Effects of meteorological factors on different grades of winter wheat growth in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, China

The sown area of winter wheat in the Huang-Huai-Hai（HHH） Plain accounts for over 65% of the total sown area of winter wheat in China. Thus, it is important to monitor the winter wheat growth condition and reveal the main factors that influence its dynamics. This study assessed the winter wheat growth condition based on remote sensing data, and investigated the correlations between different grades of winter wheat growth and major meteorological factors corresponding. First, winter wheat growth condition from sowing until maturity stage during 2011–2012 were assessed based on moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer（MODIS） normalized difference vegetation index（NDVI） time-series dataset. Next, correlation analysis and geographical information system（GIS） spatial analysis methods were used to analyze the lag correlations between different grades of winter wheat growth in each phenophase and the meteorological factors that corresponded to the phenophases. The results showed that the winter wheat growth conditions varied over time and space in the study area. Irrespective of the grades of winter wheat growth, the correlation coefficients between the winter wheat growth condition and the cumulative precipitation were higher than zero lag（synchronous precipitation） and one lag（pre-phenophase precipitation） based on the average values of seven phenophases. This showed that the cumulative precipitation during the entire growing season had a greater effect on winter wheat growth than the synchronous precipitation and the pre-phenophase precipitation. The effects of temperature on winter wheat growth varied according to different grades of winter wheat growth based on the average values of seven phenophases. Winter wheat with a better-than-average growth condition had a stronger correlation with synchronous temperature, winter wheat with a normal growth condition had a stronger correlation with the cumulative temperature, and winter wheat with a worse-than-average growth condition had a stronger correlation with the pre-phenophase temperature. This study may facilitate a better understanding of the quantitative correlations between different grades of crop growth and meteorological factors, and the adjustment of field management measures to ensure a high crop yield.

The Influence of Fluctuated Soil Moisture on Growth Dynamic of Winter Wheat

Glasshouse and laboratory tests were carried out in 1996 - 1998 using winter wheat cultivars Beinong 6 as materials. The growth dynamics of the whole-wheat plant were analysed under constant and fluctuated soil water condition. The results revealed that water stress made the starting time of crop greatest growth phase(STCGGP) in advance, prolonged crop greatest growth phase(CGGP), decreased the rate of crop greatest growth (CGGR or CGRm), and as a result, the rate of dry matter accumulation was reduced and the growth of the crop was slowed down. Rewatering delayed STCGGP, shortened CGGP, increased CGGR, thus, the rate of dry matter accumulation had been boosted and the growth of the crop was accelerated. The growth rate, dry matter weight and grains yield of winter wheat were almost equal to the well-watered controls if they were rewatered under the condition of moderate water stress during the jointing stage.

The Equilibrium and Growth Stability of Winter Wheat Root and Shoot Under Different Soil Water Conditions

The equilibrium between root, shoot and growth stability under different soil water conditions were investigated in a tube experiment of winter wheat. The water supplying treatments included： sufficient irrigation at whole growth phase, moderate deficiency irrigation at whole growth phase, serious deficiency irrigation at whole growth phase, sufficient irrigation at jointing stage, tillering stage, flowering stage, and fillering respectively, after moderate and serious water deficit during their previous growth stage. Root and shoot biomass were measured. On the basis of the cooperative root-shoot interactions model, the equilibrium and growth stability were studied on the strength of the kinetics system theory. There was only one varying equilibrium point between the root and shoot over the life time of the winter wheat plant. Water stress prolonged the duration of stable growth, the more serious the water deficit, the longer the period of stable growth. The duration of stable growth was shortened and that of unstable growth was prolonged after water recovery. The growth behavior of the plants exposed to moderate water deficit shifted from stable to unstable until the end of the growth, after rewatering at flowering. In the life-time of the crop, the root and shoot had been adjusting themselves in structure and function so as to maintain an equilibrium, but could not achieve the equilibrium state for long. They were always in an unbalanced state from the beginning to the end of growth. This was the essence of root-shoot equilibrium. Water stress inhibited the function of root and shoot, reduced root shoot interactions, and as a result, the plant growth gradually tended to stabilize. Rewatering enhanced root shoot interactions, prolonged duration of instable growth. Rewatering at flowering could upset the inherent relativity during the long time of stable growth from flowering to filling stage, thus leading to unstable growth and enhanced dry matter accumulating rate in the whole plant.

