Evaluation of Pathway of Nitrogen Loss in Winter Wheat and Summer Maize Rotation System

The nitrogen loss pathway in winter wheat and summer maize rotation system was studied based on field experimental data. The results showed that nitrogen recovery rate was significantly decreased with nitrogen fertilization rate increased, while residual rate and losses rate had an increasing trend. Accumulated ammonia volatilization loss in winter wheat and summer maize rotation was 12. 8(N0), 22. 0(N120), 33. 0(N240) and 64. 5 kg N ha-1(N360) respectively and rate of ammonia volatilization loss was 3.8, 4.2 and 7. 2 % respectively while urea was mixed with 0 - 10 cm soil or spread before irrigation. Denitrification loss with acetylene-soil core incubation method in winter wheat was lower than 1 kg N ha-1 and rate of denitrification loss was 0. 21 - 0. 26% or trace. Denitrification loss in summer maize was 1 - 14 kg N ha-1 and rate of denitrification loss was 1 - 5 %. The total gaseous loss in winter wheat and summer maize rotation system was less than 10 %, and the main nitrogen fertilizer loss way was leaching below 0 - 100 cm soil profile and accumulated in deeper soil.

Identifying the critical phosphorus balance for optimizing phosphorus input and regulating soil phosphorus effectiveness in a typical winter wheat-summer maize rotation system in North China

Phosphorus(P)is a nonrenewable resource and a critical element for plant growth that plays an important role in improving crop yield.Excessive P fertilizer application is widespread in agricultural production,which not only wastes phosphate resources but also causes P accumulation and groundwater pollution.Here,we hypothesized that the apparent P balance of a crop system could be used as an indicator for identifying the critical P input in order to obtain a high yield with high phosphorus use efficiency(PUE).A 12-year field experiment with P fertilization rates of 0,45,90,135,180,and 225 kg P_(2)O_(5)ha^(-1)was conducted to determine the crop yield,PUE,and soil Olsen-P value response to P balance,and to optimize the P input.Annual yield stagnation occurred when the P fertilizer application exceeded a certain level,and high yield and PUE levels were achieved with annual P fertilizer application rates of 90-135 kg P_(2)O_(5)ha^(-1).A critical P balance range of 2.15-4.45 kg P ha^(-1)was recommended to achieve optimum yield with minimal environmental risk.The critical P input range estimated from the P balance was 95.7-101 kg P_(2)O_(5)ha^(-1),which improved relative yield(>90%)and PUE(90.0-94.9%).In addition,the P input-output balance helps in assessing future changes in Olsen-P values,which increased by 4.07 mg kg^(-1)of P for every 100 kg of P surplus.Overall,the P balance can be used as a critical indicator for P management in agriculture,providing a robust reference for limiting P excess and developing a more productive,efficient and environmentally friendly P fertilizer management strategy.

Fate of ^(15)N-Labeled Urea Under a Winter Wheat-Summer Maize Rotation on the North China Plain

一个地实验被进行在冬小麦(Triticum aestivum L.) 和夏天玉米(Zea mays L.) 下面调查 15N 标签脲和它的剩余效果的命运诺思中国平原上的旋转系统。比作 360 kg N 的常规申请率哈 ? 1 (N360 ) ， 120 kg N 的减少的率哈 ?(N120 ) 1 导致了重要增加(P 【 0.05 ) 在小麦，产量和没有重要差别被作出对有利的裁决玉米。在在收获的 0 100 厘米土剖面，与 N360 相比， N120 不管多么导致了重要减少(P 【 0.05 ) 百分比剩余 N 和百分比未予说明的 N，它可能从管理系统反映了损失。在土剖面的剩余化肥 N 25.6%44.7%和20.7%分别地，，38.2%为 N120 和 N360 在器官的 N 水池0.3%3.0%和11.2%相应地，24.4%在硝酸盐水池，显示一个更高的潜力因为沥滤的损失以常规率与申请联系了。在由接替庄稼的土剖面的剩余 N 的恢复是不到 7.5% 应用 N。为 N120，全部的土壤 N 平衡是否定的；然而，仍然有可观的矿物质 N (NH+4-N 并且没有 ? 3-N ) 在在收获以后的土剖面。因此， N120 能在短期内被认为农学的联盟者可接受，要不是长期的可持续性， N 率应该基于土壤矿物 N 测试和植物组织硝酸盐测试被推荐维持土壤肥力。

