基于Cite Space分析建筑模式语言发展趋势

亚历山大模式语言实用性强且应用广泛,研究国内外发展趋势有助于探索国内建筑设计领域差异化发展,促进本土建筑更新。文章利用Cite Space对国外文献进行热点和趋势分析,发现其更注重城市广场、街道和社区的模式研究,具有向宏观尺度发展的趋势;将国内研究脉络划分为初步探索、急速提升和蓬勃发展3个阶段;梳理传统村落、公共空间和图式语言热点领域的研究进展;对比国内外热点和趋势差异,对国内理论应用进行展望。

Analysis on Landscape Pattern of Urban Green Space in Tianjin City

Based on IKONOS satellite image in August of 2008,and by using GIS technique and spatial pattern analysis software FRAGSTATS,the paper analyzed landscape pattern of urban green space in Tianjin City from the aspects of patch composition and level of category and landscape.The result showed that there were manymin-sized patches in Tianjin City while large patches occupied a large proportion of the total area of green space.Green spaces were unbalanced in distribution and unreasonable in structure.It suggested adjusting the structure of urban green space,reducing the degree of landscape fragmentation,strengthening the construction of large and mid-sized green patches,so as to improve ecological function of green space.

Space Pattern of Rural Leisure Tourism Development in Southwest Minority Area——A Case Study of Ethnic Minority Area in Southeast Chongqing

On the basis of analysis of current research documents on rural leisure tourism, taking ethnic minority area of Southeast Chongqing for example, the paper expounded ecology, culture, authenticity and uniqueness of rural leisure tourist resources in ethnic minority area, and city-dependent, scenic area-dependent, traffic route-dependent and remote characteristic village type of space pattern.

Pattern Change of Urban Green Space in Beijing from 2000 to 2010

With the rapid urbanization in Beijing, the vegetated surfaces have been increasingly replaced by impervious built surfaces. A clear recognition on the changes in green spaces pattern is vital for urban administrators and planners to optimize the urban development areas and define the ecological protection red lines. Based on the SPOT images and field investigation data of urban green spaces within the sixth ring road of Beijing in 2000, 2005 and 2010, the study investigated the dynamic changes of urban green spaces in this area, by means of GIS techniques and landscape ecology methods. The results indicated that green spaces in Beijing have decreased by 207 km2 from 2000 to 2010 at the expense of agricultural lands and waters. Although there has been some increases in urban forests and grasslands, it cannot compensate the rapid decrease of urban green spaces. The land cover types conversion occurred mainly in the areas between the fifth and sixth ring roads while the zones encircled by the fourth ring road had a little change. In addition, landscape metrics such as number of patches(NP) and shape index(SHAPE) increased, but the mean nearest-neighbor distance(MNN), aggregation index(AI) and patch cohesion index(COHESION) decreased during the period of 2000-2010. Also green landscapes became considerably isolated and fragmented. The study disclosed the obvious changes of green space size, composition and layout in urban districts of Beijing City from 2000 to 2010, and highlighted that construction of urban green space should consider not only the geometric or aesthetic effect, but also the increase of vertical green volume and optimization of spatial layout to fully develop the ecological service functions of green spaces.

COVID-19 lockdown has indirect,non-equivalent effects on activity patterns of Reeves's Pheasant(Syrmaticus reevesii)and sympatric species

The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic has brought massive shifts in human activities through a global blockade,directly affecting wildlife survival.However,the indirect impacts of changes in human activities are often easily overlooked.We conducted surveys of Reeves's Pheasant(Syrmaticus reevesii)and its sympatric species by camera traps in forest-type nature reserves in three different scenarios:pre-lockdown,lockdown and postlockdown.An increase in livestock activities observed during the lockdown and post-lockdown period in our study area provided us an opportunity to investigate the indirect impact of the lockdown on wildlife.The prelockdown period was used as a baseline to compare any changes in trends of relative abundance index,activity patterns and temporal spacing of targeted species and livestock.During the lockdown period,the relative abundance index of livestock increased by 50%and there was an increase in daytime activity.Reeves's Pheasant showed avoidance responses to almost all sympatric species and livestock in three different periods,and the livestock avoidance level of Reeves's Pheasant during the lockdown period was significantly and positively correlated with the relative abundance index of livestock.Species-specific changes in activity patterns of study species were observed,with reduced daytime activities of Hog Badger and Raccoon Dog during and after the confinement periods.This study highlights the effect of the COVID-19 lockdown on the responses of wildlife by considering the changes in their temporal and spatial use before,during and after lockdown.The knowledge gained on wildlife during reduced human mobility because of the pandemic aids in understanding the effect of human disturbances and developing future conservation strategies in the shared space,to manage both wildlife and livestock.