Influence of Climate Change on Winter Wheat Growth in North China During 1950-2000

The crop model World Food Studies (WOFOST) was tuned and validated withmeteorological as well as winter wheat growth and yield data at 24 stations in 5 provinces of NorthChina from 1997 to 2003. The parameterization obtained by the tuning was then used to model theimpacts of climate change on winter wheat growth for all stations using long-term weather data from1950 to 2000. Two simulations were made, one with all meteorological data (rainfed) and the otherwithout water stress (potential). The results indicate that the flowering and maturity datesoccurred 3.3 and 3 days earlier in the 1990s than that in the 1960s due to a 0.65℃ temperatureincrease. The simulated rainfed yields show that the average drought induced yields (potential minusrainfed yields) have decreased by 9.7% over the last 50 years. This is to be compared with a 0.02%decrease in yield if the precipitation limit is lifted. Although the precipitation during thegrowing season has decreased over the last 50 years, the drought effects on the rainfed yieldsremained to be practically unchanged as the spring precipitation did not decrease markedly.

Study on the Effects of Extreme Precipitation for Seven Growth Stages of Winter Wheat in Northern Weihe Loess Plateau, China

The research on the characteristic frequency of precipitation is a great significance for guiding regional agricultural planning, water conservancy project designs, and drought and flood control. Droughts and floods occurred in northern Weihe Loess Plateau, affecting growing and yield of winter wheat in the area. Based on the daily precipitation data of 29 meteorological stations from 1981 to 2012, this study is to address the analysis of three different frequencies of annual precipitation at 5%, 50%, and 95%, and to determine the amount of rainfall excess and water shortage during seven growth stages of winter wheat at 5%, 10%, and 20% frequencies, respectively. Pearson type III curve was selected for this study to analyze the distribution frequency of annual rainfall and rainfall amount following seven growth stages of winter wheat crop in 29 stations of Northern Weihe loess plateau. As a result of our study, annual precipitation is gradually increasing from southwest to northeast of Northern Weihe loess plateau. The highest amount of annual precipitation occurred in the Baoji area and the lowest precipitation covered by the northwest area of Northern Weihe loess plateau. Moreover, the amount of rainfall of seven growth stages indicates that excessive rainfall occurs not only in the first stage (sowing to tillering) and seventh stage (flowering to ripening) but also in second stage (tillering to wintering). In the seventh stage, a large amount of excessive rainfall occurred in Changwu, Bin, Qianyang, Fengxiang, Baojiqu, and Baojixian. Moreover, water shortage is distributed in the third stage (from wintering to greening), the fourth stage (from greening to jointing), the fifth stage (from jointing to heading), and the sixth stage (from heading to flowering). Furthermore, the worst water shortages occurred in Hancheng, Heyang, Chengcheng, Pucheng, Dali, Tongchuan, and Fuping in the fourth stage (greening to jointing stage). Even though we study the crop water requirement under extreme rainfall conditions, the amount of rainwater still supply inadequate in some parts of the winter wheat growth stage. Therefore, this study provides main clues for the next step to study the irrigation water needs of winter wheat crops and to reduce agricultural risks in 29 counties in the northern loess plateau and other regions.

Monitoring Winter Wheat Freeze Injury Using Multi-Temporal MODIS Data

Freeze injury is an usual disaster for winter wheat in Shanxi Province, China, and monitoring freeze injury is of important economic significance. The aim of this article is to monitor and analyze the winter wheat freeze injury using remote sensing data, to monitor the occurrence and spatial distribution of winter wheat freeze in time, as well as the severity of the damage. The winter wheat freeze injury was monitored using multi-temporal moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer （MODIS） data, combined with ground meteorological data and field survey data, the change of normalized difference vegetation index （NDVI） before and after freeze injury was analyzed, as well as the effect of winter wheat growth recovery rate on yield. The results showed that the NDVI of winter wheat decreased dramatically after the suffering from freeze injury, which was the prominent feature for the winter wheat freeze injury monitoring. The degrees of winter wheat freeze injury were different in the three regions, of which, Yuncheng was the worst severity and the largest freeze injury area, the severity of freeze injury correlates with the breeding stage of the winter wheat. The yield of winter wheat showed positive correlation with its growth recovery rate （r=0.659^＊＊ which can be utilized to monitor the severity of winter wheat freeze injury as well as its impact on yield. It can effectively monitor the occurrence and severity of winter wheat freeze injury using horizontal and vertical profile distribution and growth wheat freeze injury in Shanxi Province. recovery rate, and provide a basis for monitoring the winter

