Geographical origin identification of winter jujube(Ziziphus jujuba Dongzao')by using multi-element fingerprinting with chemometrics

Winter jujube(Ziziphus jujuba'Dongzao')is greatly appreciated by consumers for its excellent quality,but brand infringement frequently occurs in the market.Here,we first determined a total of 38 elements in 167 winter jujube samples from the main winter jujube producing areas of China by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer(ICP-MS).As a result,16 elements(Mg,K,Mn,Cu,Zn,Mo,Ba,Be,As,Se,Cd,Sb,Ce,Er,Tl,and Pb)exhibited significant differences in samples from different producing areas.Supervised linear discriminant analysis(LDA)and orthogonal projection to latent structures discriminant analysis(OPLS-DA)showed better performance in identifying the origin of samples than unsupervised principal component analysis(PCA).LDA and OPLS-DA had a mean identification accuracy of 87.84 and 94.64%in the testing set,respectively.By using the multilayer perceptron(MLP)and C5.0,the prediction accuracy of the models could reach 96.36 and 91.06%,respectively.Based on the above four chemometric methods,Cd,Tl,Mo and Se were selected as the main variables and principal markers for the origin identification of winter jujube.Overall,this study demonstrates that it is practical and precise to identify the origin of winter jujube through multi-element fingerprint analysis with chemometrics,and may also provide reference for establishing the origin traceability system of other fruits.

Influence of Soil Geochemistry to the Quality of Winter Jujube in Zhanhua

[Objective] The aim was to investigate the effects of soil geochemistry on the quality of winter jujube.[Method]Based on the data of ecological geochemical survey in lower Yellow River Basin,the relevance of the geochemistry environment in top soils and the quality of winter jujubes was analyzed.[Result]Cd,Ni and other heavy metals in the soil more obviously affected the nutrition of winter jujubes.[Conclusion]B,Mn,MgO,Cd,Zn,K2O and other elements in the root soil played an important role in the enrichment of Cr and Hg of winter jujube fruit.And the absorption of heavy metals in winter jujube root could be interfered by improving fertilization method,to reduce the enrichment of harmful elements in jujube fruit.

Intellectual Property Protection and New Development Pattern Construction of Xinjiang Jujube

"Three new developments"is the guiding ideology of Chinese-style high-quality development in the new era.Jujube(Zizyphus jujube Mill.)is a plant of Zizyphus of Rhamnaceae,which originated in China and has been listed as one of the"five fruits"since ancient times.Xinjiang is the most important jujube producing area in China,and its yield has accounted for 50%of the national jujube yield.In the five prefectures and cities of southern Xinjiang,as well as the regimental farms of southern and eastern Xinjiang of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps,the jujube industry is an advantageous characteristic industry in agriculture.This paper studied Xinjiang jujube industry and its agricultural intellectual property resources,analyzed six major issues to be further implemented,such as the"three new developments"thinking and the strategy of building an intellectual property power,and puts forward eight strategies such as coordinating the two markets and two resources to accelerate the construction of a new development pattern and dual circulation of jujube.

Effect of Nitric Oxide on Alcoholic Fermentation and Qualities of Chinese Winter Jujube During Storage

This article investigates the effects of nitric oxide （NO） on alcoholic fermentation and the qualities of Chinese Winter Jujube during storage, and explores the action mechanisms of browning and softening of fruits to provide theoretical proofs for using NO in the storage of Chinese Winter Jujube. Chinese Winter Jujube fruits were fumigated with different concentrations of NO gas （0, 10, 20, 30 μL L^-1） under anaerobic conditions and stored at 22±1℃ and 4± 1℃. The changes in appearance qualities, the contents of pyruvate, ethanol, acetaldehyde, and the activities of alcohol dehydrogenase （ADH） and lactate dehydrogenase （LDH） were investigated. The contents of pyruvate, ethanol, and acetaldehyde were significantly reduced, and the peak of pyruvate content was delayed by 20 μL L^-1 NO. The activities of ADH and LDH in 20 μL L^-1 NO treated fruits were also significantly inhibited. However, the alcoholic fermentation and softening of Chinese Winter Jujube fruits were promoted by 30 μL L^-1 NO during storage. The results indicated that 20 μL L^-1 NO could mitigate the injury of ethanol on Chinese Winter Jujube and effectively delay the browning and softening of fruits during storage.