Effects of saline irrigation on soil salt accumulation and grain yield in the winter wheat-summer maize double cropping system in the low plain of North China

In the dominant winter wheat(WW)-summer maize(SM) double cropping system in the low plain located in the North China, limited access to fresh water, especially during dry season, constitutes a major obstacle to realize high crop productivity. Using the vast water resources of the saline upper aquifer for irrigation during WW jointing stage, may help to bridge the peak of dry season and relieve the tight water situation in the region. A field experiment was conducted during 2009–2012 to investigate the effects of saline irrigation during WW jointing stage on soil salt accumulation and productivity of WW and SM. The experiment treatments comprised no irrigation(T1), fresh water irrigation(T2), slightly saline water irrigation(T3:2.8 dS m^(–1)), and strongly saline water irrigation(T4: 8.2 dS m^(–1)) at WW jointing stage. With regard to WW yields and aggregated annual WW-SM yields, clear benefits of saline water irrigation(T3 & T4) compared to no irrigation(T1), as well as insignificant yield losses compared to fresh water irrigation(T2) occurred in all three experiment years. However, the increased soil salinity in early SM season in consequence of saline irrigation exerted a negative effect on SM photosynthesis and final yield in two of three experiment years. To avoid the negative aftereffects of saline irrigation, sufficient fresh water irrigation during SM sowing phase(i.e., increase from 60 to 90 mm) is recommended to guarantee good growth conditions during the sensitive early growing period of SM. The risk of long-term accumulation of salts as a result of saline irrigation during the peak of dry season is considered low, due to deep leaching of salts during regularly occurring wet years, as demonstrated in the 2012 experiment year. Thus, applying saline water irrigation at jointing stage of WW and fresh water at sowing of SM is most promising to realize high yield and fresh irrigation water saving.

Water consumption in summer maize and winter wheat cropping system based on SEBAL model in Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, China

Crop consumptive water use is recognized as a key element to understand regional water management performance. This study documents an attempt to apply a regional evapotranspiration model(SEBAL) and crop information for assessment of regional crop(summer maize and winter wheat) actual evapotranspiration(ET a) in Huang-Huai-Hai(3H) Plain, China. The average seasonal ET a of summer maize and winter wheat were 354.8 and 521.5 mm respectively in 3H Plain. A high-ET a belt of summer maize occurs in piedmont plain, while a low ET a area was found in the hill-irrigable land and dry land area. For winter wheat, a high-ET a area was located in the middle part of 3H Plain, including low plain-hydropenia irrigable land and dry land, hill-irrigable land and dry land, and basin-irrigable land and dry land. Spatial analysis demonstrated a linear relationship between crop ET a, normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI), and the land surface temperature(LST). A stronger relationship between ET a and NDVI was found in the metaphase and last phase than other crop growing phase, as indicated by higher correlation coefficient values. Additionally, higher correlation coefficients were detected between ET a and LST than that between ET a and NDVI, and this significant relationship ran through the entire crop growing season. ET a in the summer maize growing season showed a significant relationship with longitude, while ET a in the winter wheat growing season showed a significant relationship with latitude. The results of this study will serve as baseline information for water resources management of 3H Plain.

Effects of mulches on water use in a winter wheat/summer maize rotation system in Loess Plateau, China