Study on the Root Systems for Different Types of Winter Wheat

Root growth traits for different wheat types varied during the growth cycle. The root system of 93 Zhong 6, which is a dwarf, big-ear variety, reached its highest density at anthesis, while the root density of Zhoumai 13, a medium-type variety, demonsrated its highest value during the node elongation stage and decreased rapidly at later growth stages, which resulted in lower yield. The root density of Zhongyu 6 and 98 Zhong 18, high yield potential, multiple ears varieties, did not show observable variation in their root systems during their growth cycles.

小麦生长发育模型WheatSM参数优化及适用性分析

为分析WheatSM模型区域业务应用的适用性,采用EFAST全局敏感性分析方法,对WheatSM模型的小麦生长发育参数进行分析,筛选出了影响模型模拟效果的10个敏感参数,即冬小麦各发育阶段的基本发育系数(K1、K21、K22和K3)、出苗至越冬期的温度系数(P21)、越冬至拔节期的光周期系数(Q2)、抽穗后的光合产物向籽粒的转运效率(TR2)、比叶面积(SLA),以及拔节至抽穗期的穗干物质分配系数(PcEar34)和抽穗至成熟期的叶干物质分配系数(PcLeaf45)。然后,基于农业气象观测数据,利用SCE-UA全局优化算法,对敏感参数进行优化和率定。结果表明,模型对出苗期模拟具有很高的精度,RRMSE<0.5%,R2>0.9,其对抽穗期、拔节期的模拟效果尚可,对越冬期的模拟效果最差;模型模拟的干物质和LAI与观测数据的相关性较高,但相对误差较大,精度为75.0%左右。

基于WheatSM模型参数优化的鹤壁地区冬小麦生长发育模拟研究

采用EFAST方法和SCE-UA算法优化WheatSM模型参数,采用区域模拟和单站插值的方法对2013—2017年鹤壁市冬小麦各发育期日数和产量进行模拟修订,为WheatSM作物模型在豫北地区的业务应用提供参考。研究发现:区域模拟方法对鹤壁地区冬小麦生育期开始日期的模拟效果除出苗期、越冬期的外,其他均好于单点插值方法的。单点插值方法对越冬期的模拟效果明显好于区域模拟方法的。冬小麦产量的模拟效果区域模拟方法也比单点插值方法好,但两种结果的相对误差均较大。通过对WheatSM模型得到的冬小麦气象产量模拟结果进行修订,可以明显提高模型产量模拟结果。2013—2017年鹤壁地区模拟产量的误差为-17. 92%～-2. 98%,RMSE为1114. 9 kg/hm^2,NMSE为12. 59,模拟效果较好。利用区域模拟方法可以对区域内单个站点的冬小麦生长发育和产量进行模拟,但对越冬期开始时间的模拟需要参考单点插值方法的相应结果。

不同种植方式对高寒旱区地膜小麦耗水特征和产量的影响

于2019—2022年在陇中高寒旱区以裸地条播为对照(CK),设置全膜覆土穴播(FM)和膜侧沟播(FS)两种覆盖方式,研究不同覆盖种植方式对冬小麦耗水特性、生长发育及产量的影响。结果表明:与CK相比,FM和FS处理播种期~拔节期0~20 cm土层土壤温度分别平均提高3.1℃和2.1℃,灌浆期分别降低0.6℃和1.0℃。覆盖能不同程度提高冬小麦各生育期0~200 cm土层土壤含水量,其中出苗期、返青期、拔节期和灌浆期提高幅度均高于20%。与CK相比,FM处理返青后冬小麦耗水量平均显著提高29.2%,返青前显著降低42.4%;FS处理返青期~灌浆期耗水量提高12.6%,返青前降低25.7%。各处理冬小麦基本苗、分蘖数、公顷穗数、穗粒数、千粒重和产量均表现为FM>FS>CK,处理间差异显著,其中FM和FS处理产量分别较CK平均提高74.7%和45.4%;处理间耗水量差异不显著;FM处理水分利用效率最大,较CK平均提高67.3%,FS次之,较CK平均提高46.1%。综上,地膜覆盖可调节土壤水分状况,改善冬小麦生长发育和成穗情况,显著提高产量和水分利用效率,其中全膜覆土穴播调节效应优于膜侧沟播,是适宜在高寒旱区地膜小麦生产中推广应用的种植方式。