The regulation of cell wall lignification and lignin biosynthesis during pigmentation of winter jujube

Fruit lignification is due to lignin deposition in the cell wall during cell development.However,there are few studies on the regulation of cell wall lignification and lignin biosynthesis during fruit pigmentation.In this study,we investigated the regulation of cell wall lignification and lignin biosynthesis during pigmentation of winter jujube.The cellulose content decreased,while the lignin content increased in the winter jujube pericarp during pigmentation.Safranin O-fast green staining showed that the cellulose content was higher in the cell wall of winter jujube prior to pigmentation,whereas the lignin in the cell wall increased after pigmentation.The thickness of the epidermal cells decreased with pericarp pigmentation.A combined metabolomics and transcriptomics analysis showed that guaiacyl-syringyl(G-S)lignin was the main lignin type in the pericarp of winter jujube,and F5H(LOC107424406)and CCR(LOC107420974)were preliminarily identified as the key genes modulating lignin biosynthesis in winter jujube.Seventeen MYB and six NAC transcription factors(TFs)with potential regulation of lignin biosynthesis were screened out based on phylogenetic analysis.Three MYB and two NAC TFs were selected as candidate genes and further studied in detail.Arabidopsis ectopic expression and winter jujube pericarp injection of the candidate genes indicated that the MYB activator(LOC107425254)and the MYB repressor(LOC107415078)control lignin biosynthesis by regulating CCR and F5H,while the NAC(LOC107435239)TF promotes F5H expression and positively regulates lignin biosynthesis.These findings revealed the lignin biosynthetic pathway and associated genes during pigmentation of winter jujube pericarp and provide a basis for further research on lignin regulation.

Study on the Antioxidation of the Compound Beverage of Winter Jujube and Peanut Meal

[ Objective] The aim was to study the antioxidative index of the compound beverage of winter jujube and peanut meal, discuss the im-pact of the storage conditions on its antioxidative activity and provide theoretical basis for the utilization of winter jujube and peanut meal resources. [Method] A kind of compound beverage was prepared with winter jujube and peanut meal, and its antioxidative activity was detected and its best storage conditions were determined. [ Result] The capacity of the compound beverage stored for 20 d to scavenge · OH, DPPH · and nitroso was the highest at freeze conditions, then followed by the refrigeration conditions, room temperature storage and sunlight. The total reducing capacity of the products was the highest under freezing conditions while the lowest under sunlight when some active components were destroyed. [ Conclusion] It is the best to store the compound beverage of winter jujube and peanut meal at freeze conditions and better at the refrigeration conditions. The storage of compound beverage should avoid direct sunlight. Key words Winter jujube; Peanut meal; Compound beverage; Antioxidation; China

Development of a texture evaluation system for winter jujube(Ziziphus jujuba‘Dongzao’)

Winter jujube(Ziziphus jujuba‘Dongzao’)is an excellent late maturing variety of fresh-eating jujube in China.Fruit texture is an important indicator of sensory quality.To investigate the correlations among texture indices and establish an evaluation system for winter jujube texture,we used the TMS-Touch instrument to perform a texture profile analysis(TPA)on 1150 winter jujubes from three major producing areas in China.Eight indices and their best-fit distribution were obtained,including fracture(Pearson),hardness(InvGauss),adhesive force(Weibull),adhesiveness(LogLogistic),cohesiveness(LogLogistic),springiness(BetaGeneral),gumminess(InvGauss),and chewiness(InvGauss).Based on the best-fit distribution curves,each index was divided into five grades(lower,low,medium,high and higher)by the 10th,30th,70th and 90th percentiles.Among the texture indices,82%of the correlation coefficients were highly significant(P<0.01);meanwhile,chewiness was significantly(P<0.01)and positively correlated with springiness and gumminess,of which the correlation coefficients were up to 0.8692 and 0.8096,respectively.However,adhesiveness was significantly(P<0.01)and negatively related to adhesive force with a correlation coefficient of–0.7569.Among hardness,cohesiveness,springiness,gumminess,and chewiness,each index could be well fitted by a multiple linear regression with the remaining four indices,with the coefficients above 0.94 and the mean fitting error and mean prediction error lower than 10%.A comprehensive evaluation model was consequently established based on factor analysis to evaluate the texture quality of winter jujube.The results demonstrated that winter jujube with higher comprehensive scores generally exhibited higher springiness and chewiness,but had lower adhesive force and adhesiveness.We used factor analysis and clustering analysis to divide the eight studied texture into four groups(cohesive factor,adhesive-soft factor,tough-hard factor,and crispness factor),whose representative indices were springiness,adhesiveness,hardness,and fracture,respectively.Overall,this study investigated the variation in each index of winter jujube texture,explored the association among these indices,screened the representative indices,and established a texture evaluation system.The results provide a methodological basis and technical support for evaluating winter jujube texture.

