。