秸秆复合管地下灌溉对冬小麦生长与水分利用效率的影响

为了推进秸秆复合管地下灌溉技术的应用,以冬小麦为供试作物,通过田间试验,研究了秸秆复合管地下灌溉对冬小麦生长及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,与无灌溉对照相比,秸秆复合管地下灌溉、地表滴灌和地下滴灌对冬小麦的生长与产量的提升均有促进作用,其中秸秆复合管地下灌溉的提升效果最显著。与地表滴灌相比,秸秆复合管地下灌溉显著提升了冬小麦起身期至抽穗期的株高、开花期之后的叶面积指数及地上干物质量,冬小麦穗长和穗粒数分别增加了5.84%和9.23%,产量提升了15.55%,水分利用效率与灌溉水利用效率分别提高了21.88%与15.55%,净收益提高了77.95%。与地下滴灌相比,秸秆复合管地下灌溉提高了冬小麦返青期后的株高、叶面积指数与开花期后的地上干物质量,冬小麦穗长和穗粒数分别增加了5.15%和9.8%,产量提高了5.11%,水分利用效率与灌溉水利用效率分别提高了8.81%与5.11%,净收益提升了23.53%。秸秆复合管地下灌溉有助于促进拔节期以后冬小麦生长,提高冬小麦的产量与水分利用效率,经济效益较高,在补充灌溉区对大田密植作物具有较好的推广应用前景。

豫北两熟区不同夏播作物对后茬冬小麦中后期群体微环境及产量的影响

为探讨不同夏播作物前茬对后茬冬小麦生长和产量的影响,在河南省新乡市获嘉县开展田间二因素试验,设置两个不同施肥水平(常规施肥和不施氮肥)和三种夏播作物前茬(玉米、大豆和花生),分析小麦拔节期至成熟期叶面积指数(LAI)、叶夹角(LA)、光合有效辐射(PAR)、叶片叶绿素含量(SPAD)、叶绿素荧光(F_(v)/F_(m)),以及土壤含水量(SWC)、土壤温度(Ts)和土壤呼吸速率(Rs)变化,并在成熟期测定小麦产量及其构成因素。结果表明,与常规施肥(CK)相比,不施氮肥条件下不同前茬的小麦LA略增,而LAI、IPAR、SPAD、F_(v)/F_(m)、SWC、Ts和Rs均有所降低。不施氮肥条件下,花生前茬的小麦LAI、IPAR、SPAD、F_(v)/F_(m)、SWC、Ts和Rs均显著低于其他两种前茬(P<0.05),其中花生、大豆和玉米前茬的SWC较CK的降幅分别为13.56%、13.39%和10.77%。与CK相比,不施氮肥条件下,花生前茬的小麦LA较CK的增幅在3种前茬中居中,小麦株型较为紧凑,有利于改善植株下层光合辐射,为群体生长创造良好的光合和土壤条件,其产量较玉米和大豆前茬分别高20.0%和21.9%;玉米前茬的整体表现不如大豆和花生前茬,但其和花生前茬的小麦千粒重和群体数均较高,因而产量居中;大豆前茬的小麦结实小穗数和干物质量较高,但其小麦千粒重较低,最终籽粒产量也较低。综合来看,在两熟种植模式中,选用花生作为冬小麦的前茬作物是豫北地区一年两熟区作物配置的一种较优选择。