Study on Detection of Pesticide Residues on Winter Jujube Surface by Near-infrared Spectroscopy Combined with PLS and SPA

With fresh winter jujube from the southern region of Xinjiang as the object of study, the method for detecting pesticide residues on winter jujube surface by near-infrared spectroscopy （NIR） combined with successive projections algorithm （SPA） and partial least squares （PLS） was investigated. The absorbance information of winter jujube sample surface was obtained through NIR technology, for the building of a full-wave band PLS model of fresh winter jujube sample sprayed with different concentrations of pesticide （taking chlorpyrifos as an example） as well as an SPA-PLS model which was built with the characteristic wavelengths extracted with SPA as the input variables for PLS, and the prediction precision of the two kinds of models was compared. The model built with the five characteristic waveslengths extected by SPA method only used the variables 0.32% of all the variables in the full wave band, but its accuracy and precision were better than the model built with the full wave band. It is feasible to build a model for different concentrations of chlorpyrifos on fresh winter jujube surfarce by NIR technology combined with SPA and PLS, and SPA method could simplify the complexity of the model and improve the precision and stablity of the model.

Occurrence and Pollution-free Control of Apolygus lucorum in Winter Jujube

In recent years, Apolygus htcorum has become the main pest of winter jujube. It sucks juice of young parts of winter jujube and causes falling of buds and flowers, leaf perforations, deformities and fall- off of fruits, leading to serious economic loss. Considering the occurrence characteristics and control problems, the distribution, occurrence regularity, damage characteristics and outbreak reasons of A. lucorum are overviewed and analyzed in this paper, and the pollution-free control measures are also put forward.

枣树(Zizyphus jujuba Mill.)叶片内氮素贮藏和循环利用的研究

金丝小枣秋季叶施^(15)N-尿素后,研究了氮素在其体内的贮藏部位、形态及循环利用情况。结果表明,幼树秋季叶弛的^(15)N可以输送到树体的各器官,地上部和根系在贮藏氮素上有同等重要的作用,根系可以利用来自叶片的氮供其生长。枣树春季生长先利用地上部贮藏的氮,而叶片回流的氮则优先用于梢、叶、花的形成。成年树分配到花的氮的比例较幼树大。秋季在成年树枣股叶片施用^(15)N-尿素,次年该枣股中的`(15)N量高于其上、下邻近枣股,表现局部贮藏局部优先利用的特点。氮素有较长时期重复利用的效应,重复利用的氮主要来自叶片。

酸枣 (Zizyphus jujuba Mill)组织培养结合^(60)Co- γ射线辐照诱发突变株(英文)

建立了酸枣离体组织培养结合 6 0 Co γ射线辐照获得突变株的技术。 (1)酸枣叶片外植体在含有ZEA 1mg L ,2 ,4 D 0 .5mg L和NAA0 .5mg L的MS培养基上诱导愈伤组织 :经 6 0 Co γ射线辐照后在含有ZEA 1mg L和NAA0 .5 mg L的MS培养基上诱导幼苗 ;(2 )试管苗用 2 0～ 30Gy6 0 Co γ射线辐照后 ,在BAP 2mg L和IBA 0 .4mg L的MS培养基上进行不定苗繁殖。 (3)不定苗在含有IBA 1mg L和IAA0 .4mg L的MS培养基上生根。此外 ,用 2 0 0～ 4 5 0Gy6 0 Co γ射线辐照种仁 ,也能获得突变株。

Storage and Remobilization of Nitrogen by Chinese Jujube(Z. jujuba Mill. var. inermis Rehd) Seedling as Affected by Timing of ^(15)N Supply