Limited water resources often result in reduced crop yield and low water productivity(WP). In northwestern China, crop production is generally dependent on precipitation. Therefore, a variety of agricultural rainwater harvesting(ARH) techniques have been used for conserving soil moisture, ameliorating soil environment, increasing crop yield, and improving water use efficiency. A two-year(2013–2015) field experiment was conducted under a typical sub-humid drought-prone climate in Yangling(108°24′E, 34°20′N; 521 m a.s.l.), Shaanxi Province, China, to explore the effects of mulching(same for summer maize and winter wheat) on soil moisture, soil temperature, crop water consumption, and crop yield with a winter wheat/summer maize rotation. Crops were planted in a ridge-furrow pattern and the treatments consisted of a transparent film mulch over the ridges(M1), a crop straw mulch in the furrows(M2), a transparent film mulch over the ridges and a crop straw mulch in the furrows(M3), a black film mulch over the ridges and a crop straw mulch in the furrows(M4), and a control with no mulch(CK). Results showed that M4 was the best treatment for improving soil water storage and content, and decreasing crop water consumption during the summer maize and winter wheat rotation. In both maize and wheat seasons, M1 had a higher soil temperature than M2 and CK, and M3 had a higher soil temperature than M4. In the maize seasons, M4 had the highest yield, WP, and precipitation productivity(PP), with the average values for these parameters increasing by 30.9%, 39.0%, and 31.0%, respectively, compared to those in CK. In the wheat seasons, however, M3 had the highest yield, WP, and PP, with the average values for these parameters being 23.7%, 26.7%, and 23.8% higher, respectively, than those in CK. Annual yield(maize and wheat yields combined) and WP did not differ significantly between M3 and M4. These results suggested that M3 and M4 may thus be the optimal ARH practices for the production of winter wheat and summer maize, respectively, in arid and semi-arid areas.

Study on Soil Denitrification in Wheat-Maize Rotation System

Soil denitrification was studied in wheat-maize rotation cropping system on an aquic cambisol. Results showed that the Nloss amount by denitrification ranged from 4.7 to 9.7 kg per hectare with different levels of nitrogen application and the keystage for denitification was during summer maize-growth-period, especially within 1-2 weeks after fertilizer nitrogen wasapplied. Similar trend was found between soil N2O production/emission dynamic and denitrification dynamic in therotation system, which may indicate that mainly N2O is produced in nitrification process.

基于Landsat 8影像提取豫中地区冬小麦和夏玉米分布信息的最佳时相选择

遥感技术对大尺度农业实时监测提供了一个理想的手段,遥感影像植被分类的最佳时相对作物种植面积遥感监测非常重要。本文选取2020年至2021年的6景Landsat 8影像,覆盖了夏玉米从乳熟到收获、冬小麦从越冬到成熟的生育期,以此分析不同时相的冬小麦-夏玉米与其他地类在光谱特征和NDVI上的差异,通过决策树的方法提取豫中地区冬小麦-夏玉米的空间分布情况。结果表明,冬小麦-夏玉米在不同生长发育时期,提取到的面积比有所不同,对于夏玉米而言,乳熟时期的提取效果要优于之后的时期,其在2020年8月26日的总体精度最高,为83.60%,Kappa系数为0.72,分类质量很好;对于冬小麦而言,最佳识别时期则处于冬小麦的越冬期,其在2021年1月1日的总体精度最高,为92.36%,Kappa系数为0.81,信息提取效果很好。除了作物自身生长过程的覆盖度变化,分类精度随成像时间而改变。多时相信息提取也发现,受到天气等环境条件限制,夏玉米和冬小麦的种植区域不完全重叠,山区冬季不适合冬小麦种植从而没有与夏玉米出现重叠分布。本研究有助于我们从宏观上对作物分布及生长状况作出及时有效的判断,对农业监测,特别是对轮作农田的信息管理和作物物候、种植面积等研究具有广阔的应用前景。

不同锌源叶面喷施对冬小麦和夏玉米产量及籽粒营养品质的影响

为探明不同锌源叶面肥喷施对小麦和玉米产量、籽粒矿质元素含量及锌、铁生物有效性的影响,对冬小麦-夏玉米轮作体系开展不同叶面肥喷施试验。小麦季设置去离子水(CK1)、尿素(CK2)、尿素+纳米氧化锌(U+ZnO)、尿素+壳聚糖纳米锌(U+ZnCNP)、尿素+普通七水硫酸锌(U+Zn)5种叶面肥处理;玉米季增加尿素与锌铁硒多元混合喷施处理(U+Zn/Fe/Se)。结果表明:各叶面肥喷施处理对小麦和玉米籽粒产量均无显著影响,但对籽粒微量元素含量有显著影响。不同锌源与尿素混合叶面肥对小麦籽粒锌含量强化效果由弱到强依次为U+ZnCNP<U+ZnO<U+Zn。与CK2处理相比,处理U+Zn使小麦籽粒锌含量显著提高77.7%(从22.80 mg·kg^(-1)增加至40.52 mg·kg^(-1))、籽粒植酸与锌(PA/Zn)摩尔比显著下降42.1%,使籽粒锌生物有效性(TAZ)显著提高74.5%。对于玉米,与CK2处理相比,处理U+Zn/Fe/Se使籽粒锌含量提高32.3%(从14.93 mg·kg^(-1)增加至19.60 mg·kg^(-1))、硒含量显著提高12.7倍(从17.66μg·kg^(-1)增加至242.04μg·kg^(-1))、籽粒PA/Zn摩尔比显著下降27.0%,使籽粒TAZ显著提高36.9%,使整个植株或玉米秸秆磷与锌(P/Zn)和磷与铁(P/Fe)摩尔比降低。研究表明,叶面喷施普通七水硫酸锌是提高小麦、玉米籽粒锌含量和生物有效性的最佳形式,其强化小麦籽粒锌效果优于玉米。叶面喷施尿素与锌铁硒混合溶液可同时提高玉米籽粒锌、硒含量及锌、铁生物有效性(籽粒、全株、秸秆),是解决人体或动物微量元素营养缺乏的有效农艺强化措施。