不同滴灌量对匀播冬小麦生长发育和产量的影响

【目的】研究不同滴灌量对匀播冬小麦产量形成规律的响应,为小麦节水高产提供依据。【方法】以新冬22号为材料,采用田间试验,设置5种滴灌量处理:W_(1)(1800 m^(3)/hm^(2))、W_(2)(2250 m^(3)/hm^(2))、W_(3)(2700 m^(3)/hm^(2))、W_(4)(3150 m^(3)/hm^(2))和CK(对照,3600 m^(3)/hm^(2)),以上5种处理每次滴灌量均为450 m^(3)/hm^(2),研究不同滴灌量对匀播冬小麦植株性状、干物质积累的影响,分析不同滴灌量对匀播冬小麦产量形成响应。【结果】随着滴灌量的增加,各处理小麦旗叶SPAD值和干物质积累量均呈W_(4)>CK>W_(3)>W_(2)>W_(1);在小麦成熟期较CK相比,W_(1)、W_(2)和W_(3)分别节水50%、37.5%和25%,干物质积累量、干物质分配率、穗长、有效小穗、穗数、穗粒数和产量均低于CK;而W_(4)较CK节水12.5%,其干物质积累量、主茎穗长、穗数、穗粒数和产量较CK分别高0.80%、0.69%、1.80%、3.57%和2.86%,主茎有效小穗、分蘖穗长、分蘖有效小穗较CK分别低0.71%、0.52%和0.00%。【结论】W_(4)处理(3150 m^(3)/hm^(2))可以满足冬小麦不同生长时期需水量,从而获得较高的产量。

基于无人机影像多时相的小麦品种氮效率分类识别

【目的】探索无人机遥感在氮效率分类识别中的潜力,构建小麦品种氮效率分类方法,为氮高效品种筛选提供理论依据和技术支持。【方法】通过6个成熟期与氮效率密切相关的农学指标(产量、植株氮积累、氮素生理利用效率、植株干生物量、籽粒总吸氮量、N收获指数)构建主成分综合值,并对其进行K-Means聚类分析,将121个小麦品种划分为氮高效型、氮中效型和氮低效型3种类型。利用无人机遥感平台搭载多光谱相机,在小麦拔节期、孕穗期和开花期获取无人机遥感影像,并提取34种植被指数,分析植被指数与氮效率综合值的相关性;对比支持向量机(SVM)、随机森林(RF)和K最近邻(KNN)分类方法的氮效率分类模型精度,使用总体分类精度(OA)和Kappa系数比较不同生育时期下小麦品种氮效率分类识别的能力;并使用3种不同的特征集筛选方法(ReliefF算法、Boruta算法和RF-RFE算法)对优化的特征子集进行综合评价,确立适宜的小麦品种氮效率分类识别方法。【结果】随着小麦生育时期的不断推进,植被指数与氮效率综合值的相关性逐渐提高,开花期最高(r=0.502);利用植被指数全特征集对小麦品种氮效率进行分类,对于单生育时期数据而言,以开花期的SVM模型分类效果最好(OA=77.1%,Kappa=0.591),拔节期最差(OA=65.6%,Kappa=0.406);总体而言,多生育时期数据融合的品种氮效率分类精度高于单生育时期,其中以拔节期+孕穗期+开花期3个生育时期数据融合的SVM模型的分类效果最优(OA=80.6%,Kappa=0.669)。为减少多生育时期数据融合的特征集变量数量,比较分析RF-RFE、Boruta和ReliefF 3种算法的特征优化效果,基于RF-RFE算法得到的优化特征子集分类精度最高,其OA和Kappa系数比全特征集分类模型分别提高了4.0%和10.1%,其中,以3个生育时期数据融合的分类效果最好(OA=85.4%,Kappa=0.749)。【结论】确立6个氮效率指标—主成分分析—K-Means氮效率评价方法;RF-RFE算法有效优化多生育时期组合的特征子集数量,且获得较高的分类精度,确立基于多生育时期组合—RF-RFE—SVM技术融合的小麦品种氮效率分类模型,为小麦氮高效品种的快速准确分类鉴定提供理论依据和技术支撑。

