Moisture Movement and Transformation Law under Soil Moisture Conserving Irrigation in Winter Wheat Field

[Objective] The aim was to provide theoretical basis for field moisture conserving irrigation.[Method] With Xiaoyan No.6 as tested material,three different kinds of mulching irrigation treatments were carried out （straw mulching;plastic mulching;PAM control adjustment mulching）.With non-mulching treatment as control,moisture conserving effect of different treatments were compared.[Result] The results showed that the water consumption of winter wheat under different soil moisture conservation treatments was low at earlier stage and later stage,but high at mid-stage,which was consistent with the water consumption law of control.There were some differences in terms of consumption intensity because of irrigation schedule and growth condition;soil moisture conservation treatments could restrain ineffective evaporation of soil moisture before anthesis.We also found that the variation of soil moisture at depth of 0-20 cm in PAM and control treatment was dramatic.The soil moisture of the former was lower than the latter at the depth of 0-20 cm,but higher at the depth of 20-50 cm.The difference of soil moisture at the depth of 0-50 cm was significant.[Conclusion] Plastic mulching and straw mulching could restrain evaporation effectively.

Effects of saline irrigation on soil salt accumulation and grain yield in the winter wheat-summer maize double cropping system in the low plain of North China

In the dominant winter wheat （WW）-summer maize （SM） double cropping system in the low plain located in the North China, limited access to fresh water, especially during dry season, constitutes a major obstacle to realize high crop productivity. Using the vast water resources of the saline upper aquifer for irrigation during WW jointing stage, may help to bridge the peak of dry season and relieve the tight water situation in the region. A field experiment was conducted during 2009-2012 to investigate the effects of saline irrigation during WW jointing stage on soil salt accumulation and productivity of WW and SM. The experiment treatments comprised no irrigation （T1）, fresh water irrigation （T2）, slightly saline water irrigation （T3：2.8 dS m-l）, and strongly saline water irrigation （T4：8.2 dS m-1） at WW jointing stage. With regard to WW yields and aggregated annual WW-SM yields, clear benefits of saline water irrigation （T3 ＆ T4） compared to no irrigation （T1）, as well as insignificant yield losses compared to fresh water irrigation （T2） occurred in all three experiment years. However, the increased soil salinity in eady SM season in consequence of saline irrigation exerted a negative effect on SM photosynthesis and final yield in two of three experiment years. To avoid the negative aftereffects of saline irrigation, sufficient fresh water irrigation during SM sowing phase （i.e., increase from 60 to 90 mm） is recommended to guarantee good growth conditions during the sensitive early growing period of SM. The risk of long-term accumulation of salts as a result of saline irrigation during the peak of dry season is considered low, due to deep leaching of salts during regularly occurring wet years, as demonstrated in the 2012 experiment year. Thus, applying saline water irrigation at jointing stage of WW and fresh water at sowing of SM is most promising to realize high yield and fresh irrigation water saving.

Experimental Investigation of Soil Evaporation and Evapotranspiration of Winter Wheat Under Sprinkler Irrigation

Sprinkler irrigation is one of the typical irrigation technologies used for the winter wheat-summer maize double cropping system in the North China Plain. To evaluate the evapotranspiration （ET） of winter wheat under sprinkler irrigation in Beijing area, field experiments were conducted in growing seasons through 2005-2008, in the experimental station located in Tongzhou County, Beijing, China, with different irrigation depths. Results indicated that a relatively large variation of soil water content occurred within 0-40 cm soil layer. The seasonal ET of winter wheat generally increased with increasing irrigation amount, while the seasonal usage of soil water had a negative relationship with irrigation amount. Soil evaporation （Es） was about 25% of winter wheat ET during the period from reviving to maturity. Es increased while Es/ET decreased with increasing irrigation amount. Sprinkler irrigation scheduling with relatively large irrigation quota and low irrigation frequency can reduce Es and promote the irrigation water use efficiency.