施用生物炭和秸秆还田对农田温室气体排放及增温潜势的影响

【目的】农业生态系统增温潜势是影响全球气候变化的重要部分。本研究通过田间试验明确施用生物炭和秸秆还田对农田增温潜势的影响,以期为减缓气候变化和农业废弃物资源化利用提供理论依据。【方法】在山东省桓台县农业生态系统试验站的冬小麦-夏玉米轮作农田中开展了3年田间定位试验,试验共设置4个处理:①对照(CK);②施用生物炭9.0t·hm^(-2)·a^(-1)(C);③全量秸秆还田(S);④秸秆还田配施9.0 t·hm^(-2)·a^(-1)生物炭(CS)。4个处理均施等量的氮磷钾化肥,其中氮肥为尿素,用量为200 kg·hm^(-2)·a^(-1),磷肥为过磷酸钙,用量为55 kg·hm^(-2)·a^(-1),钾肥为硫酸钾,用量为40 kg·hm^(-2)·a^(-1)。采用静态暗箱-气相色谱法测定各处理温室气体(CO_(2)、N_(2)O和CH_4)的排放通量并计算净全球增温潜势(NGWP)和温室气体排放强度(GHGI),分析连续施用生物炭和秸秆还田对农田温室气体排放及增温潜势的影响。【结果】(1)综合3年的温室气体排放情况,与CK处理相比,S和CS处理的年平均生态呼吸排放量(Re)分别增加了47.8%和67.9%(P<0.05);C处理的年平均N_(2)O累积排放量降低了20.3%(P<0.05),而S和CS处理的N_(2)O年平均累积排放量分别增加了23.6%和41.4%(P<0.05)。(2)与CK处理相比,C、S和CS处理的土壤有机碳年平均变化量(ΔSOC)均有显著增加,其中CS处理增幅最大,增加了150.6%(P<0.05)。与第1年相比,C、S和CS处理第3年的ΔSOC均有显著增加(P<0.05),分别增加了21.7%、20.8%和17.8%。各处理的NGWP和GHGI均存在显著差异,与CK相比,C、S和CS处理的年平均NGWP分别降低了163.5%、171.7%和273.0%(P<0.05),与第1年相比,C、S和CS处理第3年的NGWP均有显著降低(P<0.05),分别降低了73.4%、58.8%和54.7%。与CK相比,C、S和CS处理的年平均GHGI分别降低了236.2%、253.3%和388.9%(P<0.05),C、S和CS处理第3年的GHGI较第1年分别降低了126.3%、98.2%和108.6%(P<0.05)。就产量而言,C、S和CS处理的作物产量保持相对稳定,有轻微增长,但与CK相比无显著差异。【结论】与单施化肥相比,在施化肥的基础上添加生物炭、秸秆还田、秸秆还田配施生物炭的措施均能够在不影响作物产量的前提下抑制增温潜势,其中秸秆还田配施生物炭能够最大程度地降低农田增温潜势,因此秸秆还田配施生物炭是增加农田固碳、缓解气候变化的一项有效措施。

