Effects of water application uniformity using a center pivot on winter wheat yield, water and nitrogen use efficiency in the North China Plain

In recent years, the use of fertigation technology with center pivot irrigation systems has increased rapidly in the North China Plain (NCP). The combined effects of water and nitrogen application uniformity on the grain yield, water use efficiency (WUE) and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) have become a research hotspot. In this study, a two-year field experiment was conducted during the winter wheat growing season in 2016–2018 to evaluate the water application uniformity of a center pivot with two low pressure sprinklers (the R3000 sprinklers were installed in the first span, the corresponding treatment was RS;the D3000 sprinklers were installed in the second span, the corresponding treatment was DS) and a P85A impact sprinkler as the end gun (the corresponding treatment was EG), and to analyze its effects on grain yield, WUE and NUE. The results showed that the water application uniformity coefficients of R3000, D3000 and P85A along the radial direction of the pivot (CUH) were 87.5, 79.5 and 65%, respectively. While the uniformity coefficients along the traveling direction of the pivot (CUC) were all higher than 85%. The effects of water application uniformity of the R3000 and D3000 sprinklers on grain yield were not significant (P>0.05);however, the average grain yield of EG was significantly lower (P<0.05) than those of RS and DS, by 9.4 and 11.1% during two growing seasons, respectively. The coefficients of variation (CV) of the grain yield had a negative correlation with the uniformity coefficient. The CV of WUE was more strongly affected by the water application uniformity, compared with the WUE value, among the three treatments. The NUE of RS was higher than those of DS and EG by about 6.1 and 4.8%, respectively, but there were no significant differences in NUE among the three treatments during the two growing seasons. Although the CUH of the D3000 sprinklers was lower than that of the R3000, it had only limited effects on the grain yield, WUE and NUE. However, the cost of D3000 sprinklers is lower than that of R3000 sprinklers. Therefore, the D3000 sprinklers are recommended for winter wheat irrigation and fertigation in the NCP.

Yield and water use responses of winter wheat to irrigation and nitrogen application in the North China Plain

With increasing water shortage resources and extravagant nitrogen application, there is an urgent need to optimize irrigation regimes and nitrogen management for winter wheat（Triticum aestivum L.） in the North China Plain（NCP）. A 4-year field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of three irrigation levels（W1, irrigation once at jointing stage; W2, irrigation once at jointing and once at heading stage; W3, irrigation once at jointing, once at heading, and once at filling stage; 60 mm each irrigation） and four N fertilizer rates（N0, 0; N1, 100 kg N ha-（-1）; N2, 200 kg N ha-（-1）; N3, 300 kg N ha-（-1）） on wheat yield, water use efficiency, fertilizer agronomic efficiency, and economic benefits. The results showed that wheat yield under W2 condition was similar to that under W3, and greater than that under W1 at the same nitrogen level. Yield with the N1 treatment was higher than that with the N0 treatment, but not significantly different from that obtained with the N2 and N3 treatments. The W2 N1 treatment resulted in the highest water use and fertilizer agronomic efficiencies. Compared with local traditional practice（W3 N3）, the net income and output-input ratio of W2 N1 were greater by 12.3 and 19.5%, respectively. These findings suggest that two irrigation events of 60 mm each coupled with application of 100 kg N ha-（–1） is sufficient to provide a high wheat yield during drought growing seasons in the NCP.

Effects of Water Regime and Straw Application in Paddy Rice Season on N2O Emission from Following Wheat Growing Season