Effects of Different Tillage Systems on Soil Properties,Root Growth,Grain Yield,and Water Use Efficiency of Winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in Arid Northwest China

Studies on root development, soil physical properties, grain yield, and water-use efficiency are important for identifying suitable soil management practices for sustainable crop production. A field experiment was conducted from 2006 through 2008 in arid northwestern China to determine the effects of four tillage systems on soil properties, root development, water-use efficiency, and grain yield of winter wheat （Triticum aestivum L.）. The cultivar Fan 13 was grown under four tillage systems：conventional tillage （CT） without wheat stubble, no-tillage without wheat stubble mulching （NT）, no-tillage with wheat stubble standing （NTSS）, and no-tillage with wheat stubble mulching （NTS）. The soil bulk density （BD） under CT system increased gradually from sowing to harvest, but that in NT, NTSS, and NTS systems had little change. Compared to the CT system, the NTSS and NTS systems improved total soil water storage （0-150 cm） by 6.1-9.6 and 10.5- 15.3% before sowing, and by 2.2-8.9 and 13.0-15.1% after harvest, respectively. The NTSS and NTS systems also increased mean dry root weight density （DRWD） as compared to CT system. The NTS system significantly improved water-use efficiency by 17.2-17.5% and crop yield by 15.6-16.8%, and the NTSS system improved that by 7.8-9.6 and 7.0-12.8%, respectively, compared with the CT system. Our results suggested that Chinese farmers should consider adopting conservation tillage practices in arid northwestern China because of benefits to soil bulk density, water storage, root system, and winter wheat yield.

Effects of film mulching regime on soil water status and grain yield of rain-fed winter wheat on the Loess Plateau of China

Shortages and fluctuations in precipitation are influential limiting factors for the sustainable cultivation of rain-fed winter wheat on the Loess Plateau of China. Plastic film mulching is one of the most effective water management practices to improve soil moisture, and may be useful in the Loess Plateau for increasing soil water storage. A field experiment was conducted from July 2010 to June 2012 on the Loess Plateau to investigate the effects of mulching time and rates on soil water storage, evapotranspiration （ET）, water use efficiency （WUE）, and grain yield. Six treatments were conducted： （1） early mulching （starting 30 days after harvest） with whole mulching （EW）; （2） early mulching with half mulching （EH）; （3） early mulching with no mulching （EN）; （4） late mulching （starting 60 days after harvest） with whole mulching （LW）; （5） late mulching with half mulching （LH）; and （6） late mulching with no mulching （LN）. EW increased precipitation storage efficiency during the fallow periods of each season by 18.4 and 17.8%, respectively. EW improved soil water storage from 60 days after harvest to the booting stage and also outperformed LN by 13.8 and 20.9% in each growing season. EW also improved spike number per ha by 13.8 and 20.9% and grain yield by 11.7 and 17.4% during both years compared to LN. However, EW decreased WUE compared with LN. The overall results of this study demonstrated that EW could be a productive and efficient practice to improve wheat yield on the Loess Plateau of China.

Plastic mulch increases dryland wheat yield and water-use productivity,while straw mulch increases soil water storage

Amplifying drought stress and high precipitation variability impair dryland wheat production.These problems can potentially be minimized by using plastic mulch(PM)or straw mulch(SM).Therefore,wheat grain yield,soil water storage,soil temperature and water-use productivity of PM and SM treatments were compared with no mulch(CK)treatment on dryland wheat over a period of eight seasons.Compared to the CK treatment,PM and SM treatments on average significantly increased grain yield by 12.6 and 10.5%,respectively.Compared to the CK treatment,SM treatment significantly decreased soil daily temperature by 0.57,0.60 and 0.48℃ for the whole seasons,growing periods and summer fallow periods,respectively.In contrast,compared to the CK treatment,PM treatment increased soil daily temperature by 0.44,0.51 and 0.27℃ for the whole seasons,growing periods and summer fallow periods,respectively.Lower soil temperature under SM allowed greater soil water storage than under PM.Soil water storage pre-seeding was 17%greater under the SM than under the PM treatment.Soil water storage post-harvest was similar for the PM and SM treatments,but evapotranspiration was 4.5%higher in the SM than in the PM treatment.Consequently,water-use productivity was 6.6%greater under PM than under the SM treatment.Therefore,PM treatment increased dryland wheat yield and water-use productivity,while straw mulch increased soil water storage.