华北平原冬小麦-夏玉米农田生态系统土壤自养和异养呼吸模型构建

土壤呼吸是陆地生态系统碳循环的重要过程,准确估算土壤呼吸对估算陆地生态系统碳源汇具有重要意义。通过在华北平原典型农田内开展土壤呼吸及其组分的原位观测实验,构建了适用于华北平原冬小麦-夏玉米轮种制农田生态系统的半经验半机理土壤异养呼吸和土壤自养呼吸模型。结果表明,冬小麦-夏玉米农田土壤异养呼吸模型可表达为土壤温度和土壤水分的函数,其中,土壤温度对土壤异养呼吸的影响适合用Arrhenius方程描述,而土壤水分的影响适合用对称的倒抛物线描述。验证表明,该模型的R^(2)和RMSE分别为0.68和0.52μmol m^(-2)s^(-1)。土壤自养呼吸模型包括维持呼吸和生长呼吸两个模块,其中,维持呼吸表达为土壤温度和叶面积指数的函数,其形式分别为Van′t Hoff指数方程和米氏方程;生长呼吸表达为总初级生产力与维持呼吸之差的线性函数。冬小麦季和夏玉米季土壤自养呼吸模型的结构相同,但是两种作物的模型参数差异较大。验证表明,冬小麦季土壤自养呼吸模型的R2和RMSE分别为0.64和0.50μmol m^(-2)s^(-1),夏玉米季土壤自养呼吸模型的R2和RMSE分别为0.67和0.37μmol m^(-2)s^(-1)。相比于不区分土壤异养呼吸和土壤自养呼吸的土壤总呼吸模型,本研究构建的土壤异养呼吸和土壤自养呼吸模型能够更加准确地模拟土壤呼吸的季节变化和年际变化过程,可为华北平原冬小麦-夏玉米轮种制农田生态系统的土壤呼吸估算提供方法依据。

水氮耦合对地下滴灌冬小麦和夏玉米水氮利用效率影响研究

【目的】探索冬小麦、夏玉米地下滴灌条件下最佳灌水施氮制度。【方法】采用田间试验方法,分别设置4个灌水水平,冬小麦:W1:2580 m^(3)/hm^(2)、W2:2240 m^(3)/hm^(2)、W3:2020 m^(3)/hm^(2)、W4:1560 m^(3)/hm^(2),夏玉米:W1:1306 m^(3)/hm^(2)、W2:1088 m^(3)/hm^(2)、W3:814 m^(3)/hm^(2)、W4:650 m^(3)/hm^(2),2个施氮水平,冬小麦、夏玉米均为:F1:180 kg/hm^(2)、F2:100 kg/hm^(2),研究水氮耦合对冬小麦、夏玉米水氮利用效率及产量影响。【结果】W2F1处理冬小麦产量最大,继续增加灌水量冬小麦产量并未增加,而夏玉米产量随灌水量增加而增加;土壤氮素残留量均表现为F1处理>F2处理,且冬小麦氮素残留量随灌水量增加先减少后增加,W1处理夏玉米氮素残留量最大,冬小麦、夏玉米氮肥偏生产力均与产量变化趋势一致;冬小麦、夏玉米耗水量均随灌水量增加而增加,水分利用效率均随灌水量增加呈先增大后减小趋势。【结论】拟合优化表明,冬小麦的适宜灌水量为214 mm,适宜施氮量100 kg/hm^(2);夏玉米适宜灌水量为103 mm,适宜施氮量100 kg/hm^(2)。

麦玉轮作区不同施氮量对夏玉米生物性状及产量的影响

为研究麦玉轮作区在受洪涝受害后不同施氮量对夏玉米产量的影响,并分析玉米生物性状、产量及经济效益对不同施氮量响应的差异。于2022年采用小区试验,设置6种氮肥施用量模式,分别设常规施磷钾肥(CK,T_(1))、常规施肥减施氮肥15%(T_(2))、常规施肥减施氮肥5%(T_(3))、常规施肥(T_(4))、常规施肥增施氮肥5%(T_(5))和常规施肥增施氮肥15%(T_(6))6个处理。结果表明,在一定范围内,随着施氮量的增加,夏玉米穗长、穗粗、株高等生物性状呈增长趋势,秃尖长度呈降低趋势,以T_(5)最佳。随着氮肥施用量的增加,玉米籽粒产量表现为先升高后降低的变化趋势,T_(5)和T_(6)产量分别为9201.0和9166.5 kg/hm^(2),显著高于常规减施氮肥的T_(1)、T_(2)和T_(3)。不同施氮量处理经济效益较T_(1)均有不同程度增加,T_(5)最高,为23922.6元/hm^(2)。综合分析,麦玉轮作区在受洪涝受害后以常规施肥增施氮肥5%处理产量和经济效益最佳。