A split-plot experiment in a rice-winter wheat rotation system was performed to study the effects of water regime and wheat straw application in rice-growing season on N2O emission from following wheat growing season. Water regime in the rice-growing season was designed as the conventional irrigation (flooding/drainage cycle) and the permanent flooding. Wheat straw was incorporated with three rates of 0, 225 and 450 g m-2 into the paddy soil for each water regime just before rice was transplanted. N2O emission was measured by static chamber-gas chromatograph method. Results from the variance analysis indicated that the permanent flooding in rice-growing season markedly enhanced N2O emission in following wheat growing season (P=0. 003), and that the effect of straw application on N2O emission was distinguished between two water regimes. Under the conventional irrigation, incoporation of wheat straw reduced N2O emission in the following wheat growing season, while there were no significant differences in the emission for the straw application rates of 225 and 450 g m-2. No significant differences in N2O emissions were observed among the three rates of straw application for the permanent flooding regime. In addition, the seasonal variation of N2O emission was regulated by soil temperature and moisture. The daily N2O flux (Y, mg m-2 d-1) can be quantitatively described by soil temperature (T, ℃) and moisture (W, WFPS %) asY=A0+A1T+A2W+A3W2(n=23, R2 ≥0. 4159** )or y=C0+C1W+C2W2(n=23,R2≥0. 4074** ). Compared with the effect of soil temperature on N2O emission, soil moisture was an important factor regulating the seasonal pattern of N2O emission.

Composite Simulation of Dynamic Water Content and Water Use Efficiency of Winter Wheat

In order to forecast the effect of climate warming on agriculture,ENWATBAL model was used to simulate evapotranspiration of winter wheat due to the change of air temperature and precipitation in the coming decades.The effect of climate warming on winter wheat yield in the future decades was speculated by the past yield and climate data in last decades,and the possible water use efficiency in the future decades was calculated.The results indicate that climate warming would increase winter wheat evapotranspiration,and decrease yield and water use efficiency of winter wheat.It shows that climate warming would intensify the water shortage in agriculture,and it is necessary to develop watersaving agriculture.

Establishment of soil moisture model based on hyperspectral data and growth parameters of winter wheat

Large area of soil moisture status diagnosis based on plant canopy spectral data remains one of the hot spots of agricultural irrigation.However,the existing soil water prediction model constructed by the spectral parameters without considering the plant growth process will inevitably increase the prediction errors.This study carried out research on the correlations among spectral parameters of the canopy of winter wheat,crop growth process,and soil water content,and finally constructed the soil water content prediction model with the growth days parameter.The results showed that the plant water content of winter wheat tended to decrease during the whole growth period.The plant water content had the best correlations with the soil water content of the 0-50 cm soil layer.At different growth stages,even if the soil water content was the same,the plant water content and characteristic spectral reflectance were also different.Therefore,the crop growing days parameter was added to the model established by the relationships between characteristic spectral parameters and soil water content to increase the prediction accuracy.It is found that the determination coefficient(R^(2))of the models built during the whole growth period was greatly increased,ranging from 0.54 to 0.60.Then,the model built by OSAVI(Optimized Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index)and Rg/Rr,two of the highest precision characteristic spectral parameters,were selected for model validation.The correlation between OSAVI and soil water content,Rg/Rr,and soil water content were still significant(p<0.05).The R^(2),MAE,and RMSE validation models were 0.53 and 0.58,3.19 and 2.97,4.76 and 4.41,respectively,which was accurate enough to be applied in a large-area field.Furthermore,the upper and lower irrigation limit of OSAVI and Rg/Rr were put forward.The research results could guide the agricultural production of winter wheat in northern China.

基于BP-DEMATEL的山西省冬小麦水足迹影响因素识别

针对山西省冬小麦水足迹历史演变及关键影响因素识别问题,分析了1993—2021年山西省冬小麦水足迹历史演变规律,利用BP神经网络-决策实验室(BP-DEMATEL)模型对冬小麦水足迹演变的关键影响因素进行识别,将其分为驱动型因素及特征型因素,并揭示了影响因素之间的作用机制。结果表明:1993—2021年山西省冬小麦水足迹及单位水足迹均呈下降趋势;2021年山西省冬小麦总水足迹为27亿m^(3)(蓝水占比57%),单位水足迹为1 122 m^(3)/t,与前期高点相比分别下降38%(较1994年)和21%(较1993年);气温、相对湿度和灌溉面积为冬小麦水足迹演变的关键驱动型因素,化肥施用量和农业机械总动力为关键特征型因素。