Photosynthetic characteristics of intercropped winter wheat under limited supplemental irrigation in the semiarid northwestern China

A field experiment was conducted for intercropped winter wheat （Triticum aestivum） in 2002/2003 to evaluate the effects of limited supplemental irrigation on photosynthetic characteristics of intercropped winter wheat in semiarid environment. The result indicated that significances occurred in grain yield between the intercropped wheat treatments and sole wheat control （CKW）, and in yield between the irrigated intercropped wheat plots （WC2W, WC3W, WC5W） and not irrigated （WC1W） except for WC4W plots with nearly the same yield as WC1W. In comparison with CKW, 11.8%, 18.5%, 23.6%, 11.5%, and 30.7% of yield increase in the intercropped wheat plots were obtained in WCIW, WC2W, WC3W, WC4W, and WC5W respectively. Compared to the intercropped wheat plots without irrigation, yields in WC2W, WC3W, and WC5W were improved by 5.9%, 10.5%, and 16.9%, respectively. The dynamics of CGR and NAR in both intercropped （WC1W-WC5W） and solely cropped wheat （CKW） showed a type of ＂single peak＂ curves, with both the maximum CGR and NAR occurred during jointing to heading （14/4-6/5） of wheat. In addition, soil water potential （SWP） fluctuated as a function of the precipitation and limited supplemental irrigation.

Response of yield increase for dryland winter wheat to tillage practice during summer fallow and sowing method in the Loess Plateau of China

Soil moisture is the most critical limiting factor impacting yields of dryland winter wheat(Triticum aestivum L.) and it is strongly affected by tillage practice and sowing methods. This study was to assess the link between sowing method and tillage practice during summer fallow and their subsequent effect on soil moisture and grain yield. Furthermore, we sought to identify a more appropriate farming management practice for winter wheat production in Loess Plateau region of China. The experiment was conducted from 2011 to 2013, using a two-factor split plot design, including subsoiling(SS) or no tillage(NT) during summer fallow for main plots, and conventional drill sowing(DS) or plastic film drill sowing(FM) for subplots. Results showed that the maximum soil water storage(SWS) was under SS×FM treatment with values of 649.1 mm(2011–2012) and 499.4 mm(2012–2013). The SWS during the 2011–2012 growing season were 149.7 mm higher than that in the 2012–2013 growing season. And adoption of SS×FM significantly increased precipitation use efficiency(PUE) and water use efficiency(WUE) compared to other treatments for both seasons. Moreover, adoption of SS×FM significantly increased yield by 13.1, 14.4, 47.3% and 25.9, 39.1, 35.7% than other three treatments during the two growing seasons, respectively. In summary, combining subsoiling during summer fallow with plastic film drill sowing(SS×FM) increased SWS at sowing and effectively improved WUE, thus representing a feasible technology to improve grain yield of dryland winter wheat in the Loess Plateau of China.

Establishment of soil moisture model based on hyperspectral data and growth parameters of winter wheat

Large area of soil moisture status diagnosis based on plant canopy spectral data remains one of the hot spots of agricultural irrigation.However,the existing soil water prediction model constructed by the spectral parameters without considering the plant growth process will inevitably increase the prediction errors.This study carried out research on the correlations among spectral parameters of the canopy of winter wheat,crop growth process,and soil water content,and finally constructed the soil water content prediction model with the growth days parameter.The results showed that the plant water content of winter wheat tended to decrease during the whole growth period.The plant water content had the best correlations with the soil water content of the 0-50 cm soil layer.At different growth stages,even if the soil water content was the same,the plant water content and characteristic spectral reflectance were also different.Therefore,the crop growing days parameter was added to the model established by the relationships between characteristic spectral parameters and soil water content to increase the prediction accuracy.It is found that the determination coefficient(R^(2))of the models built during the whole growth period was greatly increased,ranging from 0.54 to 0.60.Then,the model built by OSAVI(Optimized Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index)and Rg/Rr,two of the highest precision characteristic spectral parameters,were selected for model validation.The correlation between OSAVI and soil water content,Rg/Rr,and soil water content were still significant(p<0.05).The R^(2),MAE,and RMSE validation models were 0.53 and 0.58,3.19 and 2.97,4.76 and 4.41,respectively,which was accurate enough to be applied in a large-area field.Furthermore,the upper and lower irrigation limit of OSAVI and Rg/Rr were put forward.The research results could guide the agricultural production of winter wheat in northern China.