Winter jujube orchard nitrogen （N） management aims at increasing N reserves to meet the tree＇s growth requirements. Fertilization strategies should maximize the efficiency of fertilizers, including the choice of the optimal timing of N supply. ^15N-urea was applied to winter jujubes on Jinsixiaozao jujubes rootstock to evaluate the effect of application timing on Nstorage and remobilization in mature trees in pot culture. The treatments consisted of ground application before budding （BB）, during fruit core-hardening stage （FCH）, and fruit rapid-swelling stage （FRS）. Nitrogen-use efficiency of treatments were significantly different, which were 2.42% （BB）, 9.77% （FCH）, and 9.01% （FRS） in the dormant and 5.20% （BB）, 16.16% （FCH）, and 10.30% （FRS） in the following full-bloom. N supply in the pre-harvest helped to increase N-reserves of trees and then translocate to the new growth organs the following year. The largest amount of ^15N was detected in the roots and trunks. In all the treatments, the partition rates were highest in coarse roots, which were 30.43% （BB）, 38.61% （FCH）, and 40.62% （FRS）, respectively. ^15N stored in roots and trunks was used by jujube trees to sustain new growth in the following full-bloom. ^15N applied before budding resulted in lower Ndff% in perennial organs （trunks and coarse roots） sampled in the following full-bloom, but fine roots had highest Ndff% （1.28%）. Other organs recovered similar amount of Ndff%. In contrast, FCH and FRS treatments led to higher Ndff% （4.01-5.15%） in the new growth organs （new growth branches, deciduous spurs, leaves and flowers）, but lower Ndff% in perennial branches （1.49-2.89%）. With the delay of ^15N-urea application time, ^15N increased the partitioning to roots. FCH treatment increased N-storage in perennial organ during winter, which should be remobilized to sustain new growth the following spring.

Effects of flue gas desulfurization gypsum and clover planting on qualities of soil and winter jujube in coastal saline-alkali orchard of north China

Flue gas desulfurization gypsum and clover planting alleviated the soil salinization stress.Soil pH and total phosphorus affected the bacterial communi-ties.Total phosphorus affected the fungal communities.Flue gas desulfurization gypsum and clover planting improved jujube quality.The coastal area of Shandong Province,characterized by coastal saline tidal soil,is one of the main production areas of winter jujube in China.However,the low soil fertility and poor soil structure in jujube orchard restricted the development of the jujube industry.The objectives of this study were to 1)evaluate the effect of application of flue gas desulfurization(FGD)gypsum and clover planting on soil quality improvement and soil microbial community structure of jujube orchard;2)investigate the effects of two measures on the nutrition and quality of winter jujube.The results showed that FGD gypsum reduced the soil total salt content by 65.6%,and clover planting increased the soil organic matter content by 30.7%,which effectively alleviated the soil salinization stress and improved the soil structure.Soil pH and total phosphorus(TP)were the main determinants influencing bacterial community composition,and TP was the dominant factor of the fungal community composition in the saline-alkali soils.Meanwhile,FGD gypsum addition and clover planting significantly increased the sugar degree and Vc content of winter jujube,thus improved jujube quality,and further contributed to the ecological sustainable development of winter jujube industry.

Effect of pre-treatments on drying characteristics of Chinese jujube (Zizyphus jujuba Miller)

Chinese jujube is delicious and nourishing fruit.However,fresh Chinese jujube is liable to rot and drying is a necessary process.Traditional drying is a time-consuming task due to the thick cuticle of Chinese jujube.To improve its drying efficiency,fresh Chinese jujube was pretreated with nine different methods prior to hot-air drying.Among these methods,dipping in 2%ethyl oleate plus 5%K_(2)CO_(3) for 10 min(alkaline emulsion of ethyl oleate,AEEO)was recommended for its time-saving effect,which was found more significant at lower drying temperatures.The beneficial effect was considered based on its cuticle destruction by AEEO pre-treatment.In the meantime,the drying process was divided into three stages;each of them obeyed the first order reaction kinetics.Activation energies for the first,second and third stages of control over jujube drying were 41.45 kJ/mol,35.24 kJ/mol and 49.52 kJ/mol,and reduced by 20.9%,22.1%and 29.0%,respectively,after AEEO pre-treatment,and the drying process was well predicted by Midilli et al.model.In view of browning during drying at higher temperatures,AEEO pretreated jujube was suggested to be dried at 60°C.This finding was considered to be helpful to the industrial drying of Chinese jujube.