基于多源遥感数据与模型对比的冬小麦土壤含水量区域监测研究

实时、精准的土壤水分含量监测是农业用水管理的基础,探究冬小麦土壤水分反演的最优模型对于提高农业用水效率和可持续发展均具有重要的意义。本研究以河南省鹤壁市浚县冬小麦种植区域的土壤水分含量为研究对象,采用无人机遥感数据、卫星遥感数据、田间采样数据,分别运用温度植被干旱指数模型、水云模型和改进的水云模型3种方法,进行土壤含水量反演对比分析与最优模型选择。结果表明,3种方法中10 cm深度的反演精度均高于20 cm,且R^(2)均大于0.4。其中采用改进的水云模型方法在10 cm深度的R^(2)为0.7055、RMSE为0.0209,20 cm深度的R^(2)为0.5069、RMSE为0.0271,优于水云模型和温度植被干旱指数的反演效果。因此,改进的水云模型是一种适合用于麦田土壤水分反演的方法,它能够提供较高的反演精度。

基于CERES-Wheat模型的沧州地区冬小麦需水量分析

作物生长模拟模型的应用为农田水资源分析和水分管理措施的优化提供了新的方法手段。本研究以CERES-Wheat模型为基础,通过情景分析的方法,分析了华北平原沧州地区冬小麦1981—2014年产量、大田蒸散量(ET)、作物蒸腾(EP)、土壤蒸发(ES)、水分生产率(WP)的年际变化特征,并建立了ET与WP定量化关系模型,利用该模型计算出了WP达到最大值的经济蒸散量为435 mm;利用ET多年平均值与多年平均降雨量差值计算出了T0(不灌溉)、T1(拔节期灌水75 mm)、T2(拔节期、扬花期各灌水75 mm)、T3(起身期、孕穗期和扬花期各灌水75 mm)4个水分处理不同产量目标下冬小麦多年平均的需水量分别为189 mm、264 mm、298 mm和319 mm,对应的平均产量分别为4 144 kg?hm?2、7 293 kg?hm?2、7 301 kg?hm?2和8 245 kg?hm?2;采取地膜覆盖等栽培管理措施扣除土壤蒸发,T0、T1、T2、T3水分处理可分别节水80 mm、71 mm、71 mm和70 mm。在此情况下,利用EP多年平均值与多年平均降雨量之间的差值计算出不同水分处理下冬小麦多年平均的需水量分别为109 mm(T0)、193 mm(T1)、227 mm(T2)和249 mm(T3)。以上研究结果可为沧州地区冬小麦水分定量化管理措施的制定提供参考。