Investigating the Effect of Sidewalk Flooring on the Behavioral Pattern (Walking) of Citizens in Urban Spaces (Case Study: Vali asr St., Tehran)

The present study has evaluated the effect of architectural forms on the walking activity of citizens as a behavioral model in urban physical spaces.The research hypothesis claims that by designing purposeful and appropriate architectural forms,the behavior and actions of users in urban physical spaces can be to some extent,it designed or controlled,and that the pattern and domains of human behavior in urban streets are the result of the components of environmental quality that are included in the design of that street.The present theoretical proposition has been tested in two sequences from Valiasr Street in Tehran.At the theoretical level,the research method is descriptive-analytical and at the experimental level,it is a survey that has been done using the behavioral research method.The results show that the floor form and street form are the most influential architectural forms in urban physical spaces on the activity of users walking from space in the study sample.Also,some environmental factors have a direct effect on human reactions;The research findings show that people’s speed is directly related to the dimensions of sidewalk carpets and a person tries to take a step according to the senses he receives from the sidewalk flooring form and as a result his speed changes according to those forms.

Space-time Dynamics of Dendroctonus valens Population in China and Spatial Sampling Technique based on Its Spatial Distribution Pattern

Red turpentine beetle （RTB）, Dendroctongs valens LeConte, is a destructive forest invasive species in China, it mainly attacks Pings tabuliformis and P. bungeana. So far it has spread rapidly to the provinces of Shanxi, Hebei, Henan, Shanxi and Beijing since its first outbreak in Shanxi Province in 1998, and has caused extensive tree mortality. Space-time dynamics of D. valens population and spatial sampling technique based on its spatial distribution pattern were ana- lyzed using geostatistical methods in the pure P. tabuliforis forests and mixedwood stands which were at different damage levels. According to the spatial distribu- tion of D. valeas population, the specific spatial sampling technique was also studied, and then was compared with traditional sampling technique. The spatial sam- piing technique combined with sampling theory and the biological characteristics of D. valens population, which not only could calcnlate the error of the sampling, but also could discuss the optimal sampling number and the optimum size of plot according to different damage levels and different stand types. This helps to explain population expansion and colonization mechanism of D. valens, and to provide a good reference for adopting snitable control measures.

Beam Pattern Scanning (BPS) versus Space-Time Block Coding (STBC) and Space-Time Trellis Coding (STTC)

In this paper, Beam Pattern Scanning (BPS), a transmit diversity technique, is compared with two well known transmit diversity techniques, space-time block coding (STBC) and space-time trellis coding (STTC). In BPS (also called beam pattern oscillation), controlled time varying weight vectors are applied to the antenna array elements mounted at the base station (BS). This creates a small movement in the antenna array pattern directed toward the desired user. In rich scattering environments, this small beam pattern movement creates an artificial fast fading channel. The receiver is designed to exploit time diversity benefits of the fast fading channel. Via the application of simple combining techniques, BPS improves the probability-of-error performance and network capacity with minimal cost and complexity. In this work, to highlight the potential of the BPS, we compare BPS and Space-Time Coding (i.e., STBC and STTC) schemes. The comparisons are in terms of their complexity, system physical dimension, network capacity, probability-of-error performance, and spectrum efficiency. It is shown that BPS leads to higher network capacity and performance with a smaller antenna dimension and complexity with minimal loss in spectrum efficiency. This identifies BPS as a promising scheme for future wireless communications with smart antennas.

城市地区场次降雨时空展布方法研究

受气候变化和城市规模不断扩张等因素影响,城市地区降雨过程的时空动态性愈发明显,通常采用的点、面雨量等表达方式难以体现这种时空动态性。随着降雨观测技术的进步,大多城市积累了长序列降雨观测数据,其中蕴含了丰富的降雨时空过程信息,为预报降雨或设计降雨的时空展布提供了可能。设计了一套降雨时空展布方法,包括数据收集、标准化处理、降雨场次划分、时空模式提取、标准网格插值、时空展布等环节,并提出每个环节的处理步骤和关键问题。以北京市为例,对该技术方法进行了验证,选择了12 h、24 h、72 h 3个历时的场次降雨,提取的时空模式和展布结果表达出了场次降雨的时空动态性,并与历史的降雨过程表现出很好的匹配性。表明该方法可用于城市地区降雨典型模式提取,以及降雨过程的时空展布。该方法利用历史降雨数据提取降雨展布模板,输入场次降雨(或预报降雨)的总雨量,得到该场次降雨的时空分布过程,展布结果可为洪水预报提供更为准确的降雨输入条件。