微咸水灌溉下冬枣光合生理性状与光响应模型研究

【目的】研究不同灌溉水矿化度对冬枣光合生理性状的影响。【方法】基于大田试验,研究1g/L(S1)、2 g/L(S2)、3 g/L(S3)、4 g/L(S4)和5 g/L(S5)灌溉水矿化度下的土壤水盐分布规律与冬枣光合生理响应机制。【结果】叶片净光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度均在3 g/L处理或4 g/L处理下达到峰值;与其他处理相比,4 g/L处理与5g/L处理灌溉水矿化度下的叶片叶绿素量、最大荧光效率和最大量子效率显著降低;与1g/L处理相比,3 g/L处理与4 g/L处理下的冬枣表观量子效率、最大净光合速率、光补偿点、暗呼吸速率显著升高,而光饱和点显著降低,3~4 g/L灌溉水矿化度虽然减小了冬枣的可利用光强范围,但提高了叶片的生理活性。【结论】在果实膨大期,灌溉水矿化度为1~3 g/L时,气孔限制是影响冬枣光合作用的主要因素,而当灌溉水矿化度超过4 g/L时,非气孔限制因素是导致叶片光能利用效率降低的主要原因。综合考虑土壤生态环境与冬枣生理过程,推荐采用3g/L矿化度的微咸水对冬枣进行灌溉。

吡唑醚菌酯在冬枣中的残留消解及膳食风险评估

2021—2022年在河北黄骅开展了250 g/L吡唑醚菌酯乳油在冬枣中的规范残留田间试验,样品采用QuEChERS法净化,气相色谱-电子捕获检测器检测分析,得出吡唑醚菌酯在冬枣中的残留消解规律,并对其进行膳食风险评估。2年残留消解试验结果显示,吡唑醚菌酯在冬枣中的半衰期分别为9.86、11.8 d,消解规律符合一级动力学方程;最终残留试验结果显示,末次药后14~28 d,吡唑醚菌酯残留量为0.297~0.684 mg/kg,其中,末次药后21 d的残留试验中值为0.432 mg/kg。膳食风险评估得出风险商为0.62%,膳食摄入风险可接受。建议250 g/L吡唑醚菌酯乳油在冬枣上使用剂量为3000~4000倍液,每季最多施药3次,施药间隔期7 d,安全间隔期21 d。

纳米Cu/多糖复合抗菌膜的制备与表征及其对冬枣黑斑病的防治效果

本研究以明胶和海藻酸钠为成膜基质,采用共混法将绿色合成的纳米Cu掺入多糖膜液,采用流延法制备纳米Cu/多糖复合膜。通过场发射扫描电子显微镜、傅里叶变换红外光谱仪、热重分析仪、紫外-可见近红外分光光谱仪、质构仪以及电感耦合等离子体质谱仪表征纳米Cu及纳米Cu/多糖复合膜的结构,探究薄膜的透光性、理化性能。测定膜的抗真菌活性,并应用到冬枣黑斑病防治,及测定薄膜Cu^(2+)迁移量。结果显示,绿色合成纳米Cu粒径约为44 nm,明胶/海藻酸钠薄膜可作为纳米Cu的优良载体。并且复合膜具有良好的热稳定性、阻隔性和机械性能。此外探究不同质量浓度纳米Cu/多糖复合膜对链格孢菌、镰刀孢菌及灰霉的抑菌性能,最高抑菌率分别为87.80%、77.73%、81.96%,具有良好的抗真菌效果及广谱性。其中对链格孢菌生物量的半抑制浓度为0.25 g/L,在贮藏10 d时,该质量浓度纳米Cu/多糖复合膜对感染黑斑病冬枣的防治效果为52.53%,发病率可有效降低53.16%,且Cu^(2+)迁移量为0.018 7 μg/mL。综上,本实验制备出了一种具有抗真菌活性生物可降解包装膜,为纳米Cu的应用提供了新思路,可为新型抗真菌保鲜材料开发提供理论依据。