灌溉与有机肥处理对冬小麦水分利用效率的影响

探究不同灌溉量和有机无机肥配施的组合处理对冬小麦生长及水分利用效率的影响,为冬小麦的科学施肥管理提供参考。以关中地区冬小麦‘小偃22’为研究对象,通过田间试验,采用等氮原则对有机肥与无机肥进行不同比例配施(F1,100%无机肥;F2,24%有机肥+76%无机肥;F3,48%有机肥+52%无机肥),结合2个水平的灌溉(充分灌溉W1和亏缺灌溉W2),共设计6个灌溉施肥组合处理(W1F1、W1F2、W1F3、W2F1、W2F2和W2F3)。通过测定冬小麦的生长指标(植株株高和叶面积指数)、0~200 cm土层土壤体积含水率(以20 cm为深度间隔)和小麦的产量及构成要素(干物质量、穗长、有效穗数、千粒质量和籽粒产量),分析灌水量与有机无机肥配施对冬小麦生长及水分利用效率(WUE)的影响。结果表明:(1)充分灌溉(W1)条件下,F2、F3处理株高较F1处理分别提高3.4%~21.2%和0.8%~15.9%,叶面积指数提高5.7%~18.5%和16.8%~47.4%,干物质量提高12.1%~26.1%和21.1%~36.0%,穗长提高12.5%和14.5%,有效穗数提高6.6%和9.3%,千粒质量提高18.3%和24.4%,籽粒产量提高14.8%和28.6%,WUE提高14.6%和27.5%;亏缺灌溉(W2)条件下,与F1处理相比,F2、F3处理株高分别提高8.5%~16.2%和0.5%~10.6%,叶面积指数提高4.9%~20.7%和17.0%~50.0%,干物质量提高7.7%~25.7%和15.0%~34.6%,穗长提高12.3%和18.5%,有效穗数提高7.4%和18.0%,千粒质量提高15.3%和25.1%,籽粒产量提高13.1%和31.8%,WUE提高21.4%和35.2%。在相同灌溉水平下,有机无机肥配施处理可以提高土壤体积含水率。(2)W2F2处理对冬小麦株高增长最有效,灌浆期达最大值,较W1F1处理增长10.4%;W2F3处理对冬小麦叶面积指数、干物质量、穗长、有效穗数、千粒质量影响最大,成熟期较W1F1处理分别提高23.6%、39.0%、20.3%、18.4%和33.1%。(3)W2F3处理对冬小麦籽粒产量和WUE的影响最为显著,W1F1、W1F2、W1F3、W2F1和W2F2处理籽粒产量分别提高了35.5%、18.0%、5.3%、31.8%和16.6%;W1F1、W1F2、W1F3、W2F1和W2F2处理WUE分别提高了52.6%、33.2%、19.7%、35.2%和21.4%。亏缺灌溉与48%有机肥+52%无机肥组合处理的冬小麦籽粒产量和WUE最高,该灌溉施肥管理方案为关中平原及环境相似地区冬小麦的科学施肥管理提供了科学依据。

基于CERES-Wheat和遥感数据的土壤水分供给量反演

以关中平原为研究区域,以冬小麦为研究对象,基于2007—2008年TM遥感数据反演的和CERES-Wheat模型模拟的生物量和叶面积指数,将由离散积分思想计算的日均分摊系数和由冬小麦各生育阶段生长特点划分的分段蒸腾系数引入土壤水分平衡方程,建立土壤水分供给量反演模型。利用该模型进行研究区域2007—2008年冬小麦全生育期的蒸散量和土壤水分供给量的单点和区域尺度的定量反演。选取拥有多时相遥感数据的2000—2001年进行模型验证,结果表明,在充分获取降水、灌溉信息和多时相遥感数据的条件下,土壤水分供给量的反演结果准确度较高。区域尺度的土壤水分供给量呈现出西高东低和北高南低的分布特征,自西北部向东南部逐渐递减,与关中平原冬小麦受水分胁迫程度的区域性变化趋势基本一致,表明应用模型反演冬小麦全生育期的土壤水分供给量是可行的。

灌溉和干旱及氮素水平对孕穗期冬小麦冠层光分布影响

探讨灌溉和干旱以及氮素对多穗型和大穗型小麦的冠层光分布的影响,为作物生长模型提供参数。通过试验,以氮素3个主处理,灌溉和干旱2个副处理,采用多穗型‘济麦22’和大穗型‘鲁麦21’为试材,使用美国CI-110型冠层分析仪测定孕穗期、开花期和灌浆期的冠层光分布数据。结果显示,不同类型冬小麦,随着生育期推进,MLA呈现先下降,再上升,同一氮素水平,灌溉增加MLA;孕穗期的TCRP值‘鲁麦21’大于‘济麦22’,随着天顶角增加,两个品种不同氮素,灌溉或干旱的TCRP均下降;TCDP在两个品种不同氮素、灌溉或干旱,都呈现先下降,再上升;K值随着天顶角增加都呈上升趋势。施氮和灌溉对冬小麦孕穗期的冠层光分布产生促进作用。灌溉和增加氮肥,可提高孕穗期叶面积指数LAI,增加叶面倾角MLA,在7.5°和22.5°天顶角时,TCRP值小穗型品种呈增加趋势;TCDP在高N、中N和低N时,无论是灌溉还是干旱,TCDP都呈现先下降,再上升趋势;K值随着天顶角的增加,呈现上升趋势。研究表明,大穗型冬小麦品种在生育前期要减少氮肥使用和适度干旱,多穗型冬小麦的氮肥和水分供给应早于大穗型冬小麦品种,这样才有利于冬小麦孕穗期合理的冠层光分布。本研究结论对于黄淮海冬麦区不同类型冬小麦品种肥水科学管理有一定的指导意义。