增温背景下不同土壤对冬小麦产量品质影响评价

利用冬小麦品种‘镇麦168’,以黄棕壤、砂礓黑土、风沙土、红壤、潮土、黑土、黄土、灰钙土、紫色土、砖红壤、盐碱土和棕壤共12种典型农田土壤为基质,在开放式增温系统开展模拟大气增温框栽试验。试验设置常温对照(CK)和增温1.5℃(eT)两个处理,增温处理为冬小麦全生育期增温。以成熟期冬小麦单穗粒数、千粒重等表征产量变化,籽粒淀粉、蛋白质及其组分等营养指标体现品质构成。结果表明:(1)全生育期增温分别使黄棕壤、风沙土、黑土、黄土、灰钙土和紫色土冬小麦较常温对照减产33.82%、20.96%、16.60%、55.92%、28.45%和21.19%,但潮土冬小麦增产16.13%(P<0.05),其他土壤条件下冬小麦产量无明显变化。(2)就冬小麦营养品质,直链淀粉和支链淀粉含量在增温作用下较常温对照存在不同程度下降,且直链淀粉降幅大于支链淀粉,在红壤、黑土、黄土、灰钙土、紫色土、盐碱土和棕壤条件下冬小麦总淀粉含量显著降低(P<0.05)。籽粒蛋白质及其组分,清蛋白和球蛋白呈显著增加趋势,而醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白显著下降,且降幅大于前两者增幅,除红壤冬小麦总蛋白含量无显著变化以外,其他11种土壤条件下冬小麦总蛋白含量均较常温对照显著降低(P<0.05)。冬小麦可溶性总糖仅在潮土、灰钙土和紫色土条件下显示出显著增加趋势(P<0.05)。(3)利用隶属函数对常温对照和增温各处理进行综合品质排名,表现最好的为常温组黑土冬小麦(U=0.707),常温组中棕壤(U=0.691)、灰钙土(U=0.647)、紫色土(U=0.644)和黄土冬小麦(U=0.644)次之,品质最差的是常温下红壤冬小麦(U=0.364)和增温下红壤冬小麦(U=0.368)。除潮土冬小麦以外,其他11种土壤冬小麦品质均表现为增温劣于对照。(4)常温条件下冬小麦产量最大影响因素为单穗粒数,直接通径系数为0.630,其次为有效穗数和球蛋白,均体现为直接作用,直接通径系数分别为0.538和-0.118;增温条件下冬小麦产量最大影响因素也是单穗粒数,直接通径系数为0.603,其次为有效穗数、千粒重和总淀粉,有效穗数和总淀粉通过与单穗粒数的间接作用对冬小麦产量产生影响,间接通径系数分别为0.322和0.381。综合而言,增温通过对冬小麦产量构成和籽粒营养成分的综合作用影响品质,12种典型农田土壤中,潮土冬小麦对增温表现为正效应,其他土壤为负效应,冬小麦产量品质形成对气候变暖响应受到土壤类型的调控。

不同控释复合肥对鲁东小麦生长、氮素吸收与利用的影响

为筛选出适宜鲁东冬小麦的控释复合肥,以小麦品种“济麦22”为材料,采用随机区组大田试验,设4个处理,分别为施用控失型控释复合肥(CRF1),多肽螯合型控释复合肥(CRF2),硝基双效型控释复合肥(CRF3),脲甲醛控释复合肥(CRF4)和4个分别与4种控释复合肥等养分量的单质肥料复配复合肥处理(CCF1、CCF2、CCF3、CCF4)。按照N为240 kg/hm^(2),用尿素、过磷酸钙和氯化钾按控释复合肥中的养分含量配制对应的普通复合肥,其中控释复合肥处理的肥料全部基施,单质肥料复配复合肥的氮素按1:1的比例在播种前和拔节期施用,磷钾肥一次性基施,研究其对鲁东冬小麦的分蘖数、成熟期干物质积累量、产量和氮肥利用率的影响。结果表明:与各自的对照相比,CRF1和CRF4处理的小麦干物质积累量的增幅分别为4.87%和3.52%,差异达到显著水平;其它两种控释复合肥的小麦干物质积累量虽有增加但与各自的对照相比较,差异未达到显著水平。CRF4处理的小麦单株分蘖成穗数、分蘖成穗率均为最高,分别为5.00%和59.35%,有利于小麦高产群体构建;控释复合肥处理的土壤有效氮供应在小麦全生育期内比较均衡,可以满足小麦全生育期对氮素的需求,且CRF1处理和CRF4处理的效果更优;与对照相比,CRF1处理和CRF4处理的小麦氮素利用率和氮素吸收效率增幅显著高于其它两种控释复合肥处理,更有利于促进小麦对氮素的吸收利用。与对照相比,控释复合肥可显著增加小麦产量,提高氮素利用率,其中CRF1处理和CRF4处理更适用于鲁东冬小麦的栽培。综上,控失型控释复合肥和脲甲醛控释复合肥更适宜鲁东冬小麦高产高效的需求,具有较大的增产潜力。

冬小麦根际细菌多样性及其促生活性

以分离自新疆冬小麦根际的36株细菌为研究对象,通过16S rRNA基因序列测定、系统进化分析研究其多样性,并检测其溶磷和固氮活性.结果发现:(1)36株菌分布于3门5纲11目14科14属,其中α-变形菌门和放线菌纲为优势菌门(各占总菌株数的47.2%),红球菌为最主要的优势菌属(占总菌株数的36.1%),并有一个潜在的新物种;(2)以磷酸钙为底物,定性检测表明待测菌株中50.0%具有溶磷活性,定量测定的5株优选菌中菌株57溶磷活性最高(11.5 mg/L);(3)66.7%菌株具有固氮活性,其中45.8%具有较强固氮活性.