商丘地区不同降水年型冬小麦-夏玉米需水量和缺水量分析

【目的】研究不同降水年型下冬小麦、夏玉米的作物需水规律及成因。【方法】基于1954—2019年商丘市气象数据、1999—2019年河南商丘农田生态系统国家野外科学观测研究站作物生育期观测数据和2011—2018年大型蒸渗仪观测数据,采用描述性统计和Mann-Kendall趋势检验方法,探究作物需水量和缺水量变化趋势,并通过主导分析法探索气象因子对作物需水量的影响。【结果】1954—2019年,周年有效降水量呈上升趋势,冬小麦季、夏玉米季有效降水量上升速率为3.09、5.23 mm/10a;仅丰水年下冬小麦季和周年有效降水量呈下降趋势。周年作物需水量呈极显著下降趋势(P<0.01),冬小麦季、夏玉米季作物需水量下降速率为6.72mm/10a(P<0.01)、18.47mm/10a(P<0.01);不同降水年型下冬小麦季、夏玉米季和作物周年需水量均表现为下降趋势。周年作物缺水量呈极显著下降趋势(P<0.01),冬小麦季、夏玉米季作物缺水量下降速率为9.81、23.70 mm/10 a(P<0.01);仅丰水年冬小麦季缺水量呈上升趋势。在平水年和枯水年,日照时间是影响冬小麦需水量的首要因子,但在丰水年相对湿度为影响冬小麦需水量的首要因子;夏玉米需水量的主要影响因子为日照时间、平均风速和最高温度,在3种降水年型下日照时间均为首要因子,其次是平均风速和最高温度。【结论】在丰水年型下,商丘地区冬小麦应在拔节—抽穗期灌溉,夏玉米季不灌溉;在平水年型下,冬小麦季应在拔节—抽穗期灌溉,夏玉米抽雄期灌溉;在枯水年型下,冬小麦和夏玉米在播前灌溉的基础上,还需分别在拔节—抽穗期和拔节—抽雄期进行灌溉。

提升雨养夏玉米-冬小麦两熟体系生产力和土壤硝态氮累积的最优耕作模式

【目的】研究耕作模式对旱地雨养夏玉米–冬小麦(以下简称玉–麦)两熟体系生产力的影响,并对深松、翻耕在轮耕模式中的作用进行评价。【方法】定位试验于2015—2021年在中国农业科学院洛阳旱农试验基地进行。设置夏免耕秋免耕(SNAN)、夏深松秋免耕(SSAN)、夏免耕秋3年免耕1年翻耕(SNA3N1P)、夏深松秋3年免耕1年翻耕(SSA3N1P)和传统夏秋季均翻耕(CT)5种耕作模式,调查了玉米、小麦的产量和水分利用效率,2020年测定了玉米收获期0—40 cm土层土壤容重、养分含量和酶活性,以及2019—2020年度小麦收获期0—380 cm土层的硝态氮累积量。【结果】1)与CT处理相比,SNAN、SSAN、SNA3N1P和SSA3N1P处理的玉米、小麦和周年产量分别显著提高了28.4%~33.5%、23.7%~25.0%和27.1%~30.3%,水分利用效率分别显著提高了19.6%~39.2%、20.2%~29.3%和29.5%~34.5%,0—5 cm和20—40 cm土层土壤容重显著降低,0—5 cm土层的有机质含量以及0—40 cm多数土层的全氮、有效磷、速效钾含量和脲酶、蔗糖酶活性均显著提高;0—80 cm土层硝态氮累积量显著提高了44.3%~104.8%,120—380 cm土层硝态氮累积量显著降低了22.1%~34.1%。2)与夏免耕(SN)处理相比,夏深松(SS)处理对玉米和小麦产量没有显著影响,但显著降低了玉米水分利用效率,提高了10—20 cm土层有机质含量、0—20 cm土层全氮含量、0—5 cm和10—20 cm土层有效磷含量、10—20 cm土层速效钾含量、5—40 cm土层脲酶活性、0—40 cm土层蔗糖酶活性,也提高了20—40 cm土层容重和0—380 cm土层硝态氮累积量。3)与秋免耕(AN)处理相比,秋3年免耕1年翻耕(A3N1P)处理降低了0—5 cm土层的土壤养分含量,增加了5—20 cm各土层有机质含量、5—40 cm各土层速效钾含量、0—40 cm各土层脲酶和蔗糖酶活性;SN处理下的小麦水分利用效率6年均值显著提高了7.1%,SS处理下0—380 cm土层的硝态氮累积量显著降低了12.4%。4)虽然SSA3N1P处理的产量和水分利用效率与其他轮耕模式无显著差异,但其改善土壤性状和提高根层(0—80 cm)、降低深层(120—380 cm)土壤硝态氮累积量的效果最优。【结论】夏深松相比夏免耕、秋季3年免耕1年翻耕相比秋免耕均可改善土壤性状。夏深松秋3年免耕1年翻耕的改土、增产增效和优化土壤硝态氮分布的效果总体最优,是适宜雨养玉–麦两熟体系的耕作模式。