低温等离子体处理对冬枣贮藏品质及风味物质的影响

该文以冬枣为试材,对其进行不同时间(0、5、10 min)的低温等离子体处理,通过测量处理后冬枣的微生物数量、品质相关指标和采用顶空气相色谱离子迁移谱(headspace gas chromatography ion migration spectrometry,HS-GC-IMS)测量其风味物质的变化,探究低温等离子体处理对冬枣贮藏品质和风味物质变化的影响。结果表明,与CK组相比,低温等离子体处理对冬枣表面菌落总数、霉菌和酵母菌总数具有显著的抑制作用,其中70 d时,10 min处理组和5 min处理分别比CK组菌落总数低0.6 lg CFU/g和0.39 lg CFU/g;分别比CK组霉菌和酵母菌总数低0.42 lg CFU/g和0.28 lg CFU/g。低温等离子体处理可以减缓冬枣呼吸强度的升高,缓解可溶性糖含量、可滴定酸含量和维生素C含量的下降;抑制冬枣硬度的降低,其中,5 min处理组效果最为显著,冬枣硬度在第70天时5 min处理组比CK组升高47%;5 min处理组冬枣中原果胶含量比CK组高43%,可溶性果胶含量比CK组低55%,纤维素含量和半纤维素含量也分别比CK组高14%和74%。HS-GC-IMS结果分析表明,贮藏后期5 min处理组中2,3-丁二酮、2-苯基乙醛、柠檬烯、己酸等物质含量高于CK组和10 min处理组,但处理组中2,3-丁二酮和2,5-二甲基吡嗪含量低于CK组。综合分析表明,低温等离子体处理对抑制采后冬枣品质劣变及风味物质变化具有积极作用。

冬枣(Ziziphus jujube Mill.)根际3株促生细菌的筛选与鉴定

为给冬枣(Ziziphus jujube Mill.)生物肥料的研制和生产提供优良菌株资源,利用梯度稀释法和三区划线法从冬枣根际土壤中分离、纯化出832株细菌分离物,进一步通过小麦叶片保绿法和萝卜子叶增重法筛选出效果较好的3株,分别记为DZ1、DZ2和DZ3.这3株细菌分离物均不产异戊烯基腺嘌呤,其中DZ1和DZ2分泌反式玉米素(分别为368.73和598.46 ng mL-1)、激动素(273.56和193.16 ng mL-1)和吲哚乙酸[9.24和13.85μg mL–1(OD600 nm)–1],而DZ3分泌激动素(175.4 ng mL-1)和反式玉米素(314.34 ng mL-1),但不产吲哚乙酸.通过形态学观察、生理生化测定、16S rRNA基因测序及系统发育树分析,初步确定DZ1和DZ2为枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis),DZ3为芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus sp.).最后通过盆栽试验对这3株细菌分离物的促生效果进行比较,结果发现,DZ1、DZ2和DZ3,尤其是DZ1,对冬枣细根的生长及地上部干物质积累有积极作用,可作为研制冬枣生物肥料的优良菌株资源.

热风微波耦合干燥结合H_(2)O_(2)熏蒸对不同贮藏条件下冬枣品质的影响

为探究热风微波耦合干燥结合过氧化氢(H_(2)O_(2))熏蒸对不同贮藏条件下绿糖心冬枣品质的影响,以绿糖心冬枣为研究对象,果实干燥前采用5%H2O2熏蒸10 min,利用热风微波耦合干燥设备对果实进行干燥,采用纳米聚乙烯微孔保鲜膜对其包装。分别在室温、保鲜库(0℃)和精准相温库(0℃)中贮藏300 d,每隔60 d测定一次冬枣的各项生理指标,分析绿糖心冬枣在贮藏期间品质变化的规律。结果表明,热风微波耦合干燥结合H2O2熏蒸处理的冬枣,保鲜库、精准相温库贮藏与室温贮藏相比,可较好抑制冬枣的瘪枣率和失重率,延缓冬枣的可溶性固形物、抗坏血酸、可滴定酸和总酚含量的下降速率。与保鲜库及室温贮藏冬枣相比,精准相温库贮藏能够有效阻止果实营养成分的流失,最大限度地保持果实的贮藏品质。