河北滨海盐碱地浅层轻度咸水资源冬小麦灌溉安全利用研究

河北滨海盐碱耕地缺少灌溉水资源,该区具有丰富的浅层微/轻度咸水资源,冬小麦生长关键期适当进行微/轻度咸水灌溉能够缓解该区农田灌溉危机。本文以河北省滨海盐碱地为研究对象,选择沧州市南大港产业园区马营村为试验基地,开展浅层轻度咸水冬小麦农田灌溉试验,分析咸水灌溉对冬小麦产量和土壤盐分含量变化的影响。结果表明:1)河北滨海盐碱地浅层轻度咸水(6 g∙L^(-1))在冬小麦拔节—抽穗期进行一次600 m^(3)∙hm^(-2)的灌溉,产量能够达到旱作冬小麦的1.5倍以上,增产效果明显。2)基于暗管排水排盐工程、在雨季保持多年平均降雨量条件下,2016—2018年雨季后试验地土壤平均含盐量分别为2.86 g∙kg^(-1)、1.60 g∙kg^(-1)和1.38 g∙kg^(-1),呈现逐年降低的趋势。由此得出:河北滨海盐碱地浅层咸水资源在冬小麦灌溉方面能够实现安全利用。在此基础上,以河北滨海沧州市为例分析浅层咸水资源利用前景,从水资源量上,1~5 g∙L^(-1)的浅层微/轻度咸水资源可以满足冬小麦农田因地下水压采限采造成的至少1.7×10^(8)m^(3)灌溉水量亏缺,从耕地资源方面,扩大一年两熟种植面积,增加冬小麦种植面积约131000 hm2。研究结果可为河北滨海盐碱地咸水资源安全利用、土壤健康和粮食安全提供科学依据。

关于在地下水严重超采区域利用蓄滞洪区建设地表调蓄水库的思考

基于兼顾遏制地下水超采与确保冬小麦稳产这一可持续发展理念,以京津以南河北平原这个地下水严重超采的区域为例,从冬小麦生育期农田灌溉必须实施多水源配置的观点出发,结合海河“23·7”流域性特大洪水发生后所启用的蓄滞洪区,就利用蓄滞洪区建设地表调蓄水库对雨洪资源化或生活污水资源化及跨流域输水工程需要调蓄库容这3个方面的作用进行了初步探讨。

淮北地区干旱胁迫对冬小麦不同土壤中生长及水分利用效率影响与差异性分析

为探究不同干旱胁迫在各生育期中对冬小麦在砂姜黑土和黄潮土中生长发育的影响与差异,基于2022年五道沟水文实验站桶栽干旱试验,在冬小麦返青-拔节、拔节-抽穗、抽穗-乳熟期进行水分控制,设置轻旱、中旱、重旱3个胁迫水平及全生育期无旱对照(CK),分析各生育阶段不同干旱胁迫对冬小麦在砂姜黑土和黄潮土中株高、耗水量、产量、水分利用效率(WUE)的影响与差异。结果表明:①两种土壤冬小麦各生育阶段受旱影响下,株高小于对照组,重旱对株高的抑制最显著,拔节-抽穗期受旱对株高造成持续抑制影响;收获时黄潮土各处理株高均低于砂姜黑土,但干旱影响下,黄潮土各生育阶段受旱组株高抑制水平均小于砂姜黑土。②两种土壤各生育阶段耗水量随干旱加重而减少,重旱减少趋势最显著,且耗水量减少均会使总耗水量低于对照组,但黄潮土各受旱组基于对照减少水平均小于砂姜黑土。③两种土壤随干旱加重减产加剧,砂姜黑土各处理组产量均大于黄潮土,但黄潮土返青-拔节期、拔节-抽穗期相比砂姜黑土有一定抗旱能力;抽穗-乳熟期,砂姜黑土抗旱能力优于黄潮土。④各处理砂姜黑土WUE均高于黄潮土,抽穗-乳熟期差距最显著,该生育阶段受旱对黄潮土冬小麦的影响比砂姜黑土更大。