浅埋滴灌水氮配施对冬小麦生长发育、产量及水分利用效率的影响

【目的】研究滴灌带浅埋、水氮配施对冬小麦生长发育、产量及水分利用效率的影响。【方法】试验为完全区组设计,设置3个因素:覆土深度(0和5 cm)、灌水量(270、315和360 mm)、施氮量(195、255和315 kg/hm^(2))。【结果】在浅埋滴灌(5 cm)下,灌溉定额为315 mm、施氮量255 kg/hm^(2)时,冬小麦产量、水分利用效率及氮肥偏生产力提升最明显。浅埋滴灌使冬小麦株高和叶面积指数分别提高5.58%和16.77%,产量、水分利用效率与氮肥偏生产力分别显著提高8.32%、8.20%和8.16%。浅埋滴灌较不覆土滴灌(0 cm)处理净收益平均增收1092元/hm^(2),浅埋滴灌下灌水315 mm、施氮255 kg/hm^(2)净收益最高(10883元/hm^(2))。【结论】冬小麦较优的灌溉施肥方案为浅埋滴灌灌水315 mm,施氮255 kg/hm^(2)。

基于冠层高光谱的冬小麦植株含水率估算

为确定适用于冬小麦植株水分诊断的最佳高光谱指数及其在植株水分处于适宜状态时的阈值,设置4个水分处理(灌溉定额分别为0、60、120和180 mm),获取了小麦关键生育时期(返青期、拔节期和灌浆期)的冠层高光谱反射率、植株含水率、土壤含水率和产量等数据。依据高光谱指数与冬小麦植株含水率之间的相关性对高光谱指数进行筛选,以筛选的高光谱指数为输入变量,分别构建一元回归、偏最小二乘回归、随机森林回归和支持向量回归的冬小麦植株含水率估测模型。考虑到土壤含水率对冬小麦植株含水率的影响,进一步量化了当日植株含水率与不同时间土壤含水率的关系,通过产量比较法分别确定了冬小麦植株水分、土壤水分的阈值。结果表明:(1)在返青期、拔节期和灌浆期,一元回归模型的精度(r^(2)=0.673,RMSE=3.144%,RE=5.489%)较好,能确定高光谱指数阈值,可以较精准、快捷地实现冬小麦水分诊断。机器学习算法中随机森林回归的模型精度(r^(2)=0.904,RMSE=1.701%,RE=3.606%)最高,但模型参数较多,无法给出高光谱指数阈值。(2)当日植株含水率与其前一天0~50 cm土层的含水率之间具有较强的正相关关系(r^(2)为0.708,RMSE为2.436%,RE为7.755%)。(3)返青期、拔节期和灌浆期估测冬小麦植株水分最佳高光谱指数分别为MCARI/0SAVI、PRI3和VEG,其相应的阈值分别为0.765 1~1.130 1、0.155 2~0.225 7、1.633 9~1.668 5。因此,可根据植株含水率与土壤含水率之间的关系确定冬小麦在关键生育期内所处水分状态,从而采取相应对策。

基于WHCNS模型的华北平原麦田灌溉制度优选研究

华北地区的粮食生产在全国范围内地位突出,但是农业用水严重短缺;该研究以华北平原冬小麦为研究对象,首先利用华北地区2004年和2006年试验数据分析传统灌溉制度下水分运移规律及利用效率,结合WHCNS模型进行不同组合灌溉情景(研究设置总灌水量变化范围由100 mm至450 mm,提高灌水次数至5次)的模拟研究,使用综合指数法对灌溉量进行优选研究。最终得出350 mm为设定组合情境中的最佳灌溉量。