图式语言视角下传统村落公共空间特征解构与景观修复研究——以坪坦村为例

传统村落公共空间是中国传统农业社会物质文化与非物质文化的重要载体.在乡村振兴、城乡一体化背景下,解构传统村落公共空间特征、修复传统村落公共空间景观对传统村落保护具有重要意义.该文采用了文本分析法、参与式观察法等,结合了图式语言理论,以坪坦村为例构建传统村落公共空间图式语言体系,对公共空间特征进行解构,提出景观修复策略.研究表明:1)以图式语言理论为基础,构建坪坦村公共空间图式语言体系.通过解构分析坪坦村公共空间构成要素得出了75种图式语汇,解构公共空间秩序法则得出了相邻、相交等词法与秩序性、时间性和本土性等句法,解构公共空间生长环境得出了自然、社会和文化语境.2)坪坦村公共空间表现出特征极为突出的侗族特色:公共空间布局中自然环境与传统建筑情景交融;生产、生活与精神公共空间场所互动共生;公共空间节点多维嵌套,层次丰富.3)图式语言视角下的传统村落公共空间景观修复路径:按“字—词—词组”层层递进织补空间元素;按“时间—空间—情感”循序渐进构建空间秩序;按“完善—修缮—重构”滚动式表达空间意境.研究通过对传统村落公共空间的图式解析和特征解构,为传统村落公共空间的景观修复提供新思路、新方法.

运动公平视角下寒地城市绿地格局特征及优化研究--以哈尔滨为例

快速城镇化背景下慢性疾病频发,绿地作为公众运动健身重要场所在提高公共健康水平方面发挥着重要意义。寒地冬季漫长,严寒气候极大程度限制了居民的户外运动,特别是工业属性较强的老城区,绿地格局先天劣势,加剧了运动不公平现象。基于运动公平视角,构建寒地城市绿地格局供需指标体系,评估绿地耦合协调发展水平;并利用基尼系数与人均绿地面积区位熵探寻季节分异下的绿地格局公平性。结果表明:(1)寒地城市绿地运动供需空间严重失衡,绿地格局耦合协调度较差,运动公平性差距悬殊,总体呈现西北好,东南差的分异特征;(2)西北部为原发展核心,绿地等基础设施建设完备;随着城市扩张,东南部成为新发展核心,但依旧以工业为导向,绿地建设不足,导致绿地分布极端,空间分异明显;(3)季节分异对运动公平产生不同结果,严寒气候增加了绿地可达的阻力,不平等性随着气温的下降而增加;由于缺少公共绿地,东南部在冬季面临更加严重的不公平现象。基于对关键指标的优化测算,优化更新寒地城市绿地格局,为落地环境干预健康的“健康中国”国家战略提供理论与实践参考。

基于生态网络优化对比的国土空间生态修复策略研究

生态网络构建有助于整合破碎绿地斑块,识别国土空间生态修复过程中的关键区域并制定针对性措施,为生态型国土空间整治提供方法与技术支撑。然而,目前基于自然资源与土地利用现状构建的单一时空情景生态网络,忽略了网络与城市发展的动态变化,其稳定性与连通性缺乏验证反馈,契合城市发展的合理网络优化方案尚不明晰,生态保护措施难以适应未来城市空间的发展变化。在构建现有生态网络的基础上,对未来城市土地利用扩张情况进行预测,从生态源地、廊道、节点的动态修复视角设置增加生态踏脚石、清除生态障碍点和保护关键生态夹点3种网络优化情景,通过网络连通性分析对3种修复情景进行优化效应评估。结果显示,3种修复情景中,消除生态障碍点对生态网络的优化作用最明显,是未来生态网络构建与优化的主要关注方向。以通城县为例,判定了生态网络的最佳优化方案,提出适应现状地域特征、面向未来发展方向的生态安全格局,从生态资源要素与城市发展动态演替的视角为生态格局优化提供新思路,为生态型国土空间综合整治提供科学技术方法。