基于HYDRUS-1D模型的灌区农田土壤水分渗漏和硝态氮淋失特征研究

为定量分析农田土壤水分渗漏和硝态氮淋失特征,基于3年冬小麦-夏玉米轮作水氮试验,采用HYDRUS-1D模型对泾惠渠灌区农田土壤水氮运移转化过程进行动态模拟。结果表明:HYDRUS-1D模型可以准确模拟不同深度土壤水分和硝态氮的运移过程,根系层下(200 cm)土壤水分渗漏量主要受灌水量影响,冬小麦全生育期根系层下土壤水分渗漏量大于夏玉米全生育期,两者渗漏量分别为15.34~25.38 cm和6.98~9.82 cm。夏玉米和冬小麦全生育期根系层下土壤水分渗漏强度分别为0.06~0.08 cm·d^(-1)和0.06~0.10 cm·d^(-1),冬小麦越冬期灌溉处理的全生育期根系层下土壤水分渗漏量受越冬期灌水量影响明显。夏玉米和冬小麦生育期内根系层下硝态氮淋失通量范围分别为0.003~0.016 mg·cm^(-3)·d^(-1)和0.001~0.032 mg·cm^(-3)·d^(-1)。硝态氮淋失与灌水量、降雨量及土壤剖面硝态氮含量呈正相关关系,并且对降雨和灌溉的响应具有滞后性,约在灌水后12 d时根系层下土壤硝态氮淋失通量达到峰值。根系层下土壤硝态氮淋失通量在夏玉米生育期末和冬小麦生育期初处在较高值。综合而言,生产中应合理规划夏玉米及冬小麦灌水和施肥制度,适当调整冬小麦越冬期灌水量,推荐越冬期灌水量低于90 mm。

滴灌模式和土壤水分对冬小麦土壤水提取量和水分利用的影响

为探索高效的灌溉策略以减少灌水量并提高作物水分利用效率以缓解黄淮海冬麦区水资源短缺。采用田间裂区试验设计,探究地表滴灌(DI)和地下滴灌(SDI)条件下不同土壤水分状况(分别为田间持水量的50%~60%,60%~70%,70%~80%,记为W_(50)、W_(60)和W_(70))对冬小麦产量、土壤水提取量、蒸散量和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,对于整个生长季,与DI处理相比,SDI处理降低0~0.8 m土层土壤水提取比降低11.8%~21.8%,但SDI处理0.8~1.6 m土层土壤水提取量增加28.4%~29.8%。SDI处理的平均土面蒸发量和灌溉量分别比DI处理减少23.1%,8.9%。虽然花后SDI和DI处理间蒸腾速率的差异不显著,但在W_(50)和W_(60)条件下(亏缺灌溉),SDI处理的净光合速率和叶面积指数均高于DI处理。与DI处理相比,在亏缺灌溉条件下,SDI处理的产量增加14.5%~29.3%,水分利用效率增加13.9%~25.9%。与DI处理相比,在W_(70)条件下,SDI处理更多灌溉水下渗到0.8 m以下土层,从而显著降低上层土壤的土壤水提取量及叶片的净光合速率,导致产量降低4.1%~8.9%。SDI处理在W_(60)条件下能够从深层土壤提取更多水分,并调控冬小麦的光合特性,从而提高冬小麦的产量和水分利用效率。