黄淮海平原微喷灌下冬小麦农田水分渗漏 及氮素淋失模拟分析

为了解黄淮海平原冬小麦水分渗漏和氮淋失特征,以优化小麦生产灌溉制度,降低农田水肥施用后土壤氮淋失对环境的影响,本试验于2020—2022年在设置不同灌水处理(充分灌溉、亏缺灌溉)和雨养处理的大田试验基础上,利用土壤-作物系统水热碳氮耦合(WHCNS)模型,通过优化土壤水力学和作物参数,评价模型适用性,并使用校验后的模型定量化分析不同水分管理条件下的农田氮淋失、水分渗漏及特征。结果表明:土壤含水率和硝态氮(以N计)的均方根误差范围分别为0.01~0.07 cm^(3)·cm^(-3)和3.37~6.39 mg·kg^(-1);叶面积指数和干物质量模拟R^(2)≥0.9,一致性指数均≥0.7,模型模拟达到预期效果。使用校验后的模型对0~100 cm土层水分渗漏和氮淋失进行动态模拟的结果显示,硝态氮淋失与水分渗漏动态一致,二者均表现为单日量小且持续时间较长,产生渗漏的累计天数占全生育期天数的59.2%~69.4%。与充分灌溉相比,亏缺灌溉在两季冬小麦产量无显著差异的情况下,日氮淋失和水分渗漏量分别减少3.88%~66.94%和37.01%~44.87%。研究表明,校正后的WHCNS模型可以用于模拟研究区农田水氮运移和作物生长过程。

施氮对关中地区冬小麦农田土壤呼吸的影响及基于植被指数的估算模型

为探寻不同施氮量对农田土壤呼吸(RS)的影响并快速准确估算RS,以关中地区冬小麦为研究对象,观测了5种施氮量下冬小麦农田RS的变化,研究了环境因子(土壤温度、土壤湿度)及作物因素(叶面积指数、地上部生物量、SPAD值)对于RS的影响,建立了适用于关中地区土壤温度与植被指数下的农田土壤呼吸估算模型。设置秸秆还田下的5种施氮量处理,分别为传统施氮量SN200(200 kg·hm^(-2))、优化施氮量SN150(150 kg·hm^(-2))、60%优化施氮量SN120(120 kg·hm^(-2))、50%优化施氮量SN100(100 kg·hm^(-2))以及不施氮肥SN0(0 kg·hm^(-2))。结果表明:不同施氮量下RS随生育期推进均表现为先升高再降低的趋势,同时添加氮肥促进了RS排放。各处理观测期内RS的均值为:SN200(3.68μmol·m^(-2)·s^(-1))>SN150(3.40μmol·m^(-2)·s^(-1))>SN120(3.06μmol·m^(-2)·s^(-1))>SN100(2.70μmol·m^(-2)·s^(-1))>SN0(2.21μmol·m^(-2)·s^(-1))。不同施氮量下冬小麦冠层近红外波段反射率在拔节期和抽穗期差异明显,反射率从高到低依次为SN200>SN150>SN120>SN100>SN0,而在灌浆期和成熟期差异不大。土壤温度显著影响了RS(P<0.01),土壤湿度与RS没有显著相关关系(P>0.05)。叶面积指数、地上部生物量、SPAD值和植被指数均与RS呈显著相关关系(P<0.05)。通过多种模型评估,建立基于植被指数和土壤温度的最佳农田土壤呼吸估算模型,显著高于基于土壤温度的单因子模型,模型精度可达到0.6以上(n=120)。

冬小麦多时期冠层含水量遗传优化遥感反演

开展作物冠层含水量的遥感反演有利于评估麦田干旱胁迫、实施精准灌溉.为快速获取华北地区冬小麦生长期冠层含水量,本文利用在2017年1—5月冬小麦生长期获取的Landsat-8 OLI和Sentinel-2 MSI多时相遥感影像,基于混合像元分解模型,建立了归一化水指数与麦田实测含水量之间的定量关系.通过构建反演方程并结合遗传优化算法,求解冬小麦冠层含水量.对比地面实测数据,研究结果显示,本文方法能取得较优的反演结果,决定系数(R2)与均方根误差(root mean squared error,RMSE)分别为0.567和5.6%.与直接利用归一化水指数的反演方法相比,误差降低20%以上.研究表明,量化小麦冠层和土壤背景的不同线性混合比,可以有效消除土壤对小麦冠层含水量反演的影响,对小麦等作物生长的遥感监测具有重要的应用价值.