气候变化对定州市冬小麦生育期的影响分析

为研究定州市冬小麦生育期对气候变化的响应,利用1981—2022年气象观测资料及1982—2022年冬小麦生育期资料,分析了定州市近40年来冬小麦全生育期气候变化情况、极端天气发生情况以及冬小麦生育期的变化趋势,并对冬小麦生育期与气象要素进行了相关性分析。结果表明:定州市冬小麦生育期气温呈变暖的趋势,降水量呈增多的趋势,日照时数呈减少的趋势;极端高温事件呈增多的趋势,极端低温事件呈减少的趋势,整体呈现变暖的趋势;极端降水指数呈增多的趋势;播种—越冬期整体呈推迟的趋势,越冬—成熟期整体呈现提前的趋势,冬小麦全生育期呈现显著缩短的趋势;定州市冬小麦适播期为9月26日—10月7日,最佳播种期为9月28日—10月2日,同时应在适播期范围内延迟播种;1982—2022年定州市冬小麦全生育期历期呈缩短趋势的主要原因是气候变暖和日照时数减少。

微生物菌剂对冬小麦生长发育及产量的影响

【目的】研究微生物菌剂菌临天下对不同冬小麦品种生长发育及产量的影响,为微生物菌剂在冬小麦生产中的应用提供参考依据。【方法】在大田滴灌条件下,以冬小麦品种新冬22号、新冬52号、新冬53号和石冬0358为材料,分析施用微生物菌剂菌临天下处理对冬小麦生长发育及产量的影响。【结果】冬小麦出苗率试验田较对照田略高或相同;冬小麦抽穗-成熟试验田较对照田略高或基本相同,生育期基本相同;冬小麦株高平均增加0.5 cm,分蘖数平均增加0.4个,茎粗平均增加1.1 mm;冬小麦病害试验田比对照田明显降低,根腐病在103团防治效果最好,为25.5%;单穗重平均增加0.1 g,穗粒数平均增加2.3粒,测产平均增加38.7 kg/667m^(2),单产试验田比对照田增产6%;平均比对照田净增收111.4元/667m^(2)。【结论】施用微生物菌剂(菌临天下)对冬小麦生育期无明显影响,对冬小麦保苗、生长发育、病害防效和产量提高有促进作用。

鲁西南不同降水年型对冬小麦生长及产量的影响

基于2021—2023年鲁西南地区冬小麦生育期间的气象数据,结合菏泽市小麦的大田调查资料,采用相关分析法、典型案例解析法、对比分析法,分析了不同生育期间的月降水量对冬小麦生育期、产量因子、生长状态等的影响。结果表明:在鲁西南麦区,小麦返青期与前期月降水量的相关性均呈负相关,且1—2月累计降水量与返青期的相关性达显著性检验;成熟期与1月降水量呈负相关,与2—4月累计降水量呈正相关。2021年夏季、秋季异常偏多的降水量造成了农田土壤墒情上升,小麦播期较常年推迟约20 d,越冬时冬前积温偏少,冬小麦旺苗、分蘖数、大蘖数及次生根均偏少,拔节后降水异常偏少,但由于农田底墒好,小麦后期的长势良好。2022年小麦在适宜播期内播种,气象条件对小麦生长有利,产量因子明显高于2021年,但在灌浆成熟期,降水较常年偏多,影响了小麦灌浆和成熟,导致小麦的千粒重下降,小麦容重明显低于2022年。冬前的农田底墒对小麦后期产量的形成较为关键,灌浆成熟期降水偏多对小麦产量的形成、品质的不利影响较大。因此,应根据气象条件采取更为科学有效的田间管理措施,以降低冬小麦可能受到的不利影响。