豫北地区冬小麦滴灌灌水技术参数研究

为优化豫北地区冬小麦在滴灌条件下的灌水技术参数,通过田间试验系统研究了不同滴头流量(2.0,4.0,6.0 L/h)和滴灌带间距(40,60,80,100,120 cm)对灌溉水在土壤中分布、冬小麦产量以及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明:就灌水均匀度而言,缩小滴灌带间距和增加滴头流量可以提高灌溉水在冬小麦根区的分布均匀度;本试验条件下滴灌带铺设超过80 cm,会影响冬小麦产量及其构成,滴灌带间距相同时,冬小麦产量随着滴头流量的增加呈递增趋势。就水分利用效率而言,适宜的滴灌带间距及滴头流量组合能在同一灌水条件下,有效减小耗水量并提高水分利用效率;本试验条件下滴灌带间距60 cm、滴头流量2.0 L/h的参数组合的产量最高,达到10626.45 kg/hm 2,水分利用效率最高,达到2.42 kg/m 3。综合分析灌溉水均匀度、冬小麦产量以及水分利用效率,滴灌带间距60 cm、滴头流量2.0 L/h,以及滴灌带间距80 cm、滴头流量6.0 L/h的参数组合是适宜的冬小麦滴灌灌水技术参数。

覆膜集雨与限量补灌对土壤水分及冬小麦产量的影响

依据北京昌平2005-2006年冬小麦田间试验,探讨覆膜集雨和限量补灌措施对土壤水分及产量影响。结果表明:限量补灌明显的增加了田间土壤水分和耗水量,1.6m土层耗水量比对照增加45.8%,比覆膜增加29%～39%,产量是对照的1.63～1.95倍,比单纯覆膜增产32%～58%,结合覆膜比单纯补灌略增加上层土壤水分,但产量效应不明显;在覆膜面积占种植面积40%,降雨是常年水平一半的条件下,覆膜集雨提升上层土壤水分,降低深层土壤水分,1.6m土层耗水量较对照增加3.68%～12.23%,且对深层水的利用是对照的1.55～1.69倍,小麦抗旱能力增强,增产63%～95%,1m土层水分生产效率提高55.8%～73.8%;在都有覆膜的前提下,追肥比早秋施肥和一次基肥更好地保持了苗期土层水分。总体来看,覆膜结合补灌追肥和限量补灌措施抗旱增产效果显著,值得在华北地区旱地农田推广应用。

滴灌模式对农田土壤水氮空间分布及冬小麦产量的影响

大田作物最优滴灌模式的研究是滴灌技术深入推广应用过程中的重要研究内容,通过田间试验,选取地表滴灌和地下滴灌两种滴灌类型,研究其在4种不同灌溉制度下农田水、氮空间分布规律以及冬小麦产量的差异。试验结果表明,在土壤水分控制范围相同时,不同滴灌类型下冬小麦生育期内所需的灌水总量和灌水频率不存在显著差异;在施肥量和灌水定额基本相同时,地下滴灌较地表滴灌促使硝态氮向深层土壤运移的几率更大。但总体而言,不同滴灌类型相同灌溉制度下,硝态氮运移规律基本相似;同种滴灌类型不同滴灌制度下的各处理冬小麦产量存在显著差异。而且,在充分灌时,不同滴灌模式下的冬小麦产量差异性不显著;非充分灌时,滴灌模式对冬小麦产量存在显著影响。

灌水量和时期对不同品种冬小麦产量和耗水特性的影响

为明确品种更替过程中冬小麦的耗水特性、产量和水分利用效率(WUE)的变化规律,以及对水分胁迫的响应,于2010-2012两个生长季选取河南中北部建国以来不同年代的7个主栽品种为试验材料,在田间设置三个水分处理下(W0,返青后不灌水;W1,拔节期灌水;W2,拔节和灌浆期分别灌水),研究了冬小麦的耗水特性、产量构成因素、收获指数和水分利用效率的变化过程。研究结果表明:在冬小麦更替过程中,冬小麦总耗水和土壤贮水消耗与年代差异不显著,而受降雨和灌溉影响较大。从20世纪50年代至现在,90年代及以后的冬小麦品种千粒重在41g以上,明显高于早期品种。两年生长季冬小麦籽粒产量增加58.4%和41.8%,平均每次更替增加396和362kg/hm2;收获指数增加37.0%和18.0%,平均每次更替增加0.2和0.1;WUE增加55.3%和40.8%,平均每次更替增加0.11和0.10kg/m3。现代品种源、库关系得到改善,千粒重大幅度增加和收获指数增加是籽粒产量提高的主要原因。籽粒产量和WUE由品种和水分互作效应决定,在拔节期和灌浆期灌水可明显提高籽粒产量水平,并在一定程度上提高了水分利用效率。