基于AquaCrop模型的河南省冬小麦灌溉制度优化研究

为验证AquaCrop模型在河南省的适用性,并探讨冬小麦最优灌溉制度,分别于2016—2018年和2019—2020年,在河南周口进行冬小麦不同灌水频次田间试验,先后校准AquaCrop模型参数和独立验证模型模拟效果,并利用验证后的AquaCrop模型,分析不同降雨年型条件下16种灌溉情景对冬小麦耗水量、蒸腾量、籽粒产量、水分利用效率和灌溉水利用效率的影响。结果表明,冬小麦冠层覆盖度模拟值与实测值的决定系数(R^(2))介于0.84~0.94,一致性指数(d)介于0.93~0.98,均方根误差(RMSE)介于4.7%~9.4%。冬小麦生物量模拟值与实测值的R^(2)介于0.94~0.95,d介于0.93~0.98,RMSE介于2.1~2.2 t/hm^(2)。冬小麦籽粒产量、水分利用效率模拟值与实测值的相对误差(RE)均在10%以内。以籽粒产量和水分利用效率最高为目标,冬小麦的最优灌溉方案为:于干旱年拔节期、开花期和灌浆期,每次灌水75 mm;于平水年拔节期和开花期,每次灌水75 mm;于丰水年拔节期灌水75 mm。

基于半定量方法的华北冬小麦施氮量优化管理研究

利用田间实测数据对AquaCrop模型进行校验,获取了模型的关键参数,并量化不同施氮量水平与肥胁迫相关的压力系数;以此为基础,提出了半定量方法的参数化方案,实现了华北冬小麦施氮量的优化管理。结果表明:(1)模型校验过程中冠层覆盖度的决定系数R^(2)大于0.876、NRMSE小于15.554%;土壤含水率模拟值与实测值的R^(2)大于0.840、NRMSE小于9.960%;所有处理下产量模拟值与实测值的R^(2)大于0.964。说明经校验的模型能较好地模拟不同施氮处理下作物生长及产量产出过程,可利用该模型进行施氮量优化管理研究。(2)利用半定量方法实现了氮肥的多情景模拟,根据模拟结果建立了施氮量与产量之间的关系,当施氮量达到355.30 kg/hm^(2)后,继续增加施氮量,冬小麦的产量出现了降低的趋势。

黄土高原晋南旱塬长时间序列冬小麦产量与水量平衡要素动态变化

为揭示黄土高原旱地冬小麦田长期产量及水文变化,以山西省万荣县连作冬小麦为研究对象,分析了冬小麦产量1951—2020年变化趋势及气候年际波动对产量的影响,同时利用Hydrus-1D模型和标定的模型参数模拟了1965—2020年田间水量平衡要素各分量的变化过程。结果表明:试验地冬小麦产量多年平均增产率是31.9 kg/(hm^(2)·a),年际气候变化对冬小麦产量的影响达到±22.4%,其中影响最为显著的气象要素是生育期平均相对湿度和全年降水量;标定期和验证期Hydrus-1D模型的决定系数分别为0.65~0.68,0.57~0.65;近56 a冬小麦平均蒸腾量为(176±29)mm,土壤蒸发量为(296±28)mm占降水量的60%~80%,渗漏量一般小于40 mm,土壤含水量变化为(-2±45)mm。综上,研究地70 a冬小麦产量呈上升趋势,且受年际气候变化的影响其产量波动较大。Hydrus-1D模型能够较好地模拟晋南旱塬冬小麦田的水文变化情况,多年来研究地冬小麦田土壤含水量呈下降趋势。