2020-2022年固城站农田生态系统碳水通量观测数据集

河北固城农业气象国家野外科学观测研究站(固城站)是科技部批准的国家野外科学观测研究站之一,地处华北平原北部灌溉高产农业区,生态类型为典型的华北冬小麦–夏玉米一年两熟制农田生态系统。固城站基于涡度相关技术开展了农田生态系统碳水通量的长期连续观测。本数据集收集整理了2020–2022年固城站最新的碳水通量综合观测资料,按照中国通量观测研究网络(ChinaFlux)的通量数据质量控制与处理技术体系要求,进行数据质量控制与处理,形成标准化的碳水通量和辅助气象环境要素数据集,可用于农田生态系统碳收支评估、水资源利用和农业防灾减灾。

华北平原冬小麦-夏玉米种植体系周年水分高效利用研究进展

在保证周年较高产量的同时,进一步提高水分利用效率是促进华北平原冬小麦-夏玉米一年两熟种植体系可持续发展的关键。从20世纪中晚期开始国内学者便从节水灌溉技术创新、灌溉制度优化、替代节水种植制度构建和节水抗旱新品种选育等方面开展了以冬小麦-夏玉米两熟种植体系为核心的周年水分高效利用途径的探索,取得了重要进展,显著提高了作物水分利用效率(WUE)。本文综述了华北平原冬小麦-夏玉米种植体系水分高效利用的研究进展,并提出了通过耕作或播/收期调控冬小麦-夏玉米周年降水与地下水平衡利用,促进周年水分(灌溉水和降水)高效利用的技术途径,以充分挖掘华北平原水分生产潜力,为该区冬小麦-夏玉米种植体系节水高产栽培及节水种植制度建立提供思路和依据。

秸秆还田量对川中丘陵冬小麦-夏玉米轮作体系土壤物理特性的影响

【目的】探明秸秆还田量对农田土壤物理特征的影响,为川中丘陵紫色土区建立“提升土壤质量、高效利用秸秆”的种植业副产物利用模式,同时为秸秆资源化利用提供科学依据。【方法】基于田间长期定位试验(2006—至今),采用原位监测和计算机断层微扫描技术(CT)相结合的方法,研究秸秆还田量(无秸秆还田(RMW0)、秸秆30%还田(RMW30)、秸秆50%还田(RMW50)和秸秆100%还田(RMW100))差异对冬小麦-夏玉米轮作体系耕层土壤物理特征的影响。【结果】(1)秸秆还田可明显改善土壤透气、持水和导水性能,随秸秆还田量增加改善效果明显增加。RMW30、RMW50和RMW100处理较RMW0处理土壤容重分别显著降低15.2%、11.7%和17.9%,土壤孔隙度则分别显著增加18.4%、13.7%和21.3%。另外,RMW100处理饱和导水率高达1.62 mm·min^(-1),导水性能优于其他处理。(2)秸秆还田促进已有孔隙发育成更大孔隙,且孔隙均匀性和孔隙间连通性明显改善,RMW100和RMW50处理对土壤大孔隙组成的改善优于RMW30和RMW0处理。RMW100处理平均孔隙直径趋大,孔隙间连通性最优。RMW50处理孔隙均匀性明显提高,大小孔隙配比较其他处理更合理。(3)与无秸秆还田处理相比,秸秆还田后>2 mm团聚体数量显著增加,0.25—2 mm团聚体数量显著减少,秸秆还田有利于形成土壤水稳性大团聚体,促进中团聚体向大团聚体转变,RMW50和RMW100处理改善效果均显著优于RMW30处理。(4)土壤容重、>0.25 mm团聚体和大孔隙特征是反映石灰性紫色土区耕层土壤物理特征的主要指标,第一主成分和第二主成分对土壤物理性质的解释度分别为57.8%和23.6%。RMW50与RMW100处理土壤物理特征接近,与RMW0和RMW30处理在PC1和PC2轴上出现明显离散。【结论】川中丘陵紫色土区在产量无显著差异的基础上,不同秸秆还田量对耕层土壤物理性质的影响存在差异,秸秆50%和100%还田效果无显著差异,但显著优于秸秆30%还田和不还田处理,宜因地制宜进行还田量选择。