不同水分条件对冬小麦根系时空分布、土壤水利用和产量的影响

为了明确华北严重缺水区晚播冬小麦灌水对根系时空分布和土壤水分利用规律的影响,以冬小麦石麦15为材料,利用田间定位试验研究了不同灌水处理(春季不灌水W0;春季灌拔节水75mm,W1;春季灌起身水、孕穗水和灌浆水共225mm,W3)对根系干重密度(DRWD)、根长密度(RLD)、体积密度、分枝数等在0—200cm土层的垂直分布、动态变化及其对耗水和产量的影响,结果表明:随着春季灌水量的减少,开花后0—80cm土层的根干重密度、根长度密度、体积密度和分枝数密度均显著减少,80cm—200m土层的根干重密度、根长度密度、体积密度和分枝数密度却显著增加,并且显著增加冬小麦在灌浆期间对100cm以下深层土层水分的利用,总耗水量W1和W0分别比W3减少70.9mm、115.1mm,土壤耗水量分别比W3增加79.1mm、108.9mm,子粒产量W1和W0分别比W3减少653.3kg/hm2、1470kg/hm2,水分利用效率(WUE)则分别比W3提高0.09kg/m3、0.06kg/m3。晚播冬小麦春季灌1水(拔节水)可以促进根系深扎,增加深土层的根系分布量,提高对深层土壤贮水的吸收利用量,有利于实现节水与高产的统一。

不同覆膜方式对旱作冬小麦耗水特性及籽粒产量的影响

【目的】研究黄土高原雨养条件下,不同地膜覆盖方式对冬小麦耗水特性、产量和休闲期土壤水分补给的影响,为促进增产和提高水分利用效率提供理论依据。【方法】2008—2009和2009—2010年小麦生长季,设置全膜覆土穴播(A)、全膜覆盖穴播(B)、垄膜沟播(C)和露地条播(CK)4种不同栽培模式,测量不同处理的土壤贮水量、耗水量、产量和水分利用效率。【结果】全膜穴播可使冬小麦增产64.4%—79.1%,水分利用效率提高22.1%—24.0%,达到11.9—16.6 kg·hm-2·mm-1;全膜覆土穴播可增产43.4%—44.4%,水分利用效率提高8.8%—14.6%,达到11.0—14.8 kg·hm-2·mm-1;垄膜沟播可增产37.0%—39.3%,水分利用效率提高4.2%—4.4%,达到10.0—14.2 kg·hm-2·mm-1。主要原因是,地膜覆盖可增加冬小麦拔节前0—200 cm土层贮水量,提高拔节至成熟阶段的耗水量及其占总耗水量的比例,促进生育期对土壤贮水的利用,同时干旱年份可促进冬小麦利用深层土壤水分,最终提高冬小麦成熟期的生物量和籽粒产量;虽然生育期耗水增加,但水分利用效率也提高。冬小麦产量与生育期耗水量呈显著正相关(r=0.96*)。覆膜的高产建立在高耗水基础上,但通过休闲期水分补充,地膜茬0—200 cm土层水分在冬小麦秋播前可恢复到露地水平。覆膜处理间的耗水差异远小于覆膜与露地间的差异。综合考虑产量、经济效益和田间操作难易程度,全膜覆土穴播一次覆膜可多茬使用,节省地膜成本,田间操作简单,经济效益高,是本试验条件下的最优栽培方式。【结论】全膜覆土穴播是西北黄土高原旱地小麦兼顾高产高效的栽培模式。