建筑表皮的美学特征对面料创新设计的启示与实践

为了探讨面料创新设计的多元化,分析了建筑表皮的风格、肌理透叠美学以及参数化几何图案设计对面料创新的启示。首先介绍了建筑表皮设计在面料创新中的关键作用,强调了建筑表皮设计与时尚前沿的密切联系,以及其对不同生活方式群体的需求满足;然后,详细探讨了建筑表皮肌理透叠美学的意境美和微空间美,以及其在面料结构创新中的应用。通过分析建筑表皮肌理的“透”和“叠”,阐述了其在面料设计中的独特价值,以及透叠设计带来的意境感和微空间效果;最后讨论了建筑表皮参数化几何图案设计对面料创新的启示。通过介绍参数化设计的原理和实践案例,阐明了参数化几何图案设计对面料创新的重要意义,以及其为面料设计带来的新可能性和视野;主张在面料创新设计中充分借鉴建筑表皮设计的思维和技术,促进面料设计发展更加多元化、艺术化和科技化。

城市街区单元绿地空间格局与植物群落碳汇效益优化研究

【目的】目前城市绿地已经进入存量发展阶段,如何在城市有限绿地空间条件下实现“碳中和”目标,合理布局低碳绿地空间格局,科学配置植物群落以增加生物多样性,成为目前城市绿地碳汇效益研究的重点和难点。【方法】以西安市碑林区和沣西新城的城市绿地空间格局为研究对象,对研究区域内街区单元的绿地空间格局进行分析并分类,探索街区单元绿地空间格局与碳汇量化关系,并从平面布局和垂直结构两方面提出城市街区单元绿地碳汇效益的优化方法,并选取碳储量最低的单核心辐射型街区单元的3个绿地样方进行碳汇效益优化设计。【结果】总结出4种西安市典型城市街区单元绿地空间格局模式,明晰了碳储量分布特征以及绿地空间格局对碳储量的影响机制,提出了城市街区单元绿地空间格局碳汇效益优化方法,发现碳储量与斑块类型面积(CA)、景观形状指数(LSI)呈极显著正相关关系,与聚集度(AI)呈极显著负相关关系。各类绿地空间格局碳储量大小为多核心辐射型>散点分布型或廊道穿越型>单核心辐射型,建议在单核心辐射型街区单元优化中增加植物群落层次结构,并增加高固碳植物种类及数量,提升样方内年固碳量。【结论】从中观尺度讨论街区单元绿地空间格局与植物群落碳汇效益之间的关系,使城市中小尺度绿地发挥应有的生态系统服务功能,探索街区单元绿地空间格局的构成要素与设计方法,为低碳绿地设计提供参考,提升城市街区单元内社区生活圈的人居环境质量。

基于“三生”空间的湖南省土地利用格局及多功能演变

为了增强土地的多功能性,缓解土地资源紧张和功能性较弱等问题。该研究基于“三生”空间视角,通过“要素-结构-空间-功能”的土地利用多功能机制,构建多功能评价指标体系,采用熵值法和TOPSIS法对其土地利用多功能水平进行评价。同时借助ArcGIS软件,采用土地利用空间转移模型、土地利用动态度等空间分析方法对该区域2000—2020年土地利用格局演变特征进行分析。最后基于“空间+功能”的双视角探析土地利用空间格局演变与功能转变之间的动态关系。结果表明:1)2000—2020年湖南省土地利用“三生”空间格局演变波动较大,生产空间与生态空间收缩,生活空间扩张;其中又以生活空间扩张显著,生产空间与生态空间之间转换较为频繁为主要特点,是造成湖南省土地利用“三生”空间波动重组的主要因素。2)区域分布格局,生产空间主要分布于省北部的常德、益阳、岳阳以及中部衡阳、娄底、邵阳、永州4市交界的中心区域;生活空间主要分布于以长株潭城市群为中心的核心分布区以及各市城市中心区域;生态空间分布面积最广,主要分布于省西部及西南部丘陵山地区域,以及位于省北部的洞庭湖水域区等;区域变化以环长株潭区域土地利用格局演变更剧烈,其次是东、西、南三面山地区域;动态度结果显示全省土地利用总体动态变化率有提升态势。3)2000—2020年土地利用“三生”功能水平呈现逐年递增趋势,生态功能评分最高,变化最明显,生产功能次之,波动中水平趋于稳定,生活功能最低,呈逐年提升趋势;区域间水平差异由低水平高差距向高水平的相对均衡转变。4)土地利用空间格局变化与功能转变之间具有较大的关联性,尤其在时序变化上呈现一定的变化规律,最后基于“空间+功能”的土地利用多功能机制,对两者关系进行了一次有益尝试。在“一对多”机制关系研究中,未来需要结合土地多功能测度方法更加准确识别“三生”空间和功能之间的相互关系。