基于双作物系数法估算晋南地区冬小麦-夏玉米轮作系统蒸散量

冬小麦-夏玉米轮作系统是晋南地区常用的种植模式,为评估双作物系数法在冬小麦-夏玉米轮作系统应用的可靠性,掌握轮作系统耗水规律,通过双作物系数法模拟2016-2019年间冬小麦-夏玉米轮作系统蒸散量,以水量平衡计算结果为标准对其模拟结果进行评价,并区分植株蒸腾(T)和土壤蒸发(E)。该结果表明:在冬小麦-夏玉米轮作系统中,冬小麦初期、发育期、中期和后期的平均基础作物系数(Kcb)为0.2、0.59、0.98和0.15,夏玉米的为0.14、0.69、1.24和0.56;冬小麦的平均土壤蒸发系数(Ke)为1.24、0.63、0.07、0.42,夏玉米的为0.78、0.45、0.06、0.46。冬小麦全生育期内ETc为264.18~526.22 mm,夏玉米的为261.76~519.67 mm;发育期为耗水高峰期,冬小麦、夏玉米发育期蒸散量占各自生育期总蒸散量的比例分别为31.2%~51.3%和34.3%~58.2%;随着灌水次数的减少,冬小麦、夏玉米总蒸散量及植株蒸腾量均逐渐降低,土壤蒸发量也在灌水最少时达到最低,全生育期E/ETc,冬小麦为27.3%~46.4%,夏玉米为29.3%~44.2%。在冬小麦和夏玉米生长初期,80%以上的土壤水分以蒸发形式消耗,在中期时土壤蒸发占比最低,冬小麦为6.1%~13.4%、夏玉米为4%~7.6%。冬小麦、夏玉米各自蒸散模拟值(ETc-FAO)与实测值(ETc)呈现出较好相关性,R2为0.8~0.86,RMSE为0.5~0.6 mm/d,MAE为0.4~0.49mm/d,可见双作物系数法模拟晋南地区冬小麦-夏玉米轮作系统ETc具有较高精度,可为精确掌握冬小麦-夏玉米轮作系统耗水规律,进而制定合理的灌溉计划提供理论依据。

2013-2017年栾城冬小麦-夏玉米农田水热碳通量观测数据集

冬小麦–夏玉米农田是华北平原种植面积最大的生态系统类型,其碳水通量观测数据对于理解区域碳水循环过程及其调控机理至关重要。中国科学院栾城农业生态系统试验站(简称栾城站)地处太行山山前平原,是华北平原地下水灌区的典型代表,自2007年10月采用涡度相关技术开展了冬小麦–夏玉米农田水热碳通量观测。本数据集为2013年10月–2017年9月(包括4个完整的冬小麦和夏玉米生育季)栾城站水热碳通量和气象数据,包括半小时、日、生育季和生育年尺度的生态系统潜热通量(或蒸散发)、感热通量、CO_(2)净交换量、太阳辐射、光合有效辐射、空气温/湿度、降水、土壤温度和土壤体积含水量。数据存储和处理严格按照ChinaFLUX标准执行,数据可靠性高。本数据集可为深入理解华北地区农田水热碳交换过程、提高水资源管理以缓解地下水超采等提供数据支撑。