韭菜迟眼蕈蚊在北柴胡种植地空间格局的初步研究

为研究韭菜迟眼蕈蚊在北柴胡种植地中的空间格局,2022年5~6月对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊成、幼虫在略阳北柴胡种植地中的空间分布情况进行调查,采用频次比较法对调查结果进行多种分布型的拟合计算。结果表明在北柴胡种植地中,韭菜迟眼蕈蚊幼、成虫的空间格局均为聚集型分布,符合负二项分布。韭菜迟眼蕈蚊成虫在北柴胡种植地中主要集中在植株顶部上方飞行,植株顶部上方0至30.00 cm高度内的成虫占比达到71.51%,其中在植株顶部上方约15.00 cm处飞行的成虫最多,粘虫板粘附成虫数量达到10.6头/板。

中深层水热型地热资源集群式开发井位部署参数研究与应用——以HTC地热田为例

在中国“双碳”战略背景下,清洁能源的高效开发利用逐渐成为各行业关注的焦点,而中深层水热型地热资源是一种储量丰富、运行稳定、绿色环保的清洁能源。近年来,随着地热资源开发利用程度逐渐增加,开发模式逐渐向集群式发展,相比以往的分布式开发模式,集群式开发具有经济、稳定、抗风险能力高、改扩建能力强等优点。但开发模式、采灌井网、采灌井距等关键参数仍在探索阶段,这些参数对集群式开发影响明显,亟须对此开展机理研究、优化关键参数。以HTC地热田作为研究对象,利用数值模拟技术,耦合地下温度场、压力场、水流场建立数学模型,分析不同开发模式、采灌井网、采灌井距条件下地下温度场、压力场、水流场变化规律,确定最优参数,指导矿场生产。实践证实,该方法可有效保障地热开发项目稳定运行,实现地热开发项目经济效益最优化。

基于混合用地模式识别的济南市老城区典型片区绿色空间降温效应分析

城市绿色空间可以通过生态系统服务调节功能有效缓解城市热岛效应,降低高温健康胁迫风险。城市中心城区特别是老城区建成环境具有高度异质性,复杂建成环境中绿色空间的降温效应,特别是混合用地模式中绿色空间的降温强度、阈值、形状等还需进一步明晰。在厘清城市热环境影响因素和绿色空间降温机制基础上,构建了“冷热岛分析提取-混合用地模式聚类识别-混合用地模式热效应分析-典型绿色空间降温效应分析”的研究框架。针对当前城市绿地指标失实、结构失衡、功能失调等现实问题,选择济南市老城区典型片区进行实证研究,重点分析了中层建筑混合用地模式中绿色空间的降温强度、降温面积阈值、形状及植被覆盖度等,总结了具有高降温效能的绿色空间模式,为促进城市健康人居环境发展提供借鉴。

山地城市国土空间碳排放格局与绿色指标体系构建研究——以重庆市为例

文章基于典型的山地城市国土空间与碳源、碳汇的对应关系,分析碳排碳汇时空变化格局与演变规律,厘清主要影响因素和作用机理,建立山地城市国土空间规划绿色指标体系与碳中和之间的逻辑关系。通过“重点领域指标梳理—综合指标库建立—关键指标遴选—绿色指标体系构建”的方法,基于固碳增汇、降碳减排两大方向,融合空间指导性、低碳指向性、数据可量化性、典型代表性四大特性,聚焦空间绩效提升、产业创新发展、能源优化利用、生态环境管控四大领域,锚固生态、环境、开发、保护、创新、绿色、低碳、循环、交通、市政十个维度,构建山地城市国土空间规划绿色指标体系,旨在将碳中和目标要求准确、完整、全面地落实到国土空间规划编制与实施管理中去。

场所精神理论下传统街区文化空间呈现与感知

随着城市的快速发展,传统街区面临着文化空间的传承问题。地方文脉的传承,与地区空间格局的演变、空间特性的延续、人们对区域氛围的感知变化等问题密切相关。选择场所精神理论作为切入点,以北京天桥地区为例,使用质性研究中扎根理论三级编码和地理空间展示与分析方法,从空间格局演变、场所精神分析、文化空间的呈现与场所精神的传承三个方面,对城市传统街区文化空间呈现与感知问题进行研究。结果显示:人们对天桥地区的整体认知体现在“古今具有高知名度的艺术表演区域”这一内涵上。人们通过观看展览演出等活动,体验区域的整体空间氛围,进而感受地方文化。这样的游览模式,适合此类新旧文化空间同时呈现